Social Conditions Research Articles

The Impact of Social and Economic Status on the Marital Behaviour of Young People

The social and economic status significantly influences social development and individual behaviour, cultural factors and a deteriorating economic situation hinder youth marriage. This study aimed to highlight the impact of social and economic conditions on the marital behaviour of young people. The research employed a descriptive approach, based on a sample of 60 individuals. The results indicated that both social and economic conditions play a significant role in shaping the marital behaviour of youth, with an average impact score of 3.39. It was also found that the education level of both partners and tribal and familial affiliations affect this behaviour. Furthermore, the costs of marriage, driven by ostentatious consumption and the desire to emulate others, contribute to the decision-making process surrounding marriage. Finally, the findings confirmed that there is no significant difference in the impact of social and economic status on marital behaviour based on gender.

Gender Construction at Islamic Poor Community

This study focuses on studying gender construction in the Islamic community in Surabaya. This community is in Kampung Sidosermo Dalam, one of the Islamic area in Surabaya. In everyday social and cultural conditions, women always wear the hijab and men wear koko shirts and sarongs. Women are always constructed as the second social class below men. The social construction that is built is not only agreed upon by men, but women also agree on it. The motto that women live by every day is suwargo nunut neroko katut. That a woman's heaven and hell is with her husband. The aim of the research is to dismantle unfair gender constructions so that hopefully there will be enlightenment leading to correct gender constructions. The research method uses qualitative with a critical ethnographic approach. The data collection technique used in-depth interviews for 15 informant with Sidosermo Dalam figures, kyai, nyai, RT, RW, as well as women who agreed that they were always in the second class. Apart from that, researchers also used participant observation techniques to explore data. The research results show that women have always experienced oppression since childhood. Every day they receive different treatment from men. The doctrine that women are always subordinate to men has been taught to the population from generation to generation. The construction of suwargo nunut neroko katut becomes a guide for interaction. This social construction is built and maintained using religious arguments as legitimacy. This patriarchal and oppressive condition must be immediately changed and corrected by the government, mass organizations and citizens themselves.

Exploring Port City Porosity and Flows within Port Regions: The Case Study of Port of Malaga and Port of Beirut

The term “porosity” refers to the idea of interconnectedness between the spaces and institutions of ports, cities, and their surrounding areas. While porosity refers to the overall interconnectedness between different entities, an interface specifically refers to the point of contact and interaction between the same two entities. This paper goes beyond the idea of an interface and emphasizes a continuous network of port-related spaces and practices that shape the port cityscape. It also provides a historical perspective on the evolution of port/city boundaries. Additionally, this paper explores maps and conceptualizes port city porosity on both sea and land sides, measures, and reconsiders porosity in these regions. The thematic issue opens questions for further research such as: Can the interconnectedness between port and city areas, along with maritime pockets in the city and surrounding territory, enhance the resilience of port city activities? Does the existence of porous borders between port and city allow for easier transitions? The idea of transitions is particularly relevant in the context of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of port and city activities. As economic, social, or environmental conditions shift, there may be a need for both the port and city to adapt and evolve. The degree of porosity between them can play a role in facilitating or hindering these transitions.

How Family Group Conferencing Can Support a Contextual Safeguarding Response to Community-based Youth Harm: Lessons for Practice from a Participatory Study

Abstract This article reports on a study that brought Family Group Conferencing (FGC) and Contextual Safeguarding together to create an innovative practice response to extra-familial harm. It took place as part of a wider research project into the implementation of Contextual Safeguarding—an ecological approach to creating safety for young people harmed outside the home. Whilst there is growing understanding in social care of the contextual dynamics of young people’s safeguarding needs beyond their homes, many remain unsure about what it means, in practice, for them to create safety in a context. Using data collected via participatory and embedded research methods, this article considers how FGCs were adapted to create responses to youth harm that shifted the focus from ‘family’ to ‘community’; addressed the ‘social conditions of harm’; and drew on practitioners’ existing FGC skills. It demonstrates conceptual alignment and practice benefits for bringing the two approaches together and argues that drawing on the value-base and skills of FGC coordinators has considerable potential. The article highlights three key elements that are needed to recreate similar responses, namely: organisational mandate/support; conceptual framework aligned to ecological theory; and skills and attributes that include facilitation, working restoratively and with authority in challenging situations.

Public-Private Partnership: An Effective Solution for Providing Health Services to the Elderly

Population aging has become a significant phenomenon in the 21st century due to rising life expectancy and declining fertility rates. The global elderly population, estimated at 727 million in 2020, is projected to double by 2050, with developing countries facing a greater proportion of elderly residents. This demographic shift will impact various sectors of society, including healthcare, leading to increased demand for medical services and higher costs. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) are an effective mechanism to improve access to health services for the elderly, enhance service quality, and manage costs. It is crucial for policymakers to explore global experiences with PPP to develop strategies that address the unique economic and social conditions in Iran, ensuring an effective response to the rapid changes in healthcare needs for the aging population.

Life Cycle Assessment of Consumption Patterns – Understanding the links between changing social practices and environmental impacts

As we are still not on track to achieve environmental sustainability through technological change, we need to further stress the importance of understanding routinized types of behaviour by private households and the environmental assessment of corresponding consumption of resources. Social practice theories allow us to understand the constitution of human activity and its embeddedness in society. In transformation research, the relevance of social practice theories has been recognized. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the conditions under which practices change substantially and what kinds of tools and governance approaches are suitable to foster change in social practices. We therefore propose a novel way to address the transformation of consumption patterns of private households by a) connecting social practice theories to life cycle assessment for a quantitative environmental evaluation of transformation processes and b) using narrative approaches to understand the links between several social practices and conditions for change. An illustrative study of a bottom-up neighbourhood initiative shows how specific meanings and values (expressed, for example, through meanings of “enough”) affect several social practices from different consumption categories (nutrition, daily mobility, travelling). Environmental assessments further show that changing social practices across consumption categories can substantially decrease environmental pressures from private household consumption, especially in the field of nutrition. The understanding of how various social practices are connected in a nexus through narratives embodying deeper meanings point to novel ways of fostering change and the relevance of social practices related to urban or neighbourhood initiatives as an entry point to a more sustainable way of living.

Digital Markets Dynamics and Ethical Considerations of Online Drug Sales via Cryptomarkets

The article is devoted to a topical topic – the analysis of a new way of selling drugs via the Internet and using cryptocurrency. In the article, the authors analyzed the Internet as a medium for drug trafficking; the composition of the criminal offense, which consists of the illegal sale of drugs; the social conditionality of criminalization of drug trafficking via the Internet; trends in the use of cryptocurrencies for drug trafficking; money laundering from drug trafficking through cryptocurrencies and measures to combat drug trafficking online and through cryptocurrency. It is emphasized that the appearance of this way of selling drugs is due to the development of technologies and their undoubted advantages, which criminals, from small fraudsters to criminal groups, adapt to carry out illegal activities. The number of people who buy illegal drugs on the dark web is gradually increasing; more and more buyers prefer to pay with cryptocurrency, and criminals are trying to legalize the proceeds of drug crime through the crypto market. All this indicates the increased social danger of such drug trade compared to other forms of their sale due to significant profits, the involvement of a large number of consumers, and direct and hidden effects on the growth of a country: public health issues, organized crimes, security concerns, etc. However, the fight against drug trafficking on the Internet and with the use of crypto-currency has not been properly regulated at the national and international levels. Considering this to fight against such actions effectively, the following is necessary today: an official definition of the status of cryptocurrency in legislation and the development of new methods, tactics, and technologies for the investigation of crimes. Drug business on the Internet and through cryptocurrencies, which will consider the latter's peculiarities and will be constantly updated in accordance with the pace of evolution of digital currencies; establishment of cooperation of cryptocurrency exchanges, financial institutions, regulators, law enforcement agencies, and technology providers.

The acquisition of a new social norm, the social conditioning, and the subjective role of structural and functional personality profile. Pilot study

Introduction: Social norms represent the system of expectations of a community at a given point in time. Based on the education received and lived life experiences, everyone reacts to social norms with conformity or rebellion. Whether or not one adapts to a new social norm depends on many factors, which have been studied in the social-anthropological fi eld but not yet fully explored in scientifi c literature. Method: The clinical population sample (CG) that was selected for this pilot study consisted of 60 Italian participants (30 males; 30 females), aged 18 to 77 years (M: 47.5; SD: 17.0). Through a clinical interview and administration of the Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interviews, version TA-3 (PICI-TA-3), the included adult patients were analyzed, based on the experiment described in the protocol. A control group (Cg) with the same characteristics was constructed, in the absence of positive clinical data for a personality disorder identifi ed by the PICI-TA-3, for a total of 120 participants (60 males; 60 females). Results: In the clinical group (CG), subjects in the neurotic subgroup (pure anxious, phobic-obsessive and manic) responded to the acquisition of the new social rule within the third positive reinforcement stimulus, while subjects in the psychotic subgroup (paranoid-delusional, dissociated and schizophrenic spectrum) in some cases responded within the second stimulus while others hyperactivated and stopped the experiment; fi nally, subjects in the dramatic subgroup (depressive, bipolar, borderline, narcissistic-histrionic, antisocial-psychopathic) partly responded after the third stimulus or with attitudes of rebellion or contrariness, seeking clarifi cation, explanation, or resistance in the social group. Conclusions: The research data showed that the acquisition of a new social rule is conditioned by several subjective factors, including structural and functional personality profi les. Keywords: Social rule, acquisition of a new social rule, conformity, rebellion, society, personality disorders. Abbreviations/acronyms: Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interviews (PICI-C-3), Clinical group (CG), Control group (Cg).

Juridical Review Of The Implementation Of Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) In The Perspective Of Community Empowerment

This research discusses environmental social responsibility or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which has become a global issue and has received wide attention from various stakeholders. Many companies in Indonesia, including PT Japfa Comfeed, need to be fully aware of the importance of social and environmental responsibility. This research aims to understand the implementation of CSR programs at PT Japfa Comfeed and its relation to improving the social welfare of the surrounding community. The method used is an empirical juridical approach, which is an approach based on applicable Law and the reality of practice in the field. The study results show that the implementation of CSR at PT Japfa Comfeed benefits the social conditions of the surrounding community, even though the implementation could be more optimal. This is due to unclear legal regulations, so practical guidelines are needed to avoid causing various interpretations. In conclusion, CSR at PT Japfa Comfeed must be carried out continuously to ensure maximum benefits for all parties, especially those needing attention and support.

Humanizing climate change education using a Freirian perspective

This paper acknowledges the importance of introducing climate change education in Latin American classrooms. To address this need, we developed an online course for teachers from six Latin-American countries, aiming to integrate climate change education with a critical humanizing perspective. Within this paper, we present findings from 25 participants who engaged in the “Discussing our Abode” activity. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we conducted both content analysis to dissect participants’ discourses and an analysis of the pictorial representations they provided. This esthetic experience revealed that participants, and humans in general, are shaped by social conditions and remain unfinished in terms of education. We conclude that it is feasible to create a climate change education proposal based on Freire’s principles of dialogue, criticality, creativity, hope, and love. The Freirean perspective extends beyond discussing human impacts on nature to recognizing the emotional dimension in all relationships.

Про сутність поняття “внутрішньо переміщена особа”

The article describes the essence of the concept of “internally displaced person”. Theoretical and legal approaches to the content of the concept of “internally displaced persons” have been studied. It was established that forced migration plays an important role in the modern worldmigration process of the population of Ukraine. It is argued that for the first time the term “internally displaced person” was used in jurisprudence in the last decade of the 20th century, when the need for an international response to the rather important problem of protecting the rights of displaced persons definitely arose. Statistical data on the number of internally displaced persons in Ukraine are indicated. It is noted that precisely as a result of military aggression by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the problem of forced migration and its solution is one of the main ones for the state and society. It is proven that an internally displaced person is a citizen of Ukraine, a foreigner or a stateless person who is in the territory of Ukraine on legal grounds and has the right to permanent residence in Ukraine, who was forced to leave or leave his place of residence as a result or in order to avoid negative consequences. It is indicated that internally displaced persons are under the legal protection of their country in accordance with international human rights legislation. The article indicates the main reasons for forced migration of the population, which encourage citizens to move within the borders of their country. These include, first of all, military conflict, occupation or annexation of territory, cruel treatment, manifestations of violence, genocide of the population, violation of human rights and freedoms, as well as environmental, social, economic, man-made and other causes. It was emphasized that internally displaced persons need to adjust to a new place of residence, which should become safer for them. It has been studied that the protection of internally displaced persons implies an important obligation for the state to create legal, social and economic conditions for the realization of their rights and freedoms, under which it is possible to protect the rights of individuals, as well as the activities of state organizations for the protection of human rights. The article offers the author’s definition of the essence of the concept of “internally displaced person” in Ukraine.

Can recent evolutionary history promote resilience to environmental change?

Principles of social evolution have long been used retrospectively to interpret social interactions, but have less commonly been applied predictively to inform conservation and animal husbandry strategies. We investigate whether differences in developmental environment, facilitated by divergent social conditions, can predict resilience to environmental change. Upon exposure to harsh novel environments, populations that previously experienced more benign social environments are predicted either to suffer fitness losses (the "mutation load hypothesis" and "selection filter hypothesis") or maintain fitness (the "beneficial mutation hypothesis"). We tested these contrasting predictions using populations of burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides we had evolved experimentally for 45 generations under contrasting social environments by manipulating the supply of post-hatching parental care. We exposed sexually immature adults from each population to varying heat stress and measured the effect on survival and reproduction. The greater the level of parental care previously experienced by a population, the better its survival under heat stress during sexual maturation. Although this is consistent with the "beneficial mutation hypothesis," it is also possible that populations that had evolved without post-hatching care were simply more prone to dying during maturation, regardless of their thermal environment. Overall, we suggest that stochastic genetic variation, probably due to founder effects, had a stronger influence on resilience. We discuss the implications for translocation and captive breeding programs.

EXPERIENCE WITH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ALLOWANCE ALLOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF LESSONS FOR VIET NAM

This study analyzes and synthesizes international experiences in allocating greenhouse gas emission quotas, drawing lessons for Viet Nam's developing carbon market. The research examines emission trading systems (ETS) and quota allocation methods from various countries and regions, including the European Union, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the United States, Canada, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, China, Japan, and New Zealand. Key findings highlight the importance of diversifying allocation methods, combining free allocation, auctioning, and benchmarking approaches. The study emphasizes the need for flexibility in system design, adapting to specific economic and social conditions of each country. Lessons learned include prioritizing high-emission reduction potential sectors, setting reasonable emission caps based on actual data, ensuring transparency in information disclosure, and establishing effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The research also stresses the importance of providing technical support to businesses, especially small and medium enterprises, in complying with ETS regulations. Additionally, the study addresses concerns such as preventing carbon leakage, assessing social impacts, and ensuring international compatibility of the system. These insights provide a valuable foundation for Viet Nam to develop an effective greenhouse gas ETS that aligns with national conditions and sustainable development goals.

PERSPEKTIF PANDANGAN IMAN KRISTIANI TERHADAP FILSAFAT OKULTISME: HERMITISISME DAN KABBALAH

Kabbalah and Hermitism are often unwittingly adopted into the practice of Christian theology due to the clergy's ignorance of this occult philosophical knowledge. The practice of occult philosophy sometimes unconsciously enters into the social practice of Christian society, especially those that are thick with local culture. The concept of cultural inculturation is a legitimization that is often used as an excuse to announce the practice. The purpose of this writing is to provide theological thinking insights into the philosophical practices of the Kabbalah occult and Hermitism so that the church returns to the true teachings and is based on the principles of the Christian faith. This research method uses a qualitative method based on literature research, observation of social conditions, community culture, and history. The results of the study show that the practices of Philosophy, Kabbalah Occultism and Hermitism inadvertently inculturate the socio-pastoral conditions of the Christian faith, which also has an impact on legalized religious ritual actions.

Consubstantialities of resistance: Labor process, (bio)materialities, and pathogenicity

As social science scholarship has historically documented, social structure and clinical practice are more commonly as contradictory or incoherent as they are often framed. The increasing emphasis on the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has drawn attention to how social realms of resistance are entrenched and interconnected through varied structural, political, clinical, biological, and ecological relations. In this study, set in São Paulo, Brazil, I sought to unpack relational consubstantialities of AMR within the healthcare labor process and their enfolded (bio)materialities and pathogenicity by drawing on a series of interviews with primary care-based health professionals, health services managers, and policymakers, completed between late 2021 and early 2023. Participants’ accounts reveal how the reproduction of the labor process in primary care foregrounds (bio)material relations in which antimicrobial resistance finds timely and proper coextensive social conditions of reproduction. In their turn, the study results highlight how work intensification relates to economies of scarcity, teamwork coerciveness, AMR virulence and pathogenicity, destabilizing ecological (bio)materialities amid structural and clinical practice interrelations. Building on renewed materialisms of the political economy of health, I propose an approach to complexify understandings of relational interconnectedness of resistance by instilling relational tension lines of objects against their pragmatic reification in health interventions and theory.

Практика розгляду судами справ про притягнення осіб до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення домашнього насильства

The article analyses the practice of courts considering cases of bringing persons to administrative liability for committing domestic violence. As social conditions change, so do the forms of violent acts and the preconditions for their commission, as well as the practice of courts considering such cases. Domestic violence is behaviour in which physical and psychological coercion is used to establish and maintain control over a loved one, with whom the perpetrator is usually connected by common life or family ties. It is often a cyclical pattern of behaviour that escalates, endangering the life and emotional well-being of victims. The rights violated by domestic violence include basic fundamental rights protected by international law, such as the right to life and bodily integrity and freedom from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The article identifies the penalties most often applied to persons brought to justice, including a fine, which is considered to be insufficiently effective because it may have an impact on the victim and because of the small amount of the fine. The problem identified is that the courts do not pay enough attention to clarifying all the circumstances of the case, and the justification for applying the type of penalty for domestic violence is insufficient. The problem of recording cases of domestic violence is equally problematic, as protocols are often drawn up in violation of the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offences. The problem of recognising children as victims in cases of violence committed in their presence remains. It is noted that the establishment of administrative liability for domestic violence is not a sufficiently effective means of combating domestic violence and preventing its recurrence.

Sufficiency in European Climate Policies, four country NECPs analysed

Backgrounds Sufficiency, a concept acknowledged by the International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), is often not included in climate-mitigation strategies. Its elements are, however, well known in different policy areas. Thus, there are good reasons to elevate sufficiency to a central element of national and international sustainability strategies. Methods This article, through the lens of the FULFILL project, aims to elucidate sufficiency and evaluate its integration into climate strategies via the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of four European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, and Italy. This shall offer insights into the current status of sufficiency policies and identify the best practices and areas for improvement. The analysis is based on the studies of sufficiency policies, identifying specific sufficiency measures. This leads to the development of a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of how the four analysed countries incorporate sufficiency within their NECPs and to proposals for additional national sufficiency policies. The analysis focuses on policies that regulate social, infrastructural, and regulatory conditions that influence individual and collective behaviours. Results The article presents a clear and comprehensive analysis of the current tole of sufficiency policies in NECPs and their unused potential. Sufficiency policies are introduced in the countries analysed, but far from their potential to mitigate climate change. It also shows that existing sufficiency policies are primarily aiming at changing consumption and not to reduce consumption, such as reduced transport, reduced size of buildings. Another result is that some sufficiency policies are only introduced on local level by municipalities. Conclusion The conclusion is that some sufficiency policies are already integrated in national climate policies but their potentials are far from exhausted while other policies are hardly used, in particular policies to reduce consumption. This gives a large potential to increase sufficiency measures to strengthen climate policies and actions.

Tinjauan Sosiologi Hukum Islam Terhadap Larangan Nikah Sasuku dalam Adat Minangkabau

The prohibition of same-clan marriage in Minangkabau customs is still enforced by the Minangkabau community today, despite various differences in the application of leniencies and sanctions established in different nagari (villages) for those who engage in same-clan marriages. This prohibition was set by customary institutions at that time to address the social conditions of the community. Although the social conditions that led to this prohibition have changed, it remains upheld by the Minangkabau people to this day. In examining this phenomenon, this research utilizes an Islamic legal sociology approach to observe the shifts in social conditions that have occurred. This study aims to explore how the prohibition of same-clan marriage has maintained its existence within the Minangkabau community and continues to be practiced today. The research is primarily library-based, collecting various supporting literary sources. In Minangkabau customs, the prohibition of same-clan marriage is enforced to prevent various harms that may arise from such unions for their clans, making it considered taboo and bringing shame to their kin. This belief reinforces the community's perception of avoiding these marriages. The perception built within the Minangkabau community can be understood through the Islamic legal sociology approach as a means to prevent potential harms arising from this marriage (sad adz-dzari'ah). Additionally, the societal perception of the taboo surrounding this marriage can serve as a social control mechanism that strengthens the Minangkabau people's conviction to avoid such unions, allowing this custom to endure.

Social determinants of injection drug use-associated bacterial infections and treatment outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Individual injecting practices (e.g., intramuscular injecting, lack of skin cleaning) are known risk factors for injection drug use-associated bacterial and fungal infections; however, social contexts shape individual behaviours and health outcomes. We sought to synthesize studies assessing potential social determinants of injecting-related infections and treatment outcomes. We searched five databases for studies published between 1 January 2000 and 18 February 18 2021 (PROSPERO CRD42021231411). We included studies of association (aetiology), assessing social determinants, substance use, and health services exposures influencing development of injecting-related infections and treatment outcomes. We pooled effect estimates via random effects meta-analyses. We screened 4,841 abstracts and included 107 studies. Several factors were associated with incident or prevalent injecting-related infections: woman/female gender/sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-1.83; n=20 studies), homelessness (aOR 1.29, 95%CI 1.16-1.45; n=13 studies), cocaine use (aOR 1.31, 95%CI 1.02-1.69; n=10 studies), amphetamine use (aOR 1.74, 95%CI 1.39-2.23; n=2 studies), public injecting (aOR 1.40, 95%CI 1.05-1.88; n=2 studies), requiring injecting assistance (aOR 1.78, 95%CI 1.40-2.27; n=8 studies), and use of opioid agonist treatment (aOR 0.92, 95%CI 0.89-0.95; n=9 studies). Studies assessing outcomes during treatment (e.g., premature hospital discharge) or afterward (e.g., rehospitalization; all-cause mortality) typically had smaller sample sizes and imprecise effect estimates. Injecting-related infections and treatment outcomes may be shaped by multiple social contextual factors. Approaches to prevention and treatment should look beyond individual injecting practices towards addressing the social and material conditions within which people live, acquire and consume drugs, and access health care.

Towards a practice of translanguaging subtitling for the mediatised articulation of fangyan

Abstract This article addresses an underexplored intersection between subtitling and translanguaging with reference to the representation of diverse Chinese fangyan in hip-hop music videos. Drawing on recent progress in the intersection between translanguaging and Translation Studies, the article sketches the multilingualism of the Han ethnic majority and its precarious existence under the governmental policy and language planning of China. Second, it contextualises the rising audibility and visibility of local speeches and non-standard writing in cinematic, metrolingual, and digital cultures. This highlights the social and technological conditions that enable culture creators and language users to practice novel representations of linguistic diversity and variations in the subtitling medium. Furthermore, the case-study analyses illustrate how Chinese hip-hop musicians assemble linguistic, multimodal, and multisemiotic resources to effect translanguaging performance across different communicational repertoires. The conclusion outlines the practical and theoretical implications of translanguaging subtitles for alternative media representations of linguacultural diversities in China and beyond.