Social Factors Research Articles

RISK FACTORS FOR SUBSTANCE USE AMONG MALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ADEN GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Substance use among secondary school students is a growing concern with significant implications for public health. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with substance use in a community of secondary school students in Aden Governorate, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Aden governorate, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on potential risk factors for substance use. The questionnaire included measures of Peer Pressure, Academic Performance (GPA), Parental Monitoring, as well as self-esteem towards drug use. The Self-esteem among secondary students was measured using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors. A total of 280 male students from 10 secondary schools (both section) of Aden governorate participated in the study, with a mean age of 17.37± 1.42 years. Risk factors associated with substance use included peer pressure (OR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.56-3.42), poor academic performance (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.23-2.81), lack of parental supervision (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.09-2.37), and low self-esteem (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.01-2.11). The findings highlight the complex interplay of social, familial, and individual factors in contributing to substance use among secondary school students. These results can inform targeted interventions and preventive strategies to address the identified risk factors in the community. This study identified several key risk factors for substance use among secondary school students in the community. Understanding and addressing these risk factors is vital for the development of effective preventive interventions and support systems to mitigate the impact of substance use on the health and well-being of young individuals.

SUSTAINABLE FINANCE AND USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely used across various industries to enhance efficiency, optimize decision-making, and create innovative solutions and it is now transforming the field of investment decision-making. As companies and investors place a greater emphasis on ethical and sustainable practices, sustainable finance-which incorporates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into financial activities - is gaining global traction. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a vital instrument in the sustainable finance, because of its ability to analyse enormous volumes of data and spot patterns that are beyond human comprehension. This research paper examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools like predictive analytics, machine learning, and natural language processing,in the financial decision-making. AI can quickly evaluate ESG aspects, predict long-term sustainability risks, and pinpoint high-impact investment opportunities that are in line with sustainability objectives by automating data gathering and analysis. Furthermore, AI-driven insights promote more ethical and knowledgeable financial decision-making by helping investors better manage risks related to social inequity, resource depletion, and climate change. Even though artificial intelligence (AI) has many benefits for sustainable finance, there are drawbacks as well, including data biases, opaque algorithms, and ethical issues. The article concludes that, artificial intelligence helps in creating more precise, effective, and socially conscious financial strategies.Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly important in sustainable finance decision-making due to its ability to handle complex, large-scale data, identify patterns, and optimize decision-making processes in ways that can advance sustainability goals. However, to fully realise AIs potential in forming a sustainable future for global finance, careful governance and ethical concerns are indispensable.

Contribution of the Telecommunications Industry to Sustainable Development Goals within the Framework of SASB General Issue Categories: The Case of a Telecommunications Company

Sustainable development is an important issue that shapes the future of our planet by addressing economic, social and environmental factors. The United Nations (UN) has set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure sustainable development, the success of which depends on global cooperation and joint efforts. The SDGs set out the environmental, social and economic sustainability issues to be achieved by 2030. Private sector efforts have an important role in achieving these goals. As a result of social responsibility and stakeholder demands, companies share their sustainability activities and the SDGs to which these activities contribute through reports. Telecommunications companies also have the potential to play a key role in achieving many SDGs through the innovative, accessible and inclusive digital infrastructure systems they provide. This study’s goal is to reveal the impact of the telecommunications industry on the SDGs through the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board's (SASB) General Issue Categories (GIC). In this context, a methodological framework developed by SASB to identify important sustainability issues across sectors and industries matched SDGs with 26 general sustainability issues. In this framework, SDG impact indices were calculated for the technology and communication sector, which includes the telecommunications industry, and for a telecommunications company operating in Turkey, and SDG impact at the sector, industry and company level was tried to be revealed. According to the calculations, it was concluded that the goal known as SDG 9, which was established to establish strong infrastructures, support sustainable industrialization and strengthen and expand innovation, has an impact score of 37.50% for the telecommunication services industry, 31.25% for the technology&communication sector and 31.25% for the sample telecommunication company. SDG 9 has the highest impact score in telecommunications compared to other SDGs.

The theory of planned behavior explored in entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Shandong province, China

This study, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), aims to explore the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Shandong Province, China, and analyze the major factors influencing these intentions. Structural Equation Modeling was applied to data collected from 680 students across five universities in Shandong Province. The findings reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence the students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, a positive attitude towards the outcomes of entrepreneurship emerged as the strongest factor influencing their intentions, indicating that positive perceptions and expectations of entrepreneurship significantly enhance students’ entrepreneurial inclinations. Perceived behavioral control also showed a strong influence, suggesting that enhancing students’ self-efficacy and awareness of accessible resources is crucial for fostering entrepreneurial intentions. However, the influence of subjective norms was weaker, which may relate to specific cultural and social environmental factors. This study not only provides an empirical basis for entrepreneurship education and policy-making in Shandong Province and beyond but also offers new insights into the application of TPB in the field of entrepreneurship research.

Sinunasal surgery as outpatient procedure with special consideration of nasal packing - Position paper of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the working group Rhinology / Rhinosurgery (ARHIN) of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and German Professional Association of Otorhinolaryngologists

Currently, there is an intensive discussion on advancing and expanding outpatient rhinosurgical procedures. Many questions about how to stratify into out- and inpatient procedures are still not sufficiently clarified. Particularly, the use of nasal packing materials is not adequately discussed. Development of a checklist to stratify sinunasal procedures into in- or outpatient procedures with consideration of current scientific literature and risk factors. After comprehensive assessment of the literature and analysis of specific risk factors, a list of sinunasal procedures is presented, which should be performed as inpatient procedures. We present a checklist for in- and outpatient sinunasal procedures, which considers social, medical and surgical factors as well as the use of nasal packing materials. Furthermore, a checklist is added to assess, whether patients are ready for discharge after a planned outpatient procedure.

Opening the Gateway to Oral Participation: Exploring Facilitative Contextual Factors in the Association Between Student Shyness and Hand Raising

This field study examined factors that might influence hand raising in students with high levels of shyness. Data were assessed using student self-reports of shyness and social relatedness factors (student-teacher relationship and peer relationship), observations of instructional factors (wait time, warm calling, class size, and school subject), and behavioral measures of hand raising among 204 middle school students during a school week. Multilevel analyses show that student-teacher relationship and warm calling facilitate hand raising of highly shy students, but also that they less likely raise their hands the better their peer relationship. Thus, the results suggest that both social relatedness and instructional factors can promote hand raising in highly shy students, opening the gateway to their oral participation.

A post-pandemic trend in the consumption of dietary supplements among residents of Lithuania.

The consumption of dietary supplements might prevent the deficiency of necessary nutrients. On the other hand, in cases of overconsumption, adverse effects might occur. In Lithuania, the COVID-19 pandemic provoked an increase in the consumption of dietary supplements. The aim of this study was to reveal the post-pandemic trend of the consumption of dietary supplements among the working-age residents of Lithuania with respect to social and demographic factors and food selection criteria. A cross-sectional observational study was performed. In total, using the same methods, 3,200 residents were surveyed: 1,600 in 2021 and 1,600 in 2022. Both samples were representative for Lithuania and included residents of Lithuania aged from 18 to 64 years. According to socio-demographic factors (sex, age, level of education, type of place of residence, marital status, number of family members, presence of children under 18 years old in the household, employment status, level of income), COVID-19 experience (presence of COVID-19 cases among friends or relatives, severeness of COVID-19) and food selection criteria (health strengthening, other) the prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements was compared between the samples. The consumption of dietary supplements accounted for 78.1% and 71.6% of the respondents in 2021 and 2022, respectively (p < 0.001). After the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements decreased in the majority of social and demographic groups analysed in this article (p < 0.05). The consumption of dietary supplements remained unchanged among those who selected foods for health strengthening (p = 0.098). The prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements decreased after the COVID-19 pandemic in most social and demographic groups except those who selected foods for health strengthening.

Non-performing Assets (NPA) Dynamics in Emerging Markets: A Comparison Between India and China

Non-performing assets (NPAs) are a serious concern for banks, and they serve as a key measure of profit. Elevated levels of NPAs suggest a higher chance of credit bankruptcy, which harms banks' profitability and net worth while also reducing the value of their assets. This review provides a thorough investigation of NPAs in emerging countries, with a particular emphasis on a comparative analysis of regulatory methods in India and China. It seeks to clarify the significance of NPAs in emerging market economies by examining their role as indices of financial health, drivers of systemic concerns, and impediments to effective monetary policy. The study elucidates the performance of NPAs in banks in India and China. Additionally, the study identifies the economic, political, institutional, and social factors governing NPAs in these countries. Lastly, the study supports controlling NPAs rather than simply eliminating them, especially considering the higher inflation rates and bank margins found in these countries.

Location patterns and factors of Polish makerspaces

Makerspaces (MS) represent a type of new working space (NWS), a subject addressed by numerous researchers. Nevertheless, among the abundance of publications on NWS, only a limited number discuss the detailed distribution of MS and address the significant issue of their location factors. This article aims to supplement these research gaps based on the example of Polish makerspaces, through a comprehensive database of Polish NWS and spatial analysis conducted through GIS systems. According to the results, there is a predominance of MS in the main metropolitan centers, alongside a rising significance in peripheral areas while a co‑occurrence of MS with other institutions focusing on innovation, creativity and education is recorded. It is also pointed out that location factors related to transportation are mainly found in large urban centers, but not noticeable elsewhere. Through the use of in‑depth interviews, the author points to the significant relevance of social factors in the MS creation phase, together with accessibility and infrastructure‑related factors. In addition, crucial components impacting on MS establishment include the engagement of MS members, municipal support, location and the characteristics of the MS environment. Lastly, the validity of the rules and regulations of organizations supporting the creation of MS are outlined.

The Impact of Social Media Use on Students’ Self-Esteem in Higher Education in Eastern Ethiopia

This study aims to assess social media use&amp;apos;s impact on university students&amp;apos; self-esteem. Social media factors that affected the self-esteem of university students were investigated based on the daily time spent on social media. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Self-esteem was measured using the established Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The stratified sampling technique was deployed to select 335 undergraduate university students for this study. Descriptive analysis was performed to analyze the demographic details of the response data collected, including age and social media usage. Correlation and regression analyses were executed using SPSS software to test the correlations between social media factors and self-esteem among undergraduate scholars. As a result, students’ self-esteem among the scholars was significantly affected by their time spent on social media. I recommend that further studies be conducted to investigate the main factors that affect the student’s self-esteem and regard for university scholars.

Analysis of Prevalence and Related Factors of Cyberbullying-Victimization among Adolescents.

Cyberbullying is an increasingly serious issue that negatively impacts the mental and physical health of adolescents. This study aims to report the prevalence rates of adolescent cyberbullying-victimization and its associated related factors, providing a scientific basis for targeted efforts to protect the mental and physical well-being of adolescents; Methods: From March to May 2019, there were 13 high schools and 33 middle schools in Yixing, with a student ratio of 2:1 between middle and high school. Using a random cluster sampling method, we selected four high schools and three middle schools based on this ratio, resulting in a total of 13,258 students. We conducted a survey using a self-designed questionnaire to investigate the experiences of adolescents with cyberbullying and victimization, comparing the differences in cyberbullying-victimization based on various demographic characteristics. Additionally, we employed a multifactorial logistic regression model to analyze the associated factors; Results: The rate of adolescents who declared themselves as cyberbully-victims is 2.9%. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that being male, having both parents working outside the home, experiencing occasional or large conflicts among family members, being subjected to punishment-and-abuse child discipline, always or often using social software (websites), enjoying playing single or multiplayer games, self-smoking, and self-drinking were associated with a higher likelihood of being a cyberbully-victim (p < 0.05); Conclusions: Adolescent cyberbullying-victimization is affected by personal, family, and social factors. Therefore, comprehensive strategies and measures are needed to intervene in this problem.

Creating a Responsible Renewable Energy Investment Model for the MENA Region's Low-Carbon Transition

Addressing climate change presents specific challenges for the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), particularly concerning oil production and water scarcity, but it also offers opportunities for new paths toward sustainability. The transition to low-carbon energy raises significant concerns for oil and gas producers in the MENA region, especially regarding their dependence on hydrocarbon revenues. Without proper adjustments, this transition could worsen macroeconomic imbalances and potentially threaten existing social contracts. Policymakers are working to promote various renewable energy sources and implementation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. As a result, the development of an index capable of accurately measuring and benchmarking a country's overall sustainability and economic performance becomes essential. This index should provide a comprehensive assessment of both the current and future state of renewable energy. Additionally, it must highlight key environmental, social, governance (ESG), and economic factors within the renewable energy sector. This proposal aims to establish a composite index, referred to as the Renewable Energy Responsible Investment Index (RERII), covering 19 countries and utilizing 22 distinct metrics. The RERII trend is calculated from 2010 to 2019. The proposed index can serve as a screening tool, decision-making aid, benchmarking instrument, and guide for sustainable development.

Evaluating a Multidisciplinary Model for Managing Human Uncertainty in 5G Cyber–Physical–Social Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the previously introduced multidisciplinary model to quantify human uncertainty (MMtQHU) within a realistic 5G-enabled cyber–physical–social systems (CPSS) environment. The MMtQHU, which integrates human, social, and environmental factors into CPSS modeling, is applied to the Ingolstadt traffic scenario (InTAS), a detailed urban simulation reflecting high-traffic conditions. By modeling unpredictable driver behaviors, such as deviations from optimal routes, the study assesses the model’s effectiveness in managing human-induced uncertainties in vehicle-for-hire (VFH) applications. The evaluation shows that human uncertainty significantly impacts 5G network resource allocation and traffic dynamics. A comparative analysis of traditional resource allocation methods reveals their limitations in handling the dynamic nature of human behavior. These findings underscore the necessity for advanced, adaptive strategies, potentially leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance the resilience and efficiency of 5G networks in CPSS environments. The study offers valuable insights for future advancements in robust and adaptive 5G infrastructure by highlighting the critical role of integrating human behavior into CPSS models.

The Role of Digital Media and Peer Influence on Adolescent Smoking Behavior: A Critical Analysis of Intervention Strategies

This study is an attempt to explore perceptions and attitudes toward smoking amongst adolescents, where the main objective of the research is to explore the factors that help in understanding how their views and behavior are shaped. This study garnered data through questionnaires given to adolescents between the ages of 10-20, representing varied walks of life. The results bring out intricate interplays of social, psychological, and environmental factors that shape adolescent perceptions. Peer pressure, media representation, and familial attitudes emerge as potent determinant factors. The research therefore stresses the implementation of focused educational programs and policies aimed at dispelling myths in order to reduce smoking initiation rates during this period. Recommendations for further research and intervention are discussed here, which would form the foundation of comprehensive anti-smoking strategies relevant for this most vulnerable age group.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Implications of Urban Residential Space Based on the New Commercial Housing in Xi’an, China, 2006–2022

Since 1998, comprehensive housing marketization has led to a more complex urban residential space structure in China, as evidenced by the changes in new commercial housing. The current stage is critical for China in its pursuit of high-quality and sustainable urban development, with the spatial structure of housing being a key aspect in achieving this goal. In order to clarify the characteristics of the urban residential space in China and grasp the spatio-temporal changes of new commercial housing, this study takes the data of new commercial housing projects in Xi’an, northwest China, from 2006 to 2022 as the basis, and uses the GIS method to explore the characteristics of the spatio-temporal evolution of the urban residential space and to investigate the factors influencing it. The results reveal changes in the number, size, and spatial distribution of new commercial housing in Xi’an. The evolution of residential space is influenced by cultural and social changes, population, and economic factors, in addition to the main influence of national policies. The renewal of urban villages into commercial housing projects is a prominent feature of changes in urban residential space, which saves construction land and improves residents’ living conditions. Finally, the expansion of urban residential space parallels the urbanization process, showing a pattern of ‘external expansion accompanied by internal renewal’, and the evolution process and property rights management are different from those of other countries.

Assessment of physical factors of the educational environment in schools of the Chelyabinsk region and their influence on students’ adaptation

Introduction. The health of children and adolescents is a criterion of their body’s relationship with the environment and is formed under the influence of a complex set of social, biological and environmental factors. Educational organizations are the only system of public education that covers the entire child and adolescent population of the country for a long period of time. Physical factors of the intra-school environment affect the physiological processes of the body of schoolchildren and ensure adaptation to physical exertion. The purpose of the study: to study and evaluate the physical factors of the educational environment in schools of the Chelyabinsk region in the dynamics of five years and the adaptive potential of students. Materials and methods. Statistical, mathematical and instrumental research methods are used in the work. The conditions of physical education classes in 10 schools in the cities of the Chelyabinsk region from 2018–2022 were studied and an assessment of physical performance was carried out in 102 students of grades 8–9. It was found that the largest share was accounted for by objects classified as medium risk and moderate risk in 2020–82.8 %. Results. The proportion of educational institutions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards in terms of artificial illumination and electromagnetic studies remained high and amounted to 14.2 % and 8.9%, respectively, excess air temperature was detected in 20 % of the studied schools. In 60 % of the schools studied, outdoor sports grounds have not been repaired since they were put into operation. Conclusion. 26.7 % of respondents showed satisfactory adaptation to physical exertion, 73.3 % (2.8 times more) of respondents noted the strain of adaptation mechanisms. The number of students with overweight and revealed stress of adaptation mechanisms was 66.7 %, and with a lack of body weight, this figure was 2.1 times less and amounted to 28.5 %. A third (33.3 %) of overweight respondents showed satisfactory adaptation, while underweight students showed 2.2 times higher (71.5 %).

Literacy Promotion: An Essential Component of Primary Care Pediatric Practice: Technical Report.

Early literacy promotion in pediatric primary care supports parents and caregivers reading with their children from birth, offering counseling in interactive, developmentally appropriate strategies and providing developmentally and culturally appropriate and appealing children's books. This technical report reviews the evidence that reading with young children supports language, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Promoting early literacy in pediatric primary care offers a strengths-based strategy to support families in creating positive childhood experiences, which strengthen early relational health. An increasing body of evidence, reviewed in this report, shows that clinic-based literacy promotion, provided with fidelity to an evidence-based model, has benefits for children, for parents and caregivers, and for pediatric physicians and advanced care providers as well. Reading with young children supports early brain development and the neural "reading network," and improves school readiness. High-quality literacy promotion is especially essential for children who face disparities and inequities because of social factors, systemic racism, and socioeconomic risk. All families benefit from high-quality and diverse books and from developmentally appropriate guidance supporting interactions around books and stories. Thus, literacy promotion can be a universal primary prevention strategy to strengthen families and support healthy development. Partnerships at community, local, and state levels offer opportunities for integration with other programs, services, and platforms. Literacy promotion in primary care pediatric practice, recognized by the AAP as an essential component since 2014, has become increasingly common. There are successful models for public funding at federal, state, county, and municipal levels, but sustainable funding, including payment to pediatric physicians and advanced care providers, remains a need so that the benefits of pediatric early literacy promotion and the joys of books and shared reading can truly be offered on a population level.

Integrated Benefits of Sustainable Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste in a Pressure-State-Response Framework

This study presents the first application of the pressure-state-response (PSR) model in the comprehensive assessment of construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling benefits. Unlike traditional methods, the PSR model provides a multi-dimensional analysis that integrates economic, environmental, and social factors, offering a more holistic approach to evaluating the impact of CDW recycling strategies. This model enables stakeholders to better understand the pressures, states, and responses involved in CDW management, providing actionable insights to optimize recycling efforts and support sustainable urban development. Using the pressure-state-response (PSR) logical framework of sustainable economics, this paper systematically analyzed the comprehensive benefit mechanism of the recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW), and designed a comprehensive benefit evaluation model for CDW recycling. At the same time, taking Chongqing as an example, the management status of construction and demolition waste, the supply and demand matching of sustainable recycling products, and the impact of the input and output of CDW management were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The recovery rate of urban manure fluctuated between 0.13 and 0.17, mainly in temporary landfill. (2) Based on the latest market demand data of CDW recycled products, the supply–demand ratio of recycled products fluctuated between 0.11 and 0.21. This change in the supply–demand ratio reflects improvements in recycling technologies, such as the introduction of C2CA technology, which has greatly increased the supply of high-quality recycled materials. In addition, government policies encouraging the use of recycled products in public projects have contributed to this shift, further aligning supply with market demand. (3) The benefit–cost ratio of CDW management reflects new recycling technologies and the improved efficiency of CDW management. The benefit–cost ratio, which currently fluctuates between 0.32 and 0.39, more accurately reflects the current state of CDW management, which is increasingly adopting advanced technologies, resulting in increased efficiency and reduced costs. Based on this, this paper discusses the supply–demand relationship and benefit–cost ratio in CDW management from supply-side and demand-side perspectives, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. The research results provide a clear reference for improving the efficiency of building demolition waste resource utilization, especially in optimizing the balance of market supply and demand, and improving the economic benefits of recycled products. By analyzing the balance between the supply and demand ratio and the benefit–cost ratio, this study helps inform policy makers, businesses, and investors, to promote the sustainable development of CDW recycling projects to maximize resource efficiency, while reducing environmental pressures. These results not only provide practical guidelines for the implementation of CDW recycling projects, but also lay a foundation for future policy formulation and the setting of industry standards.

Utilising the COM-B model to interpret barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening in young women.

As most women now reaching the age for cervical cancer screening (24.5 years old) in the UK will be HPV vaccinated, their current perspectives on screening can inform effective interventions to increase screening uptake (and thus, early detection). Twenty-four interviews were conducted with women aged 24-30 years old to explore their views on cervical cancer screening (n = 12 attendees and n = 12 non-attendees). Reflexive thematic analysis generated six themes that were then mapped onto the COM-B model. Reflective motivations (e.g. reassurance) were key facilitators to screening attendance for both groups. Social opportunities (e.g. open communication) contrasted between the groups, with attendees more likely to have discussed screening with friends. Automatic motivations (e.g. embarrassment) were key barriers to attending screening in both groups. Notably, HPV vaccination did not factor into the decision to attend screening. Interventions to increase screening uptake may target motivational and social factors.

ILLNESS PERCEPTION AND TREATMENT EXPECTATION IN PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOM DISORDER AT LAHORE, PAKISTAN

OBJECTIVE To explore the perceived illness and treatment expectations of patients with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder. DESIGN OF STUDY It is a Descriptive Research Design PLACE AND DURATION The study was executed at Department of Psychiatry of government and private teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan over a period of 12 months, from Jan 2023 to Dec 2023. METHOD A total of 100 adult participants were recruited as per criteria. Demographic Information Questionnaire and Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) were employed and the qualitative data generated from SEMI was converted to numerical codes and discrete categories by the method of stepwise reduction. The descriptive frequencies were then presented in the tabular format. RESULTS Majority of the participants were female, educated, students and housewives, with 1 – 6 months duration of the illness, mixed symptoms presentation, pseudo seizures and motor symptoms. The main reasons of onset of illness was mentioned as marriage related factors and familial and social factors and majority participants believe that magic can affect others. The intensity of the symptoms were perceived as ‘extreme intense’ associated with the fear about the worsening of symptoms and serious discomfort. The main difficulties due to illness was reported to be lack of interest in daily activities, and increase in problem in relationships. The patients expect proper treatment and prescription of medicines which was followed by responses that they will learn the diagnosis and will receive advice from doctors regarding their illness. CONCLUSION The patient’s perception towards their illness was serious and concerned and their expectations was receiving proper treatment, medications and learning the disorder and doctor’s advice.