Social-economic Indicators Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: An OPA-F-Based Single-Valued Neutrosophic Fuzzy MARCOS Approach with Dombi Aggregation Operators for Evaluating Indoor Sex Work Risk in the Economy

The primary risk factor affecting the economy of indoor sex work is examined in this study. Policymakers must thoroughly examine this factor's complex effects since they have a direct bearing on the financial security of employees and the industry's economic dynamics. Interventions can be designed to improve overall economic well-being in the setting of indoor sex work by addressing and mitigating this significant risk. A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) called Fuzzy Ordinal Priority Approach-Single-Valued Neutrosophic Fuzzy Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution (OPA-F-SVNF-MARCOS) is created to determine the most important parameter in the study. A thorough multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) system, such as the MARCOS approach, allows for the consideration of a wide range of elements that impact the danger of indoor sex work, such as social dynamics, legal frameworks, economic indicators, and public health concerns. In the suggested method, OPA-F establishes the weights for the criteria, and SVNF-MARCOS assigns a ranking to each option. Furthermore, Dombi aggregation operators capture the interaction between risk variables and the degrees of uncertainty they are linked with. This study helps those involved in this delicate field—policymakers, law enforcement, and social care providers—make decisions that are better informed and grounded in evidence.

Social investments: Performance assessment tools

Subject. This article analyzes the impact of social factors on the sustainable development of the region. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the relationship between social factors and economic indicators. Methods. For the study, we used the resource-based approach. Results. The article presents a regression economic and mathematical model based on the net present value as an efficiency criterion. The model helps determine the payback period of budget investments. Conclusions. The developed methodology can be used to design regional socio-economic development programmes, as well as to assess the feasibility of investment support for certain sectors of the economy.

Typology of planned housing in the city of Yogyakarta

This paper examined the planned housing in Yogyakarta City distributed in eight sub-districts, namely Umbulharjo, Tegalrejo, Wirobrajan, Mergangsan, Mantrijeron, Kotagede, Gondokusuman, and Jetis. Planned housing in Yogyakarta City can be classified into a gated community and a non-gated community. They were commonly identified based on the similarity and regularity of the buildings and the road network. The data was taken from their Building Permit (IMB; Izin Mendirikan Bangunan) from the year 2000 – 2019, Google Street View, Pleiades Satellite Imagery of Yogyakarta City in 2018, Google Map, and ArcMap base-map. Data analysis was undertaken by using satellite imagery, map interpretation, and quantitative analysis by using scoring technique to describe the score of typology. Most of the planned housing in Yogyakarta City are classified into Typology II, which had a medium-strength gated community characteristic. The typology was composed based on the physical-geographical and social-economic indicators. Most of them were more than 10 years old and were provided with walls/fences and portals to restrict outsiders’ access. The residents were classified into middle-class based on their social-economic status. Most of the planned housing in Yogyakarta have gated-community characteristics based on these features.

The Influence of Perceptions on Fisherman Understanding and Fish Traders and Management Strategies of Sharks and Rays in Conservation Status in Cilacap Regency

Cilacap Regency is one of the giant Shark and ray landing sites on the south coast of Java. Engagement in fisheries management, such as RFMOs and CITES, requires regulations governing the use of sharks and rays in Indonesia. The successful application of these rules requires the support of fishermen and fish traders. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the perceptions of fishermen and fish traders on the understanding of the management status of sharks and rays and management strategies. The research method uses a quantitative approach, instrument testing, and simple linear regression data analysis using SPSS 25 software. The Shark and Ray management strategy uses SWOT analysis. The results of the average social, economic interval (fisherman) level assessment were 2.27 (enough), perceptions of environmentally friendly fishing gear were 3.11 (good), perceptions of the existence of shark and ray resources were 2.52 (good), and the value of understanding indicators supported management of sharks and rays 2.27 (fairly understand). Assessment of social-economic indicators (fish traders) and perceptions 2.53 (good), perceptions of the existence of shark and ray resources 2.17 (adequate), and understanding in supporting shark and ray management 2.43 (comprehensive). The results of simple linear regression show that fishermen's socioeconomic indicators have a negative effect on understanding supporting Shark and ray management. Fishermen's perceptions of environmentally sound fishing gear, perceptions of the existence of shark and ray resources (fishermen and fish traders), and the socioeconomic conditions of fish traders have no influence on understanding supporting sharks and rays. The results of the SWOT analysis are in the Weakness and Opportunity cells, namely through efforts to limit products, increase the human resource capacity of business actors and related agencies, and ease of obtaining access to capital for fishermen.

Socio-Economic Structure & Sustainable Development of Indigenous Society: A Study on the Munda Community

There are 50 indigenous or minority ethnic groups scattered across different regions of Bangladesh, of which the Mandas are a community. The Munda community has been living in the areas adjacent to the Sundarbans of Khulna and Satkhira districts for hundreds of years. Originally, their forefathers were the ones who cut down the forest and made the land suitable for cultivation without caring about the roar of the tiger and the snake. The ancestors of the Munda’s played a major role in cutting down the forests in the area surrounding the present Sundarbans and making them suitable for human settlement. The number of Munda’s scattered in the Sundarbans and its surrounding areas is decreasing day by day due to various types of adverse environment. On the other hand, the Munda’s own culture is also under threat due to the influence of Bengali culture. The main aim of this research is how to develop sustainable development of the Munda community from their current socioeconomic structure in view of the current condition of the Munda community. The study is mainly quantitative in nature. Koira and Dumuria upazila of Khulna district and Shyamnagar, Debhata and Tala upazila of Satkhira district were selected through convenient sampling technique for the purpose of collecting primary data, because a large part of Munda community lives in these areas. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 250 respondents from five preselected areas. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data was analyzed in terms of statistical indicators of frequency and percentage. The results of the study show that social indicators, Economic indicators and Cultural factors are very weak among the Munda community. Among the social indicators, Munda women and men have very little interest in following hygiene rules (Sanitation, Birth Control). Economic indicators show Income Source, Jobs Opportunity Munda community is facing many challenges recently. Many educated boys and girls of the Munda community spend their days in agony due to lack of suitable jobs which has a negative impact on everyone in the community. Cultural factor shows that the Munda community, which is plagued by poverty, can celebrate its cultural events in a grand manner, so that other communities or ethnic groups do not get any idea about their culture. This research will be of great help to those who work with the indigenous communities of Bangladesh, especially the various ministries of the government, NGOs, policy makers, government and private research organizations will be benefited.

Social vulnerability assessment to flood hazard in Souss basin, Morocco

The concept of vulnerability is now embedded into multiple disaster-related disciplinary theories and is currently incorporated in various ways concerning disaster risk management. The Souss basin has witnessed many intensive extreme flooding events during the last two decades because it is located in a semi-arid to arid climate. The area is quite vulnerable, and negative impacts have gotten increasingly alarming. The susceptibility to this risk is accentuated not only by the shorter intense rainfall but also by the rapid population growth, uncontrolled land use, anthropogenic actions, and recent environmental fluctuations. These factors affect both the potential hazards and general vulnerability. In this study and given the current context, we developed a methodology to assess social vulnerability towards flooding in the area based on 26 socioeconomic indicators from the database of the Last general census of population and housing (GPHC) in 2014. These indicators aim to describe the spatial variability of the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) using principal component analysis (CPA) and GIS. Thus, the SoVI, with values ranging from 0 to 4, is a powerful tool for better quantifying social vulnerability and highlighting the potential impact on urban and rural communities. The result shows that few urban areas have a low average vulnerability index (1.76–2.33) while most rural areas have a higher average of SoVI ranging from 3.56 to 4 in this area. Therefore, it will serve as a basis for evacuation plans to anticipate and prevent flooding risks. This statement indicates that social-economic indicators enhancement is advisable in this area.

Effect of urbanization on the long-term change in pan evaporation: A case study of the Nanpan River Basin in China

Evaporation is a major component of both the surface energy balance and terrestrial water balance. Rapid urban development can change the climate of urban areas, which may have an impact on pan evaporation. In this study, we analyzed the differences in pan evaporation between urban and rural stations, using the Nanpan River Basin of China as the study area. Site pair analysis was conducted using evaporation and socioeconomic data from 25 meteorological and 14 hydrological stations from 1980 to 2016. An urbanization effects indicator, namely EUE, was created to quantify the urbanization effects. Subsequently, a gray relational analysis (GRA) between the urbanization effects indicator and socioeconomic indicators was conducted to identify the effect of socio-economic indicators on urbanization effects. The main results were as follows. (1) During the period 1980–2016, the pan evaporation in the Nanpan River Basin showed a decreasing trend, which was similar in both urban and rural stations, with slopes of −2.87 and −2.89 mm/yr, respectively. (2) After the sudden change in pan evaporation in the Nanpan River Basin in 2000, the slope difference between urban and rural stations increased significantly. The slope of pan evaporation at urban stations was −4.55 mm/yr, whereas that at rural stations was 1.01 mm/yr. The slope difference between urban and rural stations was −5.56 mm/yr, larger than that in 1980–2000 (−0.43 mm/yr). (3) Urbanization influenced the trend and slope of the long-term change in pan evaporation. The rising slope decreased after 2000 in two of the seven cities, and the rising trend changed to a decreasing one in five cities. The difference between the slopes in 2001–2016 and 1980–2000 △E was used as the urbanization effects indicator EUE, and the EUE of all seven cities was<0. (4) The GRA based on the established urbanization effects indicator and urbanization indicators revealed that land use indicators were the factors with the greatest influence on the urbanization effects EUE, and the remaining indicators were social, population, transportation, and national economic indicators. This study is critical important for assessing the long-term changes of pan evaporation and can provide a basis and reference for water resources management in the basin.

Association of hoarding case identification and animal protection programs to socioeconomic indicators in a major metropolitan area of Brazil.

The present study assessed the identification of animal and object hoarding disorder cases by contact and mapping and the presence of animal protection programs in association with seven social–economic indicators of the metropolitan area of the ninth-biggest metropolitan area of Brazil. City Secretaries of Health and Environment provided demographic information and responded to a questionnaire. Overall, a very high level of hoarding case identification per municipality was associated with a higher Human Development Index, population, density, and income and related to distance from Curitiba, the capital of Parana State. Low and very low levels of hoarding case identification were related to greater area, higher Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), inequality, illiteracy, and rural areas. Very high identification level of animal protection programs was also associated with higher HDI, density and population, urban area, and high income, and geographical area. Similarly, low and very low levels of animal protection programs identification were major explained by low income, illiteracy, and distance related to higher population, urbanization, and higher HDI. In summary, better identification of hoarding cases and animal protection programs have shown an association with better socioeconomic indicators and higher population, density, and urban area. Whether municipalities with better human socioeconomic indicators may stimulate society's demands for identification of cases of individuals with hoarding disorder and animal programs should be further established. Regardless, animal health and welfare have been associated with improving human quality of life in a major Brazilian metropolitan area.

Assessment of drinking water safety in the Netherlands using nationwide exposure and mortality data.

Although drinking water in the Netherlands is generally accepted as safe, public concern about health risks of long-term intake still exist. The aim was to explore associations between drinking water quality for nitrate, water hardness, calcium and magnesium and causes-of-death as related to cardiovascular diseases amongst which coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. We used national administrative databases on cause-specific mortality, personal characteristics, residential history, social economic indicators, air quality and drinking water quality for parameters specified by the EU Drinking Water Directive. We put together a cohort of 6,998,623 persons who were at least 30years old on January 1, 2008 and lived for at least five years on the same address. The average drinking water concentration over 2000-2010 at the production stations were used as exposure indicators. We applied age stratified Cox proportional hazards models. Magnesium was associated with a reduced risk for mortality due to coronary heart diseases: HR of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.99) per 10mg/L increase. For mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, a 100mg/L increase in calcium was associated with a HR of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.13) and an increase of 2.5mmol/L of water hardness with a HR of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10). The results show an elevated risk for coronary heart disease mortality at calcium concentrations below 30mg/L, but over the whole exposure range no exposure response relation was observed. For other combinations of drinking water quality parameters and cause-specific mortality studied, no statistical significant associations were identified. We identified in this explorative study a protective effect of magnesium for the risk of mortality to coronary heart disease. Also we found an increased risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease associated with the concentration of calcium and the water hardness in drinking water.

Heterogeneous Urban Thermal Contribution of Functional Construction Land Zones: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China

Anthropogenic interferences through various intensive social-economic activities within construction land have induced and strengthened the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects in global cities. Focused on the relative heat effect produced by different social-economic functions, this study established a general framework for functional construction land zones (FCLZs) mapping and investigated their heterogeneous contribution to the urban thermal environment, and then the thermal responses in FCLZs with 12 environmental indicators were analyzed. Taking Shenzhen as an example city, the results show that the total contribution and thermal effects within FCLZs are significantly different. Specifically, the FCLZs contribution to UHI regions highly exceeds the corresponding proportions of their area. The median warming capacity order of FCLZs is: Manufacture function (3.99 °C) &gt; Warehousing and logistics function (3.69 °C) &gt; Street and transportation function (3.61 °C) &gt; Business services function (3.06 °C) &gt; Administration and public services function (2.54 °C) &gt; Green spaces and squares function (2.40 °C) &gt; Residential function (2.21 °C). Both difference and consistency coexist in the responses of differential surface temperature (DST) to environmental indicators in FCLZs. The thermal responses of DST to biophysical and building indicators in groups of FCLZs are approximately consistent linear relationships with different intercepts, while the saturation effects shown in location and social-economic indicators indicate that distance and social-economic development control UHI effects in a non-linear way. This study could extend the understanding of urban thermal warming mechanisms and help to scientifically adjust environmental indicators in urban planning.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON THE PROFITABILITY OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE 2016-2020: ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

This study aims to examine the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Profitability. The population in this study used a sample of 40 manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2016-2020. The method used in this research is purposive sampling which is taken with certain criteria. Profitability is measured by the Return on Asset (ROA) formula. The data analysis method used is Descriptive Statistics, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Classical Assumption Test, while the Hypothesis Test used is Partial Test, Simultaneous Test, as well as Test of Determination. The results of this study indicate that Corporate Social Responsibility Economic Indicators have a positive influence on Profitability as evidenced by a significant value of 0,013, while Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Indicators do not have a positive effect on Profitability as evidenced by a significant value of 0,949. Meanwhile, Corporate Social Responsibility economic and environmental indicators simultaneously has a positive influence on profitability as proven by a significant value of 0.036, and R square (R^2) which obtained 11% Profitability which can be influenced by Economic and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility and 89% is influenced by other factors outside the study.

Assessment of sustainable socio-economic development of the single-industry Zhezkazgan town

The article analyzes the sustainable social-economic development of Zhezkazgan town in the period 2016 to 2020, gives an assessment of the integral indicator of the development of a single-industry town. The methodology of assessing the state of sustainable development of the city based on the calculation of integral indicators of social, economic and infrastructure development is presented. The main social-economic indicators Zhezkazgan are used as data, which are obtained from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To calculate the integral indicators of development in the directions, the weighting coefficients of the social, economic and infrastructural development of the town were first determined. The developed methodological approach has been tested in the conditions of the single-industry Zhezkazgan town. According to the results of analysis and assessment of dynamics of integral indicators, recommendations to increase the sustainability of the development of the monocity are given.

The History, Culture and Architecture as a Potential of Urban Tourism Development: Evidence from Armenia

The article presents a brief history of the founding of the capital Yerevan, some examples of the history and architecture of Armenia, which has a tourist attraction. Yerevan is rich in historical, cultural and scientific monuments, which together with hotels, restaurants, clubs, and various places of entertainment are tourist resources․ The paper is dedicated to urban tourism development issues. The main purpose of the research is to explore urban tourism development opportunities and main challenges in Yerevan, the capital of Republic of Armenia. Investigation of the topic is carried out in the following logical sequence: presentation of historical-cultural monuments, museums of scientific, and cultural interest visited by tourists, the main touristic assets, the main social-economic indicators and tourism infrastructures of Yerevan are discussed, then the main obstacles are analyzed. Yerevan is 2803 years old; it is rich with cultural-historical monuments. Yerevan has all the opportunities for historical, cultural, religious, gastronomic, entertainment, adventure, educational, medical, festival, and MICE tourism development. The methodological tools of the research methods are historical description, historical analysis, statistical methods, also SWOT analysis. The object of the research is Yerevan city and the subject of the research is tourism development issues in Yerevan. The results of the analysis shows that correlation coefficient is high in Yerevan between volume of tourism services and GDP, volume of tourism services and GDP per capita, volume of tourism services and employment. Also, SWOT analysis reveals the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism development in Yerevan. The research theoretically proves and empirically confirms that tourism has a significance role for sustainable development of the city. Based on the main analysis, some recommendations are carried out towards creating sustainable tourism development plans, improving marketing, statistical recording, increasing touristic information in the city, developing infrastructures, investing in more sustainable and smart solutions in city development. The main sustainable solutions should be connected with the transport system, water and waste recycling mechanisms, energy efficiency, construction, increasing green areas, and-so-on. The results of the research can be useful for municipalities for elaborating urban tourism development plans which will lead to sustainable development.

Estimation of the value of regional ecosystem services of an archipelago using satellite remote sensing technology: A case study of Zhoushan Archipelago, China

Ecosystem functions and services support all life on earth and are directly or indirectly related to human well-being. Meanwhile, island cities have concentrated populations, limited natural resources, and fragile environments. This study obtained land use and cover change information for an island city based on long-term series remote sensing imagery. Then, ecosystem services value was estimated based on the equivalent factor method. Finally, the correlations between ecosystem service values and social-economic indicators were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) From 1984 to 2017, land-use patterns changed significantly in Zhoushan City. The spatial extent of urbanized land increased, vegetation and bare land area decreased, and water body areas initially increased, then decreased, and later increased. This reflects the fact that the aquaculture industry of Zhoushan was developing rapidly during the study period, and the process of urbanization and coastal port development was accelerating. (2) The total value of ecosystem services in the study area increased from 1,876.04 million yuan in 1984 to 2,128.52 million yuan in 2017 (+13.46%) with an average annual increase of 7.65 million yuan or 0.40% annually. The ecosystem service values of water conservation and waste disposal have changed significantly, both increasing by about 40%. (3) The value of ecosystem services was positively correlated with the areas of vegetation and water, while negatively correlated with the area of bare land. This study not only provides a reference for the sustainable use of regional land resources but also establishes a new method of regional environmental assessment, which is of great significance for the formulation of sustainable development planning.

Satisfying meat demand while avoiding excess manure: Studying the trade-off in eastern regions of China with a nitrogen approach

Due to the rising incomes and rapid urbanization, China is facing a challenge in producing more meat while avoiding excess manure. These objectives might be in contrast: if excess manure is avoided, meat self-sufficiency might not be met; in contrast, meeting meat self-sufficiency might cause severe excess manure. Our study (1) characterizes the eastern regions of China according to the deficiency/excess of manure nitrogen and meat production, and investigates their relationships with natural resources and social economic indicators; (2) analyzes how the trade-off changes with increasing proportion of chemical nitrogen substituted with manure nitrogen (PCSM). Elaborating on data, we divided eastern regions of China into types according to satisfaction/unsatisfaction of meat demand and deficiency/excess of manure. We then re-calculated the number of regions in each type simulating the effect of increasing values of PCSM. In ~15% of the regions, meat self-sufficiency was met without manure excess, but in ~76% of the regions, manure excess occurred where meat self-sufficiency was met. In ~2% of the regions, meat self-sufficiency was not met and manure excess was absent; in ~7% of the regions, meat self-sufficiency was not met and excess manure was observed. The higher the regions' GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, the lower their ability to satisfy meat demand; the more arable land per capita in the regions, the higher their ability to satisfy meat demand and avoid excess manure. For the scenarios of increasing PCSM, our results show that some regions still cannot avoid excess manure with unchanged livestock quantity, although manure fertilizer completely replaced chemical fertilizer. Our study suggests that the regions of eastern China need to advocate a healthy diet and strengthen the management of food waste and livestock manures. The study is significant for policymakers to achieve sustainable agricultural production.

Exploring the spatial-temporal distribution and evolution of population aging and social-economic indicators in China

BackgroundChina is one of the world’s fastest-aging countries. Population aging and social-economic development show close relations. This study aims to illustrate the spatial-temporal distribution and movement of gravity centers of population aging and social-economic factors and thier spatial interaction across the provinces in China.MethodsFactors of elderly population rate (EPR), elderly dependency ratio (EDR), per capita gross regional product (GRPpc), and urban population rate (UPR) were collected. Distribution patterns were detected by using global spatial autocorrelation, Kernel density estimation, and coefficient of variation. Further, Arc GIS software was used to find the gravity centers and their movement trends yearly from 2002 to 2018. The spatial interaction between the variables was investigated based on bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis.ResultsThe results showed a larger variety of global spatial autocorrelation indexed by Moran’s I and stable trends of dispersion degree without obvious convergence in EPR and EDR. Furthermore, the gravity centers of the proportion of EPR and EDR moved northeastward. In contrast, the economic and urbanization factors showed a southwestward movement, which exhibited an reverse trend compared to population aging indicators. Moreover, the movement rates of EPR and EDR (15.12 and 18.75 km/year, respectively) were higher than that of GRPpc (13.79 km/year) and UPR (6.89 km/year) annually during the study period. Further, the bivariate spatial autocorrelation variation is in line with the movement trends of gravity centers which showed a polarization trend of population aging and social-economic factors that the difference between southwest and northeast directions and exhibited a tendency to expand in China.ConclusionsIn sum, our findings revealed the difference in spatio-temporal distribution and variation between population aging and social-economic factors in China. It further indicates that the opposite movements of gravity centers and the change of the BiLISA in space which may result in the increase of the economic burden of the elderly care in northern China. Hence, future development policy should focus on the social-economic growth and distribution of old-aged supporting resources, especially in northern China.

COVID-19: Problems, Challenges and Business Opportunities

The arrival of COVID-19 has a negative impact on social conditions and economic indicators of many developed and developing countries. SMEs and managers are suffering from the lockdown, health conditions and the difficulty of transportation. They are implementing new strategies and applying cost control of their expenses to survive. The local governments in collaboration with the IMF, the UN and international NGOs should collaborate and cooperate to recover the socio-economic conditions. This research paper sheds light on socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and provides many proposals to recover the socio-economic conditions in developing and developed countries.

Violência doméstica contra mulheres e a relação possível com indicadores econômicos e sociais

Os crimes de violência doméstica contra a mulher são caracterizados como aqueles que acontecem no âmbito das relações familiares, esta modalidade criminosa veio a ser considerada uma política pública a partir do ano de 2006 com a edição da lei nominada “Maria da Penha” quando os crimes de violência doméstica passaram a ser monitorados com maior acuidade pelos governos e órgãos de segurança pública. Por meio deste trabalho se vai realizar uma análise descritivo comparativa dos registros de crimes de violência doméstica contra a mulher ocorridos no ano de 2018 nas regiões Sul e Norte do Estado de Minas Gerais, buscando a possível relação entre os indicadores socioeconômicos destas regiões e os registros de violência doméstica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido utilizando-se de fontes de dados oficiais divulgados por meio de sites do governo de Minas Gerais. Descobriu-se existe uma correlação entre indicadores econômico sociais favoráveis e o alto número de registros de ocorrências de violência doméstica.

Finite-differential models used as a basis for IT support in problem-solving

The study confirms that the forecast quality of social-economic indicators estimated with multiple linear models does not often seem to be satisfactory. The coefficients of regression-differential models are poorly interpreted economically. This paper covers the issue of improving the forecast quality by modifying regression-differential models to the sum of linear and autoregressive models. For brevity, the resulting models are called finite-differential models of the first-and second-orders, respectively. The authors use the coefficients of multiple linear models for an initial estimate when they determine the unknown coefficients of finite-differential models. The performance of the suggested method is tested with 60 sets of statistical data. The study proves that the use of the first-order finite-differential model results in the significant increase in the quality of forecasting and reduction of the approximation error for 65 per cent of cases, and there are 80 per cent of cases when a second-order finite-differential model is used. This indicates that the authors suggest a valid modification of the algorithm for determining the coefficients of models so that it can be used in further research

Educational and Social Inclusion of Children Admitted Under RTE Quota: A Survey of Private Schools of Bhopal

Status of growth and development of a society is measured by various social indices which depend on upon the equitable opportunities provided by the government in the form of access, participation, and transformation. Surveys in the last one decade, present to us glaring inequalities in social-economic and educational indicators of different socio-religious groups. Whenever policies and programmes do not benefit citizens, the government makes special provisions so that it would benefit them. The Right to Education Act (RTE) and within it 25% Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) quota was one such major intervention. The provision of 25% quota for EWS and disadvantaged children is mentioned in the RTE act section 12(1) (C). Thus, section 12(1)(C) of the RTE acts as a level-playing field for the children who were not able to afford quality education being offered in private schools. In Madhya Pradesh (MP), the RTE act came into effect from 2011. Bhopal the capital of MP had 2258 recognized schools and merely 223 have been covered under the RTE quota. Around 8162 EWS and disadvantaged students are studying in age appropriate classes. The present study was a small project work carried out in 10 schools of Bhopal (urban) covered under the RTE quota. The results indicated that though there is a social and educational inclusion of children in private schools but as per teachers' the ride is not a smooth one based on the responses of the students. Moreover, teachers still have a biased and unfavourable attitude towards these children. The gravity of the problem is not as big in the elite schools as they are not offering the EWS quota.