Social Dialects Research Articles

British-American English Synonyms in Tourism Language and their Effect on Listener’s Understanding

This study deals with the differences between British and American English synonyms in tourism language (i.e. hotel, travel, transportation, and so on.). And if these differences affect on the listener's understanding, or not. The problem lies in the differences between British – American English, in the language variations in (lexical synonyms ) in the regional dialect, geographical dialect, social dialect that may affect on meaning of the intended word in tourism field, because of the differences between two communities, and how these communities used these synonyms. These variations of the Source Language British and American English (BrE and AmE) spoken by native speakers or non- native speakers may affect on the listener’s understanding (receiver’s understanding) and lose the intended meaning of the tourism synonyms. The aim of the study is to identify the language variation of BrE and AmE and the varieties of English dialects, and how are these varieties affect on the understanding of the listener and recipient in the British and American societies. Know the extent of the effect these varieties on the understanding of the listener and recipient in British and American societies.

The notion of state language

The authors of the article focus on the notion of “state language” in an attempt to identify its role linguistically and as it pertains to its legal status. Despite the fact that it is generally understood, the usage of this term is often associated with different notions, resulting in an uncertainty of its meaning. The authors analyze the principles and purposes of establishing a state language, compare the meaning of the term in Russian with similar terms in other languages, including those which were included in the recommendations by UNESCO experts in 1953, and compare the notion with linguistic categories. They conclude that “state language” is a legal concept rather than linguistic or lingvo-didactical. State language is a legal status given to a language in the aim of ensuring the unity of a state (as political nation) and establishing a common public communicative and cultural space along with establishing formal rules which require observance, in the spheres, normatively defined, that form the scope of public communication. The scope includes not only interaction with the state, but also encompasses a much greater area of language domains. These aims do not restrict the content of state language by one functional language style in order to acknowledge its social dialect or genre of language. Functions of organizing a common communicative space for the state language is executed with the linguistic category of standard (literary) language, based on the idea that this part of a national (in linguistic meaning) language is able to provide effective communication between different language communities.

Vernacular: Its Features, Relativity, Functions and Social Significance

In daily communication, people use different language varieties when contacting each other depending on different social contexts determined by factors such as participants, the setting and the topic. The use of different language varieties bears different functions or social significance. Generally, the more formal the language between participants is, the more distant their relationship; the more informal the language between participants is, the more intimate their relationship. Usually, people in the same region communicate with each other in regional dialects; people from the same social stratum or class communicate with each other in social dialects; people who are well-educated or distant in relationship or who do not share the same language or culture communicate with each other in standard language; and people from the same community or region, who are intimate to each other or who share one language or one culture communicate with each other in vernacular language. In nearly every speech community, there exists a certain vernacular language. Vernacular language is indigenous, native or local, spoken either by a rural or urban speech community, or by a lower social class; it is informal, or casual, or the least standardized; it is contrastively used with standard language; it is uncodified, but when there is a need, it is codified through the use of the dominant language, i.e., usually the standard language; its existence relies heavily on the dominant language; it is usually acquired as a first variety in the home; it is featured by colloquialisms, vulgarisms, substandard forms, and slang. There are hundreds of vernacular languages throughout the world, there. Vernacular languages, often used for a relatively narrow range of informal functions, include ethnic or tribal languages which are usually the first languages learned by people from those ethnic or tribal groups. The most typical example of vernacular language is Black English Vernacular in America. Vernacular language is even used by some writers in their literary works – Mark Twain in his <i>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i> and Dante in his <i>Divine Comedy</i>. Vernacular language may become a standard language if standard language becomes outdated or is abandoned by the public. It is indispensable in daily communication as it is complementary to standard language. It can never be regarded as sub-standard or inadequate, however, as it is an important language variety.

Рецензия на книгу: Мокиенко В.М., Никитина Т.Г. Русская диалектная фразеография: дифференциальные и полные словари / Ред. Х. Вальтер. СПб.-Greifswald: СПбГУ-Universitat Greifswald, 2019. 310

The questions of lexicographic description of phraseology of Russian territorial and social dialects are considered. Special attention is paid to the problems of the vocabulary representation of phraseological semantics, historical and etymological commenting on phraseological units and the reflection of the peculiarities of their functioning in the modern sociocultural context. The book is intended for philologists, culturologists, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the problems of Russian phraseology and lexicography.

Social Dialects in Modern French Language

The article is a study of phonetic-morphological and semantic-stylistic features of argotic vocabulary in contemporary French language. The work is devoted to questions of structural-semantic and phonetic-morphological peculiarities of the argotic vocabulary in printed mass media. The conducted research has shown that the argotic vocabulary can be considered as a special lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a steady tendency to penetrate into higher linguistic levels due to its phonetic-morphological and semantic features. The systematization of phonetic and semantic processes in the argotic dictionary is carried out. We have noticed that argot from a linguistic point of view is an expressive lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a large expressive potential and rapid changes in vocabulary and penetrates into higher levels of the French language. From the point of view of modern linguistics, the French language can be viewed in vertical and horizontal sections. Horizontal division is caused by the existence of the dialectal partition of the French language. The vertical division is explained by the existence of social groups that use one or another sociolect. Analyzing the evolution of the definition of argot, we can assume that in its development argot passed the long way from the language taboo to the special lexical subsystem of the literary-spoken language. We have noticed that it is important to distinguish argot and spoken language. In spite of the both scientific and practical interest in the spoken language problem and the emergence of numerous studies that led to the creation of colloquialism as a special section of linguistics, a number of aspects of spoken language (approaches to its identification, differentiation of spoken language and related phenomena) remain insufficiently highlighted. The spoken language (vernacular), according to modern linguistic assertions, occupies an intermediate position between the spoken-literary language, dialects and sociolects. We have noticed that the democratization of the norms of the literary language led to the emergence of a literary-colloquial form of spoken language. Such a combination of literary and spoken language is caused by the nature of social development. Key words: argot; slang; French language; dialect; argotheistic vocabulary; non-normative variant elements; semantics; phonetics; morphology; mass media.

Speech and Social Class in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights

Language is a human trait associated with a particular community or ethnicity; there are a range of languages that represent their existence. On the other hand, the diversity of language shows aspects of their communication. Language also reflects in social construction when humans communicate to each other. In other words, language is used in social class, social status, and educational background that are called social dialect; a variety of languages that reflect social variation in language use, according to certain factors related to the social group of the speaker such as education, occupation, income level, etc. In this research, the characters’ speech in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847) is examined, in particular by dealing with spelling, grammar and lexis to explain what role speech plays in the character construction. The findings of this work indicate that this author of the Victorian literature used speech to both individualize characters and to bind them to a certain groups, which can mostly be defined by social status; a unique type of speech is provided to each main personality to denote his or her social status. A list of references is shared at the end.

The Comparative Analysis of Social Dialect of Minangkabaunese used by Employees and Labourers in Padang

Social dialect is a branch of dialectology discusses about different language used because of social socio-economic background and educational background. From those background differences, it turns out to cause linguistic phenomena in the use of language which is one of the symbols as a determinant of social status. Most researchers have studied about different language used due to social status that discussed the language variety, meanwhile in this research the different language used is discussed in three aspect such as different diction, different pronunciation and different suprasegmental (stress) between employees and labourers in Padang. The method used in this research is by provoking the informant to utter the words researcher intended by using interview guideline. The data are words that are explained in comparative description form. The result of this research is there are found 5 types of different diction, 3 types of different pronunciation with the same diction and 3 types of different stressed sound with the same diction used between employees and labourers in Padang.

Trediakovsky’s View on Language in the Mid-18th Century and Linguistic Purism

순수주의는 발흥 동기와 목적에 따라 다양한 양상으로 나타난다. 언어의 고유한 원형을 훼손하는 요소들을 배제하는 일련의 행위를 순수주의라고 정의한다면, 민속성 보존과 엘리트주의처럼 상반되는 동기와 목적도 모두 순수주의라는 이름으로 포괄될 수 있다. 18세기를 전후하여 러시아는 통일 되고 규범화된 문학어에 대한 필요성이 커졌으며, 이는 전통적인 문어체인 교회슬라브어와 러시아어 가운데 무엇이 러시아 문학어의 근간이 되어야 할지에 대한 격렬한 언어 논쟁을 촉발했다. 이 시기 언어 담론에서 트레디 야콥스키는 매우 흥미로운 위상을 갖는다. 그의 언어관은 복잡한 언어 상황과 맞물리어 1740년대를 전후로 극단적으로 변화했다. 전기의 언어관이 프랑스 순수주의의 영향을 받아 자연스러운 일상어를 문학어의 토대로 삼되, 상류층의 언어 사용을 모범으로 삼는다는 점에서 엘리트적 순수주의 경향을 띄는 반면, 후기의 언어관은 과거 교회슬라브어의 원형으로 회귀한다는 점에서 의고주의적 순수주의 경향을 띤다. 또한 양 시기 모두 언어의 모범 적인 원형을 추구하기 위해 특정 언어요소를 문학어의 경계밖으로 배제한다는 점에서 순수주의의 경향을 찾아볼 수 있다. 나아가 그의 언어관은 19 세기 초 쉬쉬코프와 카람진을 위시한 의고주의자들과 혁신주의자들 간 언어 논쟁의 단초가 되었다.In the 18th century there was a strong need for a national, unified, and normalized language in Russia. It caused heated debates on which of traditional Church Slavonic and Russian should be the basis of the literary language. V. K. Trediakovsky took a interesting position in this discourse. His view on language changed dramatically around the 1740s due to the complex language situation of that time and the social roles and missions that he took upon himself. In the early period, under the influence of French purism, he considered the everyday spoken language of the upper class (“the best society”) as an ideal and did not allow any regional and social dialects into the literary language. He opposed the use of Church Slavonic, as it was not used in the everyday language of “the best society” and did not correspond to its taste(vkus). In this regard his position could be defined as elitist purism. In the later period, however, Trediakovsky changed his own view, emphasizing the differences between the Russian language situation and the French language situation. Therefore he insisted on returning to the Church Slavonic tradition. In that sense he turned to the archaic purism. However, he constantly strove for an ideal standard for the Russian language and tried to interfere with it’s evolution, excluding certain elements from the boundary of literary language, which also shows his purist tendencies. In the end, Trediakovsky’s linguistic view became the beginning of the well-known language debate between archaists and innovators of the 19th century.

АНГЛОМОВНІ СОЦІОЛЕКТНІ ІНВАРІАНТИ В СУЧАСНОМУ УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ СОЦІУМІ

The article highlights the issue of English social dialect invariants in contemporary Ukrainian society. Language varieties used in society reflect regional, social and ethnic belonging of people who use them. There exists interconnection between a language and society. Nowadays development of democratic values in Ukraine requires to use English as a second official language and academic programs in educational establishments are directed to learning English as a main foreign language. Ukrainian society fasces the perspective of implementing English sociolect invariants in various spheres of social life. Peculiarities of a language situation in Ukraine are reflected in the article. A language situation involves the relations that develop between language formations in a society. These formations are determined by many factors, the main of which are different social statuses of society members. In modern Ukrainian society there exist a wide range of formations speaking more than one language, therefore the language situation in Ukraine is exoglossic. English terms, professional and sociolect invariants are implemented in various spheres of social life in everyday use of Ukrainian people as a result of growing number of language contacts. In philosophy invariant is determined as ‘an invariable’. Main spheres of English sociolect invariants application are defined in the article. Such types of discourse as media-discourse and business-discourse can be considered the types of dis- course that have acquired the biggest number of terms, professional words and other socially marked words in Ukrainian society. Тhese types of discourse have the strongest impact on social life in a poly- cultural country. Such means of typology research as semantic maps has been used in contemporary linguistics. It is based on the notions that appeared in context of semantic fields research. Semantic fields include words with the common meaning. The methods of semantic field analysis are used in comparative linguistics. The comparative analysis of semantic fields of the business-discourse in the English and Ukrainian languages has pointed out to equivalent positions of professional terms and jargon words in these semantic fields. Existence of proper Ukrainian words and notions corresponding to English invariants with the same meaning has proved the universal nature of invariants.

Перевод социолектных текстов

A moment's reflection suffices to convince one that no language is homogeneous, being represented by a set of language variants or language existential forms, reflecting the hetero­geneous character of the national culture. Notwithstanding variable nature of language, lin­guistic theorizing has been mostly based on standardized languages forms, rather than on natu­ral speech dialects. The present research addresses the fundamental issue of variability within a language and aims at studying the specific fragment of the Russian language of the XXth centu­ry — Soviet camp sociolect within the frameworks of contrastive sociolectology. Sociolect nature of the source text is viewed as one of the factors increasing the degree of text untranslatability. The author dwells on the nature of adaptation interventions, which a trans­lator needs to perform to render the specificity of the Soviet camp social dialect in English. The analysis of the ways in which translators processed the source texts under consideration reveals the twofold strategy aimed at maintaining a proper balance between replicating the sociolect text specificity and making the translation readable to the target recipients. Combin­ing explanatory translation, loose translation, occasional equivalents with loan translation translators achieve clarity of the translation, preserving at the same time apparent non-nativeness of the target text, which helps to avoid leveling the sociolect nature of the source texts.

ДЖЕРЕЛА ПОПОВНЕННЯ МОЛОДІЖНИХ ЖАРГОНІЗМІВ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

The article focuses on one of the important layers of the lexical system of the national Ukrainian language at the beginning of the XXI century, namely the youth jargon neologisms. The recording of the spoken language of young people (schoolchildren, students of vocational schools, university students, cadets, etc.) as well as texts from the Internet and contemporary Ukrainian journalism and fiction served as the material of the present study. The body of newly formed slang words under analysis comprises more than 200 units. The author defines and analyses the main sources of the mentioned units’ enrichment. The most effective among them is the word formation on the basis of specific and borrowed derivative sources. It has been shown that within the analyzed period the youth jargon neologisms are mostly enriched by nouns-neologisms formed, in particular, by means of suffixation, univerbalization, abbreviation, compounding, lexico-semantic derivation or without any affixes at all. Newly formed adjectives, verbs and adverbs, being not numerous in comparison with nouns-sociolects of youth, are coined primarily by suffixation. Another effective source of the youth social dialect enrichment is their direct entry into Ukrainian from foreign languages, such as English, Russian, German, Spanish, French, and Chinese. Among these new borrowings English loan words prevail. Besides, a certain part of the youth neologisms has penetrated into speech of the young people from other jargons, such as computer, sports, automobile jargons. Some new units of the analyzed sociolect have come into use (mainly with a change in semantics) from a less effective source, i.e. a criminal argot

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИОСТІ СОЦІАЛЬНО МАРКОВАНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ІТАЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ)

This paper analyzes the processes of the progression of particular social vocabularies. The definition of advanced concepts has been considered in the analysis, and their functional features of the terms of socially marked vocabulary have been revealed as well. We attempted to distinguish and compare such notions as jargon, dialect, argot, vernacular and cant among the concept of general conversation. The characteristic features that are inherent to one or another sociolect are investigated. Socially marked vocabulary reflects important moments of human communicative behavior in a society, which is a part of national culture. In the modern world, where the globalization of cultures in conversation is observed, the vocabulary ceases to be confined to one particular language but becomes the property of a social stratum of a particular social group. In the analysis, in general, it became clear that in the Italian language there are only four varieties of the social dialect – dialect, jargon, vernacular and argot (But you have four here). The article reveals that the units of the vocabularies have their negative influence, since, in our study, the conversation has historically been formed in the criminal environment and socially low strata of the population. The operation of the overwhelming majority of units goes beyond the limits of a particular social group and becomes a colloquial language and is often used by writers in Italian literary works. Additionally, the examples presented in the article show that the Italians are trying to comprehend the essence of these concepts and distinguish them from each other. In some cases, in different social groups, we conclude that the vocabularies are implemented at the lexical-semantic, pragmatic, phonological, conceptual and contextual levels, enrich the content of the literary language, and get into and enrich literary language. It is hoped this study will inform practitioners and theorist about socially marked vocabulary used.

Social and Cultural Specifics of the Pomor Linguistic Consciousness (Sailors and Fishermen of North Arkhangelsk)

The research subject of this article is the professional vocabulary used by the Arkhangelsk Pomors that has not been thoroughly studied yet. This article aims to fully describe the social and cultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness revealed in the social dialect of coast-dwellers (the Pomors) and their "cultural heirs", sailors and fishermen of North Arkhangelsk. The material source is the professional vocabulary and recorded oral speech of the social dialect used by coast-dwellers and documented in the three-volume dictionary of the popular-colloquial speech of Arkhangelsk. The article also considers such ambiguous terms as professional vocabulary, the Pomors and linguistic consciousness.The authors of the article have used the integrative approach to material analysis: cognitive, sociolinguistic and linguistic. The dominant analysis was chosen as the main research method. Notional dominants are understood as mental structures of consciousness that correlate with group values and regulate interpretative activities of the Arkhangelsk Pomors in the process of nominating real-life objects.The notional dominants of the Pomor social and cultural linguistic consciousness are as follows: reality specification, respect for professional experience and labor as a need, setting for the figurative perception of reality, etc. It is proved that intentional modality is a specific modal component of the Pomor linguistic consciousness.The research has established that the knowledge connected with linguistic means is socially significant since it marks peculiar features of the linguistic consciousness typical of the social dialect. Sailors and fishermen formed the linguistic world-image correlated with social and cultural perception and interpretation.The authors of the article have revealed and described such concepts as LABOR, MAN and NATURE associated with the basic concept of the Pomor social dialect – SEA.The authors have also specified cognitively prominent levels of the Pomor linguistic consciousness.

A tradução de Boumkoeur, de Rachid Djaïdani, para o português do Brasil: um panorama dos principais desafios

Este artigo se baseia em uma pesquisa intitulada Boumkœur, de Rachid Djaïdani: estudo e tradução para o português do Brasil (2017), realizada no quadro do Bacharelado em Francês da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) com o objetivo de empreender uma tradução e análise do romance em questão. De forma resumida, apresentamos aqui uma visão parcial de três propostas de tradução para trechos que, por conterem, respectivamente, marcadores culturais, expressões de um socioleto popular e amostras de textos poéticos, representam desafios à tradução para o português do Brasil. Nosso projeto tradutório optou por uma prática de “ética da diferença” (VENUTI, 2002) que busca conciliar os conceitos de “estrangeirização” e “domesticação” (VENUTI, 2008).

Toledo frente a Madrid en la conformación del español moderno: el sistema pronominal átono

Los estudios sobre el pronombre átono objeto en español señalan de manera casi unánime en las últimas décadas que el factor más importante para la selección de las formas le(s)/lo(s) para complemento directo es el tipo semántico del sustantivo de referencia (contable o incontable). Dentro de este sistema llamado referencial, se incluyen hoy las provincias de Madrid y Toledo. En este artículo examinamos los datos basados en documentos archivísticos inéditos de ambas provincias para 1) establecer si este sistema estaba vigente en la Edad Media, 2) señalar la extensión a partir del siglo XVI, 3) comprobar si el sistema leísta se extendía a todos los sociolectos y 4) precisar las diferencias geográficas internas del castellano central.

Социодиалект как культурная особенность коммуникации детей рабочего класса

The authors of the paper examine the influence of the phenomenon of socio-dialect as a non-standard form of language in the working-class environment on the ability of children of this class to learn and cognize. The authors make a comparative analysis of the social dialects of the Russian Federation and Western countries based on the sociolinguistic differentiation of society. It is concluded that the socio-dialect satisfies the emerging group needs within the collective to which the individual belongs, from professional groups to sub-culturally differentiated ones. Teaching children from the middle and working classes, a teacher sets the task of teaching children to use consciously different forms of language, depending on the specific situation and communicative task. The authors analyze social types of speech and socially determined linguistic forms. The conclusion that a socio-dialect is a restricted code is made. Therefore, any education system is based on studying the elaborated language code due to the program. All study difficulties are not genetically determined. They arise under the influence of a culturally conditioned language code. In such conditions, a social dialect should be considered as the basis for uniting the members of this subculture (the working class too). Unwillingness to recognize the existence of a social dialect within the education system leads to a clash between the dialect speaker of the “standard” norm of the language – the teacher – and the dialect speaker of the “non-standard” form – the student, ignoring each other's language systems. Obviously, a teacher should be able to distinguish the error from the socio-dialectic form and on the basis of this build a learning path.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОНЕТИЧНОЇ НОРМИ СУЧАСНОЇ ФРАНЦУЗЬКОЇ МОВИ

This article deals with the tendencies of choosing suitable pronunciation model within the limits of the functioning of the French phonetic norm. Studies the sound composition of the language on the base of the research of the accent and the intonation of the territorial and the social dialects and functional varieties of the language. Analyzes works devoted to the study of dialect peculiarities of the intonation. Generalizes the theoretical information about the sound composition of the language and the intonation that are discussed in the special French scientific literature. Determinate the modifications of phonetic norm of modern French language, dialect intonation peculiarities in a particular register of language and certain social groups. Follows functional changes of the intonation. Explains the relation between the accent and the intonational peculiarities of regional dialects. Attention is drawn to the rhythm, accent distribution, tempo and length variations, to the dependence of rhythmic groups of semantic and syntactic combinability phrase parts, speech tempo, the degree of preparedness and the text maturity of extra-linguistic situation, the degree of the emotional expression color. Studies the dependence of the rhythmic groups length of the type of speech, of pauses impact on the speech tempo. Analyzes the spontaneous dialogue in different linguistic registers.

СИСТЕМА ЦЕННОСТЕЙ АРМЕЙСКОЙ СУБКУЛЬТУРНОЙ СРЕДЫ США В ЗНАКАХ ЯЗЫКА И КУЛЬТУРЫ

This paper describes the axiological reference system of the US military subculture, verbalized through signs of language and culture. This research is aimed to imprint linguo-cultural artifacts of the military idiom ambience that make the bulk of ethos of an American serviceman. It concludes that such linguistic means and forms, representing basic components of the GI axiological system of values, include social dialect lexical units, phraseological locutions, military cadence calls, recruiting slogans, military units’ mottos, clichés, army toasts, texts of the precedent genre (anecdotes), etc. The paper is addressed to philologists and broad audience.

Sosiolek Bahasa Bali Berdasarkan Variabel Usia dan Etnik

The study of dialectology focuses on language variations based on geographic variables or geographical dialects so that it is known as the study of dialectical geography or linguistic geography but in its development, the study of dialectology extends to language variants based on social variables resulting in social dialectology (Chmabers &amp; Petyt 1980). The social dialects that arise from the layers of society cause variations in the pronunciation of a sound or word in a language. Bali in particular Denpasar is a small city with a heterogeneous society so that inevitably the contacts of the language of the settlers with native speakers. The occurrence of these influences is related to extralinguistic and linguistic factors (intralinguistik). The linguistic (extralinguistic) situation associated with the person to whom the speaker is speaking, the topic of conversation, and the impulse of the speaker, such as the urge to be parallel / acceptable in the use of language by other speakers of language is the social reason of a person using other language elements. In addition, the factor of readiness or ease of pronunciation of certain language elements is the language factor of a person using other language elements. Ethnic differences result in differences in sound or phonological systems that are adapted to give rise to a dialect. The existence of ethnic Javanese and ethnic Balinese on the island of Bali is characterized by phonological differences that occur in a speech or communication so that withoutintroducingourselveswealreadyknowtheoriginofthesespeakersfromJavaorfromBali.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В АВСТРАЛАЗИИ: ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article is devoted to the modern English language on the territory of Australasia, namely Australia and New Zealand. It is shown that the literary, normative English language in this region is virtually indistinguishable from the British variant, which is traditionally taught at local schools. The differences are observed, mainly, at the level of social dialects. For Australia and New Zealand there is a particular variation based on the ethnicity of the speaker, which distinguishes English in this region from the rest of its variants. The indigenous inhabitants of these countries, on the one hand, and the immigrants from the countries of South-East Asia, on the other, determine the form of existence and the vector of development of modern English in this part of the globe.