Social Condemnation Research Articles

가칭 ‘온라인 플랫폼 경쟁촉진법안’에 대한 헌법적 검토 - 시장지배적 플랫폼 사업자 사전지정·입증책임 전환제와 경쟁제한성 추정·입증책임 전환제를 중심으로

This paper aims to analyze constitutional problems of the pre-designation of market-dominant platform operators & shifting burden of proof and the estimation of competition restrictions & shifting burden of proof. The pre-designation of market-dominant platform operators & shifting burden of proof to designate market-dominant platform operators in advance and place the burden of proof that they are not market-dominant platform operators on the platform operators. Further the estimation of competition restrictions & shifting burden of proof is to presume the anti-competitive nature of a pre-designated market-dominant platform operator and place the burden of proof on the platform operator to prove that there is no anti-competitive nature. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, in fact, the pre-designation of market-dominant platform operators & shifting burden of proof and the estimation of competition restrictions & shifting burden of proof should be viewed as imposing disadvantages as an effect of a guilty plea, which is to impose tangible and intangible discrimination in legal and factual aspects based on ‘acknowledgment of criminal facts or guilt’, with the meaning of social condemnation or retribution. In other words, since it presumes guilt before guilt or innocence has been determined and imposes the ‘unfavorable disposition’ of ‘shifting the burden of proof’ based on this premise, it is highly likely to violate the principle of presumption of innocence or at least ‘undermine’ the principle of presumption of innocence. Second, the pre-designation of market-dominant platform operators & shifting burden of proof and the estimation of competition restrictions & shifting burden of proof are to ‘shift’ the burden of proof that should be borne by the state, the entity exercising public power, to the online platform operators, who are the subject of regulation. Therefore, it should be viewed as violating the principle of self-responsibility because it places responsibility on online platform operators for things they did not decide or could not decide. Third, the pre-designation of market-dominant platform operators & shifting burden of proof and the estimation of competition restrictions & shifting burden of proof violate the proportionality principle and infringes on the freedom of business and freedom of business activities of online platform operators. When regulating online platforms, the following values must be comprehensively considered: first, the convenience of consumers; second, the rights and interests of small business owners who are platform tenants; and third, the freedom and will to innovate of platform operators who provide platform services. These three values are constitutional values that cannot be abandoned. This is why a more balanced and harmonious approach to regulating online platforms is needed.

From general rejection to individual normalization: Ambivalences in discourses on intimate partner violence by young Spaniards.

Violence against women continues to be a serious social and public health problem all over the world, despite its high level of social condemnation. The aim of this study is to include the concept of ambivalence in order to analyze the perceptions that young people have of intimate partner violence (IPV). We conducted a qualitative study based on 20 semi-structured interviews with young Spaniards (men and women) who were segmented according to involvement or not in activism against IPV. A critical discourse analysis was performed based on situational, attitudinal and temporal ambivalences. The results show the presence of ambivalent discourses that express a high level of condemnation towards IPV and, at the same time, justify certain violent practices when considering the situational framework. This leads to discursive contradictions when considering jealousy in a couple's relationship, the responsibilities of violence that women suffer and the social origin of IPV. These ambivalences are influenced by the social context, as those involved in activism against IPV express a more coherent discourse that does not justify or accept any kind of violence. Nonetheless, non-activists represent ambivalences in their attitudes towards IPV studied in this research. The results suggest the need to reflect on the strategies used with young people to eradicate IPV by considering the ambivalent nature of attitudes.

Failing Moms: Social Condemnation and Criminalization of Mothers by Caitlin Killian (2023)

Failing Moms: Social Condemnation and Criminalization of Mothers by Caitlin Killian (2023)

Odmeravanje kazne i generalna prevencija

The paper deals with the question of whether it is necessary and justified for general preventive expectations to be the immediate basis for sentencing. General prevention (deterrence) should be achieved primarily if not exclusively when prescribing the punishment. The application of criminal law and punishment should demonstrate that the threat of punishment is serious. However, it is not necessary to determine what measure of punishment is needed in a specific case in order to influence others not to commit criminal acts. It is not even possible to determine exactly, but a general assessment is sufficient, i.e. the court's impression that with a measured punishment, general prevention can be achieved, both negative (traditional) and positive, which consists in expressing social condemnation for a criminal offense, strengthening moral and strengthening the obligation to respect the law. It is sufficient for the court to determine the punishment, as the law says, "taking into account" the purpose of the punishment. In particular, the paper points out the unacceptability of stricter punishment due to the expected general prevention. At the same time, the importance of the positions taken in this respect in his works by Jovan Ćirić, to whom this work is dedicated, is pointed out.

Understanding of middle east women’s decisions and barriers to use family planning methods

Background when family planning methods not use, there is a higher chance of high fertility, which raises health risks for both mother and infant and lowers quality of life by limiting access to jobs employment, education, and nutrition. Unsatisfactory needs and poor family planning use can be explained by fear of negative impacts, rejection from couples, limits in knowledge, and social condemnation. Objectives To understanding the Middle East women’s barriers about make decisions and use of family planning methods Methodology A descriptive and analytic (cross sectional) study, conducted at six Arabic countries includes a non-probability (purposive sample) consist of (198) women. Which were selected according to inclusion criteria that are women in reproductive age, primiparous and multiparous mothers, and mothers who attended primary healthcare centers. Results Women are with average age of 32.23±7.9 years in which the highest percentage is seen with age group of 30-39 (40.4%). women have high affective barrier to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.60); have high behavioral barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56); and have high cognitive barriers to avoid family planning methods (total grand mean= 2.56). So, the mean scores indicate high among most of affective, behavioral, and cognitive barriers. Conclusions There are many potential barriers which can negatively impact the Middle East women’s decision about their reproductive life (affective, behavioral and cognitive) barriers. Despite the fact that family planning faces several challenges in the Middle East, governments and civil society organizations are working to find solutions to improve access to family planning services, promote education, hold candid conversations about reproductive health with local communities. Empowering the role of nurse in family planning to educate the couples about contraceptive methods and how to help them to choice the appropriate method.

Between What They Are and What They Were: Power Dynamics and Knowledge Production in Fieldwork with Argentine Perpetrators

This article reflects on fieldwork with Argentine perpetrators who were tried between 2015 and 2017 for crimes against humanity. The majority of these retired officials were interviewed while they were in prison, subject to widespread social condemnation, and no longer held positions of power. Consequently, this article focuses on how these conditions influenced the power dynamics between the interviewees and the researcher, the type of data collected, and the production of knowledge. Additionally, it examines how the emotions that emerged in the interaction with perpetrators affected the researcher and the course of the research.

The War Against White-Collar Crime: Elite Lawbreaking and the January 6th Attack on the U.S. Capitol

The Final Report of the Select House Committee to Investigate the Jan. 6th Attack on the United States Capitol released in late 2022, contains a treasure trove of facts indicating that former President Donald Trump and others around him allegedly engaged in a number of crimes related to the insurrection and attempted self-coup. The unprecedented assault on the Capitol, federal and state indictments, and ongoing investigations provide an opportunity to both examine elite criminality and evaluate government response through the lens of white-collar criminology. This essay considers: 1) how government criminality and corruption are facilitated by rationales and excuses that deny effective social condemnation; 2) their political weaponization; 3) how they constitute part of a larger existential war against white-collar crime that seeks to normalize such lawbreaking; and 4) the inherent difficulties in researching, controlling, and preventing elite crime more generally.

Moral, self-interested, and social motivation each predict compliance with social distancing rules: utilitarianism is an indirect positive predictor

BackgroundSocial distancing rules have proven to be essential in reducing the spread of COVID-19. However, we can optimise these rules if we identify factors which predict compliance. Thus, in this study we investigated whether compliance with distancing rules is predicted by whether an individual is motivated by moral, self-interested, or social reasons. We also investigated the impact of an individual’s utilitarian orientation both on compliance itself and on reasons for compliance.MethodsOur sample consisted of 301 participants recruited from four US states – California, Oregon, Mississippi, and Alabama – who completed an anonymous online survey. Six vignettes describing hypothetical social distancing rules were developed for the study. Participants indicated (i) how likely they were to violate each hypothetical distancing rule, (ii) how morally wrong violating each rule would be, (iii) how much risk of contracting COVID-19 they would tolerate in order to violate each rule, and (iv) how much social condemnation they would tolerate in order to violate each rule. Based on these responses, we gauged each participant’s overall degree of compliance with social distancing rules as well as the extent to which each participant’s compliance is motivated by moral, self-interested, and social reasons. We also measured other variables that could affect compliance including personality, level of religiosity, and inclination to engage in utilitarian reasoning. Multiple regression and exploratory structural equation modelling were used to determine predictors of compliance with social distancing rules.ResultsWe found that moral, self-interested, and social motivation each positively predicted compliance, with self-interested motivation being the strongest predictor. Furthermore, utilitarian orientation indirectly predicted compliance, with moral, self-interested, and social motivation as positive mediating factors. No controlled covariates (personality factors, religiosity, political orientation, or other background variables) predicted compliance.ConclusionThese findings have implications not only for the design of social distancing rules but also for efforts to ensure vaccine uptake. Governments need to consider how to harness moral, self-interested, and social motivation to promote compliance, perhaps by co-opting utilitarian reasoning, which positively influences these motivational forces.

The Poetics of Dating in WhatsApp Memes: Imagery of the Market

Dating involves feelings and words relating to sex which is considered a subject of social condemnation (taboo). Despite the shame associated with such a subject, human beings still devise ways to refer to them in a manner that is socially and ethically acceptable. Creativity is an essential aspect of language that has enabled human beings to use language in novelty. This paper analyses memes to determine how the market imagery has been used to demarcate dating, highlight the properties of the language in use, and portray markers of gender. This research was guided by the theory of meaning in use propounded by Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953). This paper showed that the market imagery had been used symbolically, enabling WhatsApp users to use indirect expressions to talk about dating and other obscene things. WhatsApp users have resorted to humour to release the tension associated with dating frustrations. Lastly, the names of foods, chauvinistic verbs and basic terms have been used as markers of gender. The data that has been utilised in this research has been collected from WhatsApp statuses. This paper has shown how memes manipulate language to reflect social-cultural realities in the 21st century, specifically in the context of dating in Kenya.

Determinants of adolescent childbearing in Ethiopia, analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey: a case-control study

Pregnancy and birth complications experienced by adolescents are also problems of older women. But it is severe among the young due to physical immaturity and social condemnation from basic reproductive health services. The study was aimed to analyze determinants of adolescent childbearing in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian demographic and health survey. The data source for this study was the 2016 demographic and health survey. Records of 359 cases and 1436 randomly selected controls (1:4 ratio) were included in the analysis. Adolescent childbearing was the main outcome variable and the independent variables were sociodemographic and sexual & reproductive factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with adolescent childbearing. The mean age of girls at first cohabitation was 15.28 ±1.64 and the mean age of first birth was 16.47±1.35. Adolescent childbearing was found to be higher in the Afar region (34.8%), and the lowest was in Addis Ababa city (4.1%). Finding from the multivariable analysis showed that place of residence, survey time age, and age at first sexual intercourse were the factors that have an association with adolescent childbearing. The odd of childbearing was higher among rural residents (AOR = 1.74; 95 % CI: 1.12, 2.72), early (<18 years) initiation of sexual intercourse (AOR =12.5; 95% CI: 5.97,25.18) and the risk is also higher among older teenagers (AOR =7.92; CI:3.92,15.90). Place of residents, age, and timing of first sexual intercourse was found to be the influencing factors of adolescent childbearing. Our finding indicates that the place of residence of the adolescent mothers must be considered in planning policies that attempt to disrupt successive cycles of socioeconomic deprivation. Public health interventions should focus their programs to be based on community and aim on prevention of early sexual intercourse and marriage.

Відповідальність судді, прокурора, адвоката за порушення професійної етики

The article analyzes the problems of responsibility for violation of professional ethics by judge, prosecutor and lawyer.The purpose of this article is the scientific development of the problems of liability of the judge, prosecutor and lawyerfor violation of professional ethics by determining the types of such liability, grounds and consequences of its occurrence.It is reasoned that one of the main guarantees of observance by the judge, prosecutor and lawyer of the rules ofprofessional ethics is the responsibility for their violations. The responsibility of the judge, prosecutor, lawyer for ethicsviolations can be considered in two aspects: internal and external.The internal aspect of such responsibility lies in certain experiences of the individual associated with failure to complywith ethical requirements or violation of moral prohibitions. External responsibility is manifested in two dimensions:(1) social and (2) legal.Social responsibility is manifested in the social condemnation of the offender, contempt for him from the environment,weakening social ties, loss of authority and influence on other people. Legal liability is a type of social responsibilityprovided by the law and provided by the power of state coercion and consists in the establishment of certain restrictionsfor a person in connection with the violation of norms and rules of professional ethics.It is reasoned that the legal liability for violation of professional ethics for judges, prosecutors and attorneys hasa single legal nature, and therefore can be unified, which will facilitate the establishment of a single approach to therelevant disciplinary offense and the use of charges for its commission.

In-your-face Watergate: neutralizing government lawbreaking and the war against white-collar crime.

Ample official evidence exists that the Trump administration was the most corrupt in modern American history. Donald Trump’s overall pattern of behavior not only resembled, but amplified that of major white-collar criminals. This paper has two main foci. First, it argues that government criminality and corruption were facilitated by rationales and excuses that denied effective social condemnation of such acts. Second, it considers how these defenses were weaponized by the Trump administration as part of a much larger and more deliberate “war on white-collar crime” more generally. As a result, enormous efforts are necessary to restore and strengthen regulatory and enforcement regimes, and transcend deepened political cleavages on such matters. Through a new hybrid neutralization technique, normalization of condemning the condemners, Trump exacerbated existing political differences and influenced supporters to at once ignore government crime and corruption, and accept new moral narratives that flew in the face of substantial evidence of criminality.

The peculiarities of male fears during the COVID-19 pandemic

The subject of this research is the peculiarities of male fears caused by proliferation of the COVID-19 pandemic. The object of this research is the people's fears during mass infectious disease of global nature. The goal lies in determination of the severity, intensity, priority and peculiarities of the &amp;ldquo;composition: of male fears in the situation of coronavirus pandemic, on the background of escalated uncertainty and rapid changes in lifestyle. The authors explore the experience of international research on the impact of pandemic upon people's well-being, underline the importance of the fear factor within the system of human response to an extremely challenging situation, generalize the research results on the occurrence of fears during the pandemic, as well as determine the specificity of male fears and experience of their interpretation. The acquired conclusions allow stating that despite the consistency of pandemic threats, male fears indicate the fears of criminal violence and social condemnation. Other priority fears include job loss as the basis of attractiveness; such irrational component as the idea of the Judgment of God alongside the fear of death. In penultimate group are the fears of illness and treatment; and in the last group &amp;ndash; the fears of losing the rational principle in behavior and the tendency of substituting constructive fears with destructive. The novelty of this research is defined by revealing the entirety of male fears during the pandemic, which is semantically classified into five groups. The author clarifies the specificity of the mechanisms of male anxieties in psychologically traumatic situation, which allows making counseling-therapeutic practices for restoring the psychological health of men more targeted.

Image-Based Sexual Abuse in a Culturally Conservative Nigerian Society: Female Victims' Narratives of Psychosocial Costs.

BackgroundIn the last few years, many countries have introduced laws combating image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), colloquially known as “revenge pornography.” However, the significant growth in the body of literature on the legal perspectives on IBSA, and the media coverage of high profile cases have not been equally met with appreciable victimization studies. Meanwhile, the need for a victim-centered approach in studying IBSA in Nigeria is underscored by the pervasiveness and normalization of sexual violence as a result of societal attitudes about gender and sexuality in the country. Therefore, this study explored the social and psychological implications of IBSA victimization.MethodsUsing qualitative methods, 27 adult women whose sexual images have been non-consensually shared publicly through online channels were purposively selected and interviewed for the study, between September 2019 and April 2020, and a thematic analysis of the participants’ narratives carried out.ResultsVictims of IBSA were found to be subjected to higher social condemnation, stigmatization, and isolation based on greater attribution of blames to them by their social network. Evidences of institutional re-victimization were documented. Victims also reported self-blame, paranoia, anger, guilt, depression, suicidal ideation and attempt in dealing with the abuse, secondary victimization, and social isolation.ConclusionIBSA victims are faced with peculiar social and psychological consequences which separate them from victims of other forms of sexual abuse. The study suggests a review of appropriate laws and social policies to prevent IBSA, deploy more victim support services and perpetrator programs, and protect victims from secondary victimization.

Magic: A History, from Alchemy to Witchcraft, from the Ice Age to the Present by Chris Gosden

Reviewed by: Magic: A History, from Alchemy to Witchcraft, from the Ice Age to the Present by Chris Gosden Michael D. Bailey magic, witchcraft, archeology, alchemy, worldview, definition of magic, shamanism, China chris gosden. Magic: A History, from Alchemy to Witchcraft, from the Ice Age to the Present. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020. Pp. 492. This is a revolutionary book in many ways. It attempts to decenter the history of magic from Western Europe and to displace the medieval and early modern periods from that history's chronological core. As an archeologist, Gosden is well-positioned to bring the deep history of magic to light and to work on a global scale. He is also inclined to stress the material record magic has left, rather than focusing exclusively on its textual trail, and he emphasizes the quotidian as much as he can. Moreover, although he puts witchcraft in his title, he largely avoids retelling the history of magic's legal or social condemnation. His most revolutionary step, however, is to propose an overarching definition of magic that hearkens back to those advanced by late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century anthropologists, although he is quick to decry their teleology and Western triumphalism. There is much to like in Gosden's maneuvers. He wants to be global, for example, although he falls somewhat short in this attempt. Excluding his more conceptual first and last chapters, his book has eight regional/chronological chapters, the majority of which (five) still focus on the West. The rest of the world is then covered in a single chapter on China, one on Eurasian shamanism, and one that lumps together Africa, Australia, and the Americas. One might have hoped that Gosden's archeological approach would allow those last three regions to stand more independently alongside the literate, text-producing societies of the West and East Asia. Instead, we are told (about Africa at least) that "the archeological record provides us with little that we can recognize as magical" (293). Instead, Gosden focuses mainly on these regions' colonial and postcolonial periods, thereby framing them in terms of their relationship to the modern West. He omits South Asia entirely, claiming not too little information on that region but too much, more than he can reasonably synthesize (27–28). Gosden's archeological bent leads him to favor, as much as he can, the material record of magic, but this introduces its own problems. Objects in isolation are not often completely comprehensible. In particular, very few [End Page 114] objects are obviously or explicitly magical; they must be interpreted as such, and these interpretations can be open to debate. Gosden also wants to emphasize the widespread and quotidian presence of magic in human societies, but he acknowledges that many archeological records, like written ones, more directly reflect elite practices. Finally, he wants to argue that magic was not just present but a positive force throughout human history, which leads him to avoid extended discussions of harmful magic or many societies' anxieties or outright condemnations of what they regard as magic. This is also reflective of the largest innovation in Gosden's approach: his promotion of a universalizing definition of magic, which carries some cost in terms of specific, contextual understandings. Ever since the rupture between anthropological and historical approaches to magic in the 1970s, scholars have largely turned away from sweeping systematization to focus instead on specific instantiations of magical practice and belief. This has rendered comparative work difficult and has led some to reject the category of "magic" altogether. Gosden, in contrast, joins a growing group of scholars who are returning to larger comparative frameworks, but he does not directly engage with any of them. Instead, he frames his work entirely in terms of the outmoded anthropology of E. B. Tylor and James Frazer. He castigates their evolutionary interpretation, which drew a trajectory from "primitive" magic through religion to modern scientific rationality, but his own system is quite similar in some of its fundamentals. Gosden frames magic through its relationship with religion and science. He frequently asserts that the three are not necessarily antagonistic and in fact work best in conjunction, but at other points he sets up...

Using a three-stage focus group design to develop questionnaire items for a mass survey on corruption and austerity: a roadmap

PurposeThis article presents focus groups as a method to enhance questionnaire design to frame and test items for a mass survey on corruption and austerity in democracy. Such methodology lacks systematization when it comes to the description of implementation procedures and the discussion of effective contribution to the development of survey questions on sensitive topics. The objective of this article is to contribute to the specialized literature on corruption by offering a novel focus group approach and a roadmap to guide researchers in the field when using this methodology to develop questionnaire items. This hands-on guide can be adaptable to other (survey) studies on issues prone to social desirability bias.Design/methodology/approachThis article proposes an innovative multi-technique (short questionnaire, visual stimuli and exploratory discussion with expert moderation) focus group approach to collect informal impressions about corruption and austerity. By developing a focus group design through the combination of different research techniques, the authors were able to triangulate reflexive, spontaneous and interactive qualitative bottom-up information about individual perceptions and reactions to sensitive topics. By describing how to implement these groups, other than discussing what type of qualitative information can be extracted from these discussions and to what effect, the authors seek to present a hands-on guide that can be replicated and adapted to similar studies. This roadmap will help researchers to test individual perceptions and reactions to sensitive topics through the use of tailored focus groups in order to enhance the quality of survey questionnaires prior to engaging in a high-cost fieldwork.FindingsThe article concludes that the adoption of the multi-technique focus group approach to requalify and test questions for a nationwide survey gives us a better understanding of the many ethical dilemmas individuals confront when thinking about and expressing their views on sensitive topics prone to social desirability bias. The proposed multi-technique focus group approach proved to be effective to engage participants during sessions and to obtain relevant and unanticipated information for the development of new questionnaire items and the reviewing of old ones.Research limitations/implicationsImplementing Focus Group (FG) in regions with different cultural traditions and levels of development and contrasting the perceptions, values and attitudes of two generations, with different formative backgrounds is not an easy task. In order to secure the adequate number and type of participants, the Focus Group were organized in close collaboration with four higher education institutions and two lifelong learning programs where the sessions took place. Participation was voluntary and consented, in accordance with the applicable legislation and standards for social research.Practical implicationsThe article presents an accessible and adaptable roadmap to researchers working in the field of corruption studies as well as anticorruption government agencies and CSOs interested in enhancing the quality of survey questionnaires on sensitive topics target of social desirability before engaging in a high-cost fieldwork and to describe relevant information that can be extracted from the discussions held.Social implicationsMost cross-country surveys on corruption tend to use basic/traditional measures to assess the phenomenon, such as questions on extension, acceptability and/or experience. They take almost for granted that people have the same understanding of this complex construct, which may not hold true, as the focus group discussions illustrate. The three-stage focus group design aims to improve the quality of a survey design regarding people's attitudes, perceptions and experiences of corruption in democracy, by contributing to the development of new questions that tap into the relationship between social condemnation and the individual's socio-economic conditions.Originality/valueThe article provides a low-cost combination of qualitative-oriented (questionnaire development through focus groups) with a quantitative-oriented research tool (mass survey implementation) to meet mixed-method research objectives and enhance the ability to capture several “non-statistical” dimensions of complex social phenomena that are often neglected when a single-methodology approach is used.

Cannabis medicinal y recreativo: una hermenéutica crítica de las nociones de salud y enfermedad relativas al consumo de marihuana

Se plantea una lectura hermenéutica crítica de las nociones de salud y enfermedad implicadas en la prohibición de las drogas psicoactivas, de entre las cuales la marihuana constituye un caso paradigmático. Se observa que, según su raigambre religiosa, la noción de salud subyacente a la prohibición reside en el ideal de completa sobriedad inherente a la lógica abstencionista. Se destaca que el concordante presupuesto naturalista del diagnóstico de enfermedad, en tanto confiere todo el poder a la substancia, conlleva consecuencias de-subjetivantes. Ejemplificando el caso con la legalización del consumo medicinal de cannabis, se concluye considerando la siguiente paradoja: mientras en estos casos se acepta que la marihuana es un medicamento, por cuanto se ha producido su aprobación social generalizada, por el contrario, en tanto su consumo recreativo no conlleva una utilidad manifiesta, terapéutica en particular, sigue siendo considerado una práctica viciosa, una conducta enfermiza que sigue ameritando su condena social.

Mariguana, estigma y rechazo social. Apuntes para una genealogía de la condena al consumidor de cannabis psicoactiva en México

Objetivo: cuestionar la condena social del consumo de mariguana dada durante la historia de México. Se parte de la tesis de que el estigma y la exclusión social, tal como se entienden en la sociedad mexicana, nacen en el siglo XIX. Resultados: se realizó una contribución a la construcción de la genealogía de esta condena desde fuentes que analizan la esferas social y cultural de la historia mexicana de las drogas en general y de la mariguana en particular. Metodología: el artículo es fruto de una investigación documental-genealógica. El argumento se apoya en dos categorías sociológicas que facilitan comprender el fenómeno en cuestión. Conclusión: los prejuicios y estigmas al consumo de mariguana no tienen base objetiva, ni corresponden con las realidades de los usuarios. La presencia histórica del estigma y de los prejuicios dificulta la transición hacia una sociedad posprohibicionista, que establezca otro ethos del consumo de mariguana.

On Some Names of Braga and Moonshine in Northern Russian Dialects

The article represents the description of the group of homemade alcoholic beverages names, which exist in the dialects of Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Kostroma regions. The study is based on lexical materials of the oponymic Expedition of the Ural University, as well as dialect dictionaries, which include the lexemes used on the territory of the Russian North. The peculiarities of vocabulary formation and the influence of social, demographic and economic factors on its formation are revealed. Semantic-motivational and etymological analysis of dialectal lexemes showed that this group of vocabulary, along with the original Northern Russian units, includes borrowings from Volga dialects, semi-professional languages and the words originating from foreign sources (polonism, turkism). The author identified sustained motivational models presented in the considered nominations: the semantics of "homemade intoxicating drink" emerges from the alteration of meanings "low-quality liquid"; "disorder, bustle", "prank, hooligan"; "talk, chatter". The peculiarities of this lexical group were influenced by governmental bans on home brewing: there are a large number of euphemisms and variability of the lexical group. Compared with beer, home brew and moonshine in the Russian North were considered second-rate drinks and were associated with alcohol addiction, while drinking beer rarely caused social condemnation.

The social paradoxes of commercial surrogacy in developing countries: India before the new law of 2018

BackgroundCommercial surrogacy is a highly controversial issue that leads to heated debates in the feminist literature, especially when surrogacy takes place in developing countries and when it is performed by local women for wealthy international individuals. The objective of this article is to confront common assumptions with the narratives and experiences described by Indian surrogates themselves.MethodsThis qualitative study included 33 surrogates interviewed in India (Mumbai, Chennai and New Delhi) who were at different stages of the surrogacy process. They were recruited through five clinics and agencies. This 2-year field study was conducted before the 2018 surrogacy law.ResultsSurrogates met the criteria fixed by the national guidelines in terms of age and marital and family situation. The commitment to surrogacy had generally been decided with the husband. Its aim was above all to improve the socioeconomic condition of the family. Women described surrogacy as offering better conditions than their previous paid activity. They had clear views on the child and their work. However, they declared that they faced difficulties and social condemnation as surrogacy is associated with extra-marital relationships. They also described a medical process in which they had no autonomy although they did not express complaints. Overall, surrogates did not portray themselves as vulnerable women and victims, but rather as mothers and spouses taking control of their destiny.ConclusionsThe reality of surrogacy in India embraces antagonistic features that we analyze in this paper as “paradoxes”. First, while women have become surrogates in response to gender constraints as mothers and wives, yet in so doing they have gone against gender norms. Secondly, while surrogacy was socially perceived as dirty work undertaken in order to survive, surrogates used surrogacy as a means to upward mobility for themselves and their children. Finally, while surrogacy was organized to counteract accusations of exploitation, surrogates were under constant domination by the medical system and had no decision-making power in the surrogacy process. This echoes their daily life as women. Although the Indian legal framework has changed, surrogacy still challenges gender norms, particularly in other developing countries where the practice is emerging.