Social Distancing Regulations Research Articles

Changing risk factors for developing SARS-CoV-2 infection from Delta to Omicron.

One of the few studies to estimate infection risk with SARS-CoV-2 in the general population was the UK Office of National Statistics Infection Survey. This survey provided data that allowed us to describe and interpret apparent risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a period when variants and COVID-19 controls experienced large changes. The ONS published estimates of likelihood of individuals testing positive in two week monitoring periods between 21st November 2021 and 7th May 2022, relating this positivity to social and behavioural factors. We applied meta-regression to these estimates of likelihood of testing positive to determine whether the monitored potential risk factors remained constant during the pandemic. Some risk factors had consistent relationship with risk of infection (always protective or always linked to higher risk, throughout monitoring period). Other risk factors had variable relationship with risk of infection, with changes seeming to especially correlate with the emergence of Omicron BA.2 dominance. These variable factors were mask-wearing habits, history of foreign travel, household size, working status (retired or not) and contact with children or persons age over 70. Relevance of some risk factors to likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 may relate to reinfection risk, variant infectiousness and status of social distancing regulations.

The Evolution of Consumer Adoption in AI-Enhanced Social Commerce

The COVID outbreak caused governments worldwide to put social distancing regulations, ban physical contact, and close physical enterprises, which changed how multitudinous businesses operated. Due to the epidemic, businesses were impelled to modify their business plans by incorporating the current electronic system of operation, or electronic commerce. Electronic commerce, ore- commerce, enhanced businesses' external connections with their stakeholders. multitudinous businesses stopped operating their physical stores and started up, or bolstered, their online presence by moving toper- existing- commerce platforms (Chengeta, 2022). The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 2021 report states that, in distinction to 2018, there was an unexpected 4 rise in global- commerce in 2020. demonstrating the significant increase in e- commerce, which includes business- to- business (B2B) and business- to- consumer (B2C) deals, and the growing significance of online exertion (UNCTAD, 2021). Indeed, while demand shifted from physical stores to online retailers, certain- commerce companies outperformed others in terms of digital addition. predicated on gross wares value (GMV), e-commerce companies like Alibaba, Amazon, JD.com, and Pendulous ranked as the top four B2Ce- commerce enterprises in 2020 (UNCTAD, 2021). Businesses with significant drops in their 2020 GMV compared to 2019 were Expedia, Booking goods, and Airbnb (UNCTAD, 2021). Because of their proficiency with Artificial Intelligence (AI), the top- ranked e- commerce companies demonstrated strong performance in digital addition (Micallef and Gupta, 2021). Thanks to large data, artificial intelligence (AI) has come a technical priority. for multitudinous online retailers in recent times (Davenport Tal, 2018). The use of AI has increased by over 300 in the last numerous times and has the implicit to be profitable for businesses. exploration and examination of the use of AI one- commerce platforms are long overdue. To increase the perceived demands of guests being satisfied, the commerce effectiveness of AI operations one- commerce platforms is a vital concern. E-commerce platforms produce a competitive edge by virtue of their distinct and delicate to replicate characteristics, as demonstrated by the IS literature (Schreyer, 2012). Former studies on AI operations emphasize that to give AI capacity value, organizational and mortal resources are demanded the factory of Ramsbotham teal. ultimate of the disquisition on AI operations in e- commerce has concentrated on handover and operation oddities (Khari, 2020). Consumer- AI operation commerce effectiveness has entered lower attention, and as a result, the benefits of AI operation Ine- commerce have not been fully appreciated. The operation's end stoners, or consumers, anticipate a positive hassle with slice- edge technical apps one- commerce platforms. To close this gap, the current study examines the unique advanced technologies and platform structures one- commerce platforms as AI capabilities that elicit favourable sentiments about consumer participation. It does this by erecting on earlier disquisition from the viewpoint of the consumers (Howard and Roswell- Jones, 2019). This study specifically assesses chatbots, image quest, recommendation machines, and post- purchase backing as AI factors in an online store, and how well they communicate with guests to draw in favourable observed(behavioural) and unobserved(cerebral) engagement stations. Using the instigations- organism- response (S- O- R) model, this study investigates how consumers' behavioural engagement stations(R) are sparked by AI rudiments(S) in response to their cerebral engagement(O) and attention to social comparison (Congeal, 2019). When a consumer interacts with the AI features on and- commerce platform, they witness a happy, fulfilling state of mind known as cerebral engagement. This state is characterized by devotion, absorption, and vitality. The response, which was behavioural the term" engagement" describes the ongoing, visible relations that stoners have with thee- commerce platform because of their positive perceptions of the platform and their relations with the AI rudiments that are there (Luetta., 2019). Literature on AI operations and IT capabilities in information system disquisition is consulted in this study. Also, by using the scale, we created a check instrument to measure guests' satisfaction with AI capabilities and their stations about consumer engagement. development morals set up in the literature on operation information systems (Mackenzie Tal., 2011). This is how the rest of the composition is structured. The literature on the S- OR model, customer involvement, and the history of thee- commerce platforms used for the study is curtly introduced in the following section. Next, the study's abstract frame, hypotheticals, and explanations for the AI constructs are established. The process is also described, and initially, the analysis's outgrowth and interpretation. In conclusion, we go over the results and point out the implications, constraints, and future disquisition directions of the work.

Challenges of Teaching and Learning under Lockdown at Wits University: Implications for the Future of Blended Learning

In response to social distancing regulations of 2020 aimed at curbing the spread of the COVID-19 virus, universities had to rapidly transition from face-to-face learning to Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning (ERTL). University students and staff faced many barriers to reliably accessing online platforms, together with widespread psychosocial challenges associated with the pandemic. This article reports on these challenges, juxtaposing the experiences of university staff members and students at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits). This study used a mixed methods design and drew on two university-wide surveys for staff and one for students, followed by in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Of those invited, 9% of the student body and 7% of staff responded, with 43 students and 22 staff members participating in the interviews and discussions. Three overarching challenges emerged for both staff and students: 1) physical limitations, including poor access to reliable internet, compounded by persistent power outages; 2) pedagogicalchallenges as staff and students adjusted to a new learning modality; and 3) balancing aspects of personal life and wellbeing with work and studies, including remaining productive while contending with family responsibilities and emotional challenges brought about by the pandemic. The study highlights several issues, including structural considerations and the importance of promoting a sense of community and belonging, that should be considered as the University transitions to blended learning.

Reintroducing face-to-face support alongside remote support to form a hybrid stop smoking service in England: a formative mixed methods evaluation

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, United Kingdom (UK) stop smoking services had to shift to remote delivery models due to social distancing regulations, later reintroducing face-to-face provision. The “Living Well Smokefree” service in North Yorkshire County Council adopted a hybrid model offering face-to-face, remote, or a mix of both. This evaluation aimed to assess the hybrid approach’s strengths and weaknesses and explore potential improvements.MethodsConducted from September 2022 to February 2023, the evaluation consisted of three components. First, qualitative interviews involved 11 staff and 16 service users, analysed thematically. Second, quantitative data from the QuitManager system that monitored the numbers and proportions of individuals selecting and successfully completing a 4-week quit via each service option. Third, face-to-face service expenses data was used to estimate the value for money of additional face-to-face provision. The qualitative findings were used to give context to the quantitative data via an “expansion” approach and complementary analysis.ResultsOverall, a hybrid model was seen to provide convenience and flexible options for support. In the evaluation, 733 individuals accessed the service, with 91.3% selecting remote support, 6.1% face-to-face, and 2.6% mixed provision. Remote support was valued by service users and staff for promoting openness, privacy, and reducing stigma, and was noted as removing access barriers and improving service availability. However, the absence of carbon monoxide monitoring in remote support raised accountability concerns. The trade-off in “quantity vs. quality” of quits was debated, as remote support reached more users but produced fewer carbon monoxide-validated quits. Primarily offering remote support could lead to substantial workloads, as staff often extend their roles to include social/mental health support, which was sometimes emotionally challenging. Offering service users a choice of support options was considered more important than the “cost-per-quit”. Improved dissemination of information to support service users in understanding their options for support was suggested.ConclusionsThe hybrid approach allows smoking cessation services to evaluate which groups benefit from remote, face-to-face, or mixed options and allocate resources accordingly. Providing choice, flexible provision, non-judgmental support, and clear information about available options could improve engagement and match support to individual needs, enhancing outcomes.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing the Travel Industry

With the development of ICTs, vivid changes have been experienced in the travel industry. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming an integral part of everyday lives and it is also impacting the travel industry to a great extent. The travel industry has always been among the leading industries to adopt the latest technologies. It has also acquired the AI-enabled tools for providing a seamless travelling experience to the travellers. The use of travel chatbots, customer service travel bots, voice assistants, service automation and robots have been able to fulfill the demands of modern day tourists. This eventually leads to personalization of tourism services, upgradation of operations and increment of productivity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proved to be of great help during the COVID-19 pandemic when there were restrictions on travelling and social distancing regulations were being followed by the travellers. It has a promising future in the travel industry as well. The present study tends to discuss the various usages of artificial intelligence in improving the travel industry. The paper also tends to highlight the impact of artificial intelligence in revolutionizing the travel industry and offering a better travel experience to the tourists.

Mental health problems among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study from Sweden.

Most international studies have concluded that exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with worse mental health. Sweden implemented lighter restrictions than many other countries. We evaluated the association between changes in exposure of COVID-19 restrictions and changes in mental health problems among Swedish adolescents. Repeated cross-sectional data were derived from the Stockholm school survey, mandatory for all students in municipal schools and voluntary for students in private schools. Unexposed students were assessed in the year 2020 and exposed were assessed in 2022. Mental health was assessed using items similar to the psychosomatic problem scale. All variables were dichotomised, and a non-parametric logistic regression was used to evaluate associations. A significant positive association was found between exposure of COVID-19 restrictions and self-reports of five to seven mental health problems a week for girls (odds ratio (OR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.41), but a non-significant association was found for boys (also after controlling for relevant covariates). Among boys and girls (shown), changes in mental health during the pandemic were moderated by social support from parents (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.98-2.51), bullying victimisation (OR 2.24, 95% CI 2.06-2.66), a sensation-seeking temperament (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.24-1.58) and school achievement (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18-1.51). Compared with boys, adolescent girls self-reported worse mental health following COVID-19 exposure. Girls may have been more affected by social distancing regulations in Sweden during the pandemic than boys and may require additional psychosocial support post-pandemic. Social support from parents may play an important role.

Covid-19, identity, and piety online: ultra-Orthodox discussions in WhatsApp and Telegram groups under social distancing regulations

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted relationships between religious communities and the state. Churches, religious authorities, and believers have been obligated to modify key activities (prayer, ceremonies) and weigh their religious identity against state prohibitions. Accordingly, we ask how members of a reclusive religious community negotiated and performed their identity under a prolonged emergency. We analyse intra-communal discourse concerning the state’s social distancing regulations during Covid-19 outbreaks and lockdowns that occurred in closed groups in messaging apps. Specifically, this research case-studies Jewish ultra-Orthodox communities in Israel (Haredim). Extensive analysis of over 2,000 WhatsApp and Telegram posts in 35 ultra-Orthodox groups over a two-year period indicates that participants constantly sought to affirm their primary, dominant, communal identity. While efforts to integrate adherence to state prohibitions into this primary identity were evident, these efforts were well accepted only when justifying them via affirmation of the communal identity – superseding medical, political, and practical concerns. The findings advance understanding of minority groups’ attitudes towards state directives and illuminate contemporary pathways of identity dynamics in online social networks. The findings may also be applicable in a broader sense to the study of discourse dynamics in echo chambers and filter bubbles.

Longing for touch post-COVID-19: current observations and future directions

Previous studies have reported an association between the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing regulations and longing for touch (LFT; i.e., a discrepancy between actual touch frequency and one’s desire to be touched). However, less is known about the prevalence and severity of LFT in the general population in the absence of social distancing regulations. The aim of this study was therefore to exploratively compare data collected during and after the pandemic. Pandemic data was collected online in an international sample (n = 1982), of which a matched subsample (n = 115) was used in the reported analyses. Post-pandemic data was collected one week after social distancing regulations restrictions were lifted in the Netherlands (n = 60) and when virtually no restrictions were in place (n = 55). The severity of LFT was significantly higher during the pandemic than afterwards. Although there were no significant differences in the general prevalence of LFT, significantly more participants reported high levels of LFT (score of 75–100) during the pandemic. We cautiously conclude that, although LFT may have peaked during the pandemic, a large portion of the general population desires to experience more interpersonal touch, even in the absence of social distancing regulations.

Chronicity and COVID-19: Kinship, Illness and the State in Pakistan

Based on a year-long study involving interviews and surveys among low-income households in Karachi and Lahore, this article describes how participants articulated their experience of the pandemic through ideas of ‘chronicity’ which consisted of poor material conditions, longstanding health problems, and the risks of COVID-19 infections. I consider the bundling of the three elements in relation to the Pakistani state’s imposition of social distancing regulations through its security infrastructure which resulted in reinscribing social differences based on class and religion. Through ethnographic research, I consider how the centrifugal forces at play in the cities at large were negotiated in kinship as members came together during times of illness and emergencies, and conversely, when care to intimate kin was neglected as social distancing practices were taken up selectively in a way that overlapped with deep seated hostilities within families, resulting in further impacting the health of the vulnerable in the absence of adequate health services.

Autistic Traits Related to the Importance of Interpersonal Touch and Appreciation of Observed Touch during COVID-19 Social Distancing.

Studies have confirmed the significance of touch for psychological wellbeing. Social distancing regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced people's ability to engage in interpersonal touch and caused increased an appreciation for observed touch, as well as a longing for touch within the neurotypical population. Yet, while the impact of social distancing and the importance of touch are evident in neurotypical individuals, it remains unclear how these factors manifest in autistic individuals. Previous research has related high levels of autistic traits to reduced levels of perceived pleasantness of touch and a reduced interest in interpersonal touch. Our study aimed to examine the differences in the appreciation of observed touch and longing for touch during social distancing between individuals with low and high levels of autistic traits. We conducted an online survey on autistic traits, the appreciation of observed CT-optimal touch and longing for touch. Consistent with our predictions, our results confirmed that individuals with high levels of autistic traits evaluated videos depicting CT-optimal touch less favorably compared to those with lower scores on autistic traits. Additionally, only the group with low levels of autistic traits exhibited a longing for touch during social distancing, whereas the group with high levels of autistic traits did not. The results provide insights in the appreciation of touch in relation to autistic traits during the unique circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic.

661 Evaluating the Efficacy of Post-Operative VTE Prophylaxis in Fragility Hip Fractures: DOAC vs LMWH

Abstract Aim Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are licensed for use as venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in elective hip surgery however low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is the mainstay for VTE prophylaxis in hip surgery following fragility fractures. Due to social distancing regulations during the COVID pandemic in 2021, it became increasingly difficult for community nurses to administer LMWH injections post-operatively whilst DOACs offered a less invasive alternative. This study aims to evaluate efficacy of DOACs in comparison to LMWH as VTE prophylaxis following hip surgery in fragility fractures. Method Retrospective, population-based cohort study of patients discharged on VTE prophylaxis with LMWH and DOAC in 2019 and 2021 respectively following fragility hip fracture. Data was obtained through National Hip Fracture Database and electronic medical records. Data collected included patient demographics, comorbidities, current medications, time to surgery, level of independence pre- and post-discharge and length of stay. Main outcomes assessed were incidence of VTE within 6 months. Results A total of 200 randomly selected patients were included. Following discharge, incidence of VTE was 1% in the LMWH group (n = 100) and 1% in the DOAC group (n = 100). All patients received LMWH and TED anti-embolism stockings as an inpatient. Average length of time on DOAC following discharge was 3.5 weeks. Conclusions The study shows non-inferiority of DOACs in VTE prophylaxis post-operatively when compared to LMWH. It supports a case for their use in post-operative management of fragility hip fractures. Further data surrounding compliance to DOAC following discharge will allow accurate evaluation of its efficacy.

Pengaruh Leverage dan Profitabilitas terhadap Volatilitas Harga Saham dengan Kebijakan Dividen sebagai Variabel Intervening Sebelum dan Selama Covid-19

During the Covid-19 pandemic, business conditions around the world were very unstable. Various business sectors are experiencing difficulties due to social distancing regulations, supply chain pressures, economic instability, and so on. Therefore this study reviews the effect of financial performance (leverage and profitability) on stock price volatility with dividend policy as an intervening variable. This research is focused on seeing the impact of the pandemic on the business world and the management's response to all these uncertainties. The population in this study are LQ45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2018 - 2020 period, so there are 45 companies in the population. These samples were taken using a purposive sampling method. The results of this study indicate that leverage has a direct effect on dividend policy and stock price volatility. The leverage variable also has an indirect effect on stock price volatility through dividend policy. However, profitability does not have a direct or indirect effect on stock price volatility and dividend policy. Based on the Sobel test, it was known that Covid-19 has no effect on the value of leverage, dividend policy and stock price volatility, except profitability.

A Legal Perspective: Implementing an Electronic Notarization System in Indonesia in the Post-Pandemic Era

This study analyses the importance of implementing a cyber notary system in the post-pandemic digital era in Indonesia. Despite facing the possibility of another viral pandemic similar to COVID-19, Indonesia has yet to adopt the legal concept of electronic notarization. To address this issue, this study employs statutory and comparative methodologies to analyze the implementation of laws and regulations regarding electronic notarization in various foreign countries. Social distancing regulations and stay-at-home orders implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic made it difficult to conduct certain in-person activities; therefore, there is a need for alternative methods that notaries publics and land deed official can use to verify the authenticity of deeds and other documents. In this context, there is an acute need to introduce legal regulation regarding electronic notarization in post-pandemic Indonesia. Electronic notarization provides various benefits, such as increased convenience, enhanced security, improved efficiency, and reduced costs. A cyber notary system would enable individuals to notarize documents remotely, eliminating the need for in-person interactions, which have become difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic. Other countries, such as the United States, Japan, and the Netherlands, have already recognized the importance of electronic notarization and have established legal frameworks to enable remote notarization. For instance, the United States has passed laws and issued regulations that authorize remote online notarization, while Japan has established an electronic notarization system. The Netherlands also passed a regulation enabling electronic notarization in 2013 known as the Electronic Identification and Trust Services Regulation.

Stress and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 pandemic, current neurology and psychology aspects: a narrative review

Pandemic is a phenomenon that has been occurring for decades. In the past two years, the world has again faced a pandemic situation due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world to a standstill. People also experience psychological stress conditions in the form of anxiety, worry, and anger due to the social impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as has happened in other countries. Social distancing regulations lead to an increase in psychiatric symptoms, including stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances can also have a negative impact on health, quality of work, and the risk of bad behavior or events in the workplace, as well as the risk of work-related accidents or injuries. There is a correlation between the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the neuroendocrine stress axis. The ability of an organism to adapt to the stressors encountered involves the sympathoadrenal system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The interactions between these two systems play an important role in adaptation. Excessive or chronic activation of the endocrine stress axis, which also causes feedback loop disruption, triggers and contributes to a variety of stress disorders and conditions in humans, including anxiety, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and job burnout.

Investigating The Determinant of Indonesian Citizens' “Mudik” Intention Post Covid-19 Pandemic

The pandemic outbreak of Covid-19 made individuals and society adjusted their social activities and behavior, following the social distancing regulations to slow the spread of the virus. Over 2 years, the regulation has been followed by vaccination programs that could help citizens build better immunity against the virus. In Indonesia, the social distancing regulations restricted several activities and customs by the citizens, one of which is the “Mudik” customs. Following the social distancing regulations that have been slowly adjusted by the improvement of the individual immune system toward the virus, some of the restrictions have been lifted by the Indonesian Government which includes the adjustment of the Mudik restrictions. This opens opportunities to identify the factors that could affect Indonesian Citizens' intention to return to their old Mudik customs post the Covid-19 Pandemic. The current research follows the suggestion that perceived knowledge could become an important construct in determining individual future behavior. To prove the suggestion, we adopt the Theory of Planned (TPB) model to examine the relationship of perceived knowledge toward individual future intention, in the case of Mudik behavior by the Indonesian Citizen post the Covid-19 pandemic. 238 Indonesian citizens participated in the current research as research respondents, and we used the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis to examine the suitability of our proposed conceptual framework to explain the relationship between perceived Covid-19 knowledge toward the main construct of the TPB Model. The research findings showed that perceived Covid-19 knowledge is one of the factors that could determine Indonesian Citizens' Mudik behavior. A comprehensive discussion of current research results and their theoretical and practical implication are presented within the article.

Socioeconomic and risk-related drivers of compliance with measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from the Munich-based KoCo19 study

ObjectivesAlthough a growing share of the population in many countries has been vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus to different degrees, social distancing and hygienic non-pharmaceutical interventions still play a substantial role in containing the pandemic. The goal of this study was to investigate which factors are correlated with a higher compliance with these regulations in the context of a cohort study in the city of Munich, southern Germany, during the summer of 2020, i.e. after the first lockdown phase.MethodsUsing self-reported compliance with six regulations and personal hygiene rules (washing hands, avoiding touching face, wearing a mask, keeping distance, avoiding social gatherings, avoiding public spaces) we extracted two compliance factor scores, namely compliance with personal hygiene measures and compliance with social distancing regulations. Using linear and logistic regressions, we estimated the correlation of several socio-demographic and risk perception variables with both compliance scores.ResultsRisk aversion proved to be a consistent and significant driver of compliance across all compliance behaviors. Furthermore, being female, being retired and having a migration background were positively associated with compliance with personal hygiene regulations, whereas older age was related with a higher compliance with social distancing regulations. Generally, socioeconomic characteristics were not related with compliance, except for education, which was negatively related with compliance with personal hygiene measures.ConclusionsOur results suggest that for a targeted approach to improve compliance with measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, special attention should be given to younger, male and risk-prone individuals.

THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19

The coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic has had numerous effects on global societies, including socially, politically, and economically. Social distancing regulations, school closures, mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE), amongst increasing financial burdens due to unemployment, have all contributed to a rise in societal mental health challenges. Listening to music can be perceived as an effective means through which mental health challenges can be alleviated, thereby contributing to positive wellbeing. This study aims to understand the effects of music on mental health and covid-19. There is an endeavour to recommend solutions to facilitate individuals towards improved mental wellbeing through music. A systematic literature review has been implemented within this study. Results have revealed the following factors: music and relaxation; music and inspiration; music and mood; music and expression. This study has deduced that that listening to music can have a positive impact on mental wellness as it can change emotions only if music is chosen correctly. Individuals feeling anxious or depressed tend to intensify their emotions by listening to depressing music, alternatively they can choose music to alter their emotions to happy and excited. Essentially music has the power to set the mood, create emotional changes promote sustainable mental health healing which can be utilised in the contemporary world post-covid-19.

Tourist revisit intention in post covid-19 pandemica modified perspective from Theory of planned behavior (TPB)

The Covid 19 pandemic that has occurred for almost the last three and give a bad impact on tourism industry, especially West Sumatra. The number of tourist visits sharply reduce due to the fearnes of various risks. In January 2023, Indonesian government officially revoked the PPKM (social distancing) regulations, it makes most activities returned to normal, including tourism activities. Seeing this opportunity, it is time to all parties to take the right actions and policies so that Indonesian tourism, especially West Sumatra, can revive. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control: a Modified perspective form theory of planned behavior on tourist revisit intention to visit Sirandah Island, West Sumatra, it is mediated by perceived risk variables. 165 respondents were taken as samples in this study using a non-probability sampling technique, and distributing questionnaires using an online application (google form) to tourists who had visited Sirandah Island. The results showed that the modified perspective of the theory of planned behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control) has a significant effect on perceived risk. Furthermore, the perception of risk has a significant effect on the intention and attitude of tourists to return, subjective norms, perceptions of behavioral control have a significant effect on the intention to return. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control have a direct effect on tourists' return visits through perceived risk as a mediating variable.

Consumer behavior of mobile food ordering app users during COVID-19: dining attitudes, e-satisfaction, perceived risk, and continuance intention

研究目的由于 Covid-19 爆发期间的社交距离规定, 移动订餐应用程序 (MFOA) 变得更受欢迎。 人们开始比平时更多地使用这些应用程序点餐。由于客户似乎很乐意使用这些应用程序, 因此始终存在传播感染的风险。这些事实不可避免地会影响客户的使用意愿。因此, 本研究旨在实证评估 MFOA 用户在 Turkiye Covid-19 大流行期间对感知风险的用餐态度、电子满意度和持续意图。研究设计/方法/途径该研究在预期确认理论和技术接受模型中使用了 SEM。 数据收集工具来自现有文献, 通过在线调查收集了 625 份问卷。 数据收集工具由 8 个部分组成, 旨在收集有关参与者的人口统计信息、期望确认、感知易用性、感知有用性、电子满意度、感知风险和持续意图的信息。研究发现结果显示电子满意度、用餐态度、感知风险和持续意愿之间存在显着关系。 最显着的发现是, 虽然电子满意度会影响客户重复使用 MFOA, 但感知到的风险会导致持续意愿下降。研究原创性/价值该研究模型通过添加风险因素拓宽了现有的 MFOA 研究模型。 此外, 它还为土耳其和世界新兴的 MFOA 文献做出了宝贵贡献。

A Probiotic Intervention With Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 on Perinatal Mood Outcomes (PROMOTE Study): Protocol for a Decentralized Randomized Controlled Trial

Perinatal mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are common, with subclinical symptomology manifesting as perinatal mood disturbances being even more prevalent. These could potentially affect breastfeeding practices and infant development. Pregnant and lactating women usually limit their exposure to medications, including those for psychological symptoms. Interestingly, the naturally occurring probiotic Bifidobacterium longum (BL) NCC3001 has been shown to reduce anxious behavior in preclinical models and feelings of low mood in nonpregnant human adults. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health issues increased, and conventionally conducted clinical trials were restricted by social distancing regulations. This study, Probiotics on Mothers' Mood and Stress (PROMOTE), aimed to use a decentralized clinical trial design to test whether BL NCC3001 can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress over the perinatal period. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, and 3-parallel-arm study aimed to recruit 180 women to evaluate the efficacy of the probiotic taken either during pregnancy and post partum (from 28-32 weeks' gestation until 12 weeks after delivery; n=60, 33.3%) or post partum only (from birth until 12 weeks after delivery; n=60, 33.3%) in comparison with a placebo control group (n=60, 33.3%). Participants consumed the probiotic or matched placebo in a drink once daily. Mood outcomes were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaires, captured electronically at baseline (28-32 weeks' gestation) and during e-study sessions over 5 further time points (36 weeks' gestation; 9 days post partum; and 4, 8, and 12 weeks post partum). Saliva and stool samples were collected longitudinally at home to provide mechanistic insights. In total, 520 women registered their interest on our website, of whom 184 (35.4%) were eligible and randomized. Of these 184 participants, 5 (2.7%) withdrew after randomization, leaving 179 (97.3%) who completed the study. Recruitment occurred between November 7, 2020, and August 20, 2021. Advertising on social media brought in 46.9% (244/520) of the prospective participants, followed by parenting-specific websites (116/520, 22.3%). Nationwide recruitment was achieved. Data processing is ongoing, and there are no outcomes to report yet. Multiple converging factors contributed to speedy recruitment and retention of participants despite COVID-19-related restrictions. This decentralized trial design sets a precedent for similar studies, in addition to potentially providing novel evidence on the impact of BL NCC3001 on symptoms of perinatal mood disturbances. This study was ideal for remote conduct: because of the high digital literacy and public trust in digital security in Singapore, the intervention could be self-administered without regular clinical monitoring, and the eligibility criteria and outcomes were measured using electronic questionnaires and self-collected biological samples. This design was particularly suited for a group considered vulnerable-pregnant women-during the challenging times of COVID-19-related social restrictions. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04685252; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04685252. DERR1-10.2196/41751.