Social Cartography Research Articles

Interculturality in Teacher Education in Times of Unprecedented Global Challenges

As societies face unprecedented challenges that are global in scope and “more-than-wicked” in nature, educators and educational policy makers emphasize the importance of deepening knowledge about the causes of these problems, creating policies to address them more efficiently, and offering more compelling moral arguments that might persuade people to change their convictions, and ‐ as a consequence ‐ their behaviour. These concerns shape how policies on the study of interculturality are approached in contemporary teacher education in our contexts in Canada and the UK. Our research, however, positions these as problems that cannot be solved with improved information, enhanced cross-cultural skills, or moral claims, because they are rooted in modernity’s systems, which structure the possibilities for co-existence on the planet. We see these problems as ontological challenges of being that emerge from a modernist ontology rooted in colonial violences. Our approach therefore explores an orientation to intercultural education which enables student teachers to expand their understanding of cultural and ecological relationships beyond existing frameworks of modernist knowledge, politics, and economic systems. In this paper, we share some of our current learning about the affordances and limitations of dominant approaches to intercultural education, and then explore how the method of “social cartography” can enable engagement with ontological problems in teacher education in a way that generates possibilities for imagining decolonial learning futures, beyond modernity.

Áreas Naturales Protegidas como territorios en disputa: intereses, resistencias y acciones colectivas en la gestión compartida

Como en muchos países del mundo, el gobierno de México ha decretado en diversas regiones Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) a fin de conservar los ecosistemas existentes. Sin embargo, el cumplimiento de los objetivos por los que fueron creadas estas áreas se ha visto limitado debido una visión predominantemente ecológica que no toma en consideración los intereses, la estructura y la cultura de los actores implicados; falencia que podría subsanarse a través de procesos de participación social y de una mayor inclusión en la toma de decisiones, ya que la ausencia de estos procesos ha contribuido a que surjan o se agraven conflictos socioambientales. Con base en resultados de diagnósticos participativos, cartografía social, entrevistas y recorridos participativos, analizamos el escenario complejo de intereses, resistencias y acciones colectivas en torno al ANP Archipiélago de Bosques y Selvas de la Región Capital del Estado de Veracruz, México, y esbozamos reflexiones sobre la gestión compartida del territorio y sobre esquemas de conservación para que éstos puedan ser social y ambientalmente justos. Argumentamos que la perspectiva de territorio permite un entendimiento más complejo de los actores e intereses implicados, lo cual resulta necesario para transformar conflictos desde la acción colectiva y para aportar a procesos socioambientales.

PERIFERIAS URBANAS, REDES LOCAIS E MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS EM FORTALEZA, CEARÁ

Este artigo discute como se constituem os movimentos sociais, particularmente nas periferias urbanas de grandes cidades brasileiras, evidenciando características fundantes e/ou essenciais à sua continuidade. Para tanto, apresenta linhas de força ou vetores teórico-empíricos nos quais se assentam a constituição e a continuidade de movimentos populares politicamente significativos, capazes de auferir conquistas com/para os públicos com os quais trabalham, focando o caso da Rede de Desenvolvimento Local, Integrado e Sustentável do Grande Bom Jardim (Rede DLIS do GBJ). O Grande Bom Jardim é uma periferia da cidade de Fortaleza, marcada por violências, vulnerabilidades sociais e violações de direitos, mas também pela presença ativa e variada de movimentos populares, desde pelo menos os anos 1980. Os dados e as análises aqui apresentados foram coletados a partir de uma inserção de longo curso na área, desde 2004, articulando observação participante, com viés etnográfico marcado pela cartografia social, análise documental, questionários e entrevistas. Percebe-se que a Rede DLIS do GBJ constitui dinâmicas e práticas cotidianas capazes de afirmar tensões criativas entre tradição e inovação; a constituição do território enquanto uma invenção política, articulada ao movimento social em rede e à agenda do desenvolvimento local, integrado e sustentável; a constituição reiterada de capacidades reflexivas, interpretativas e de lida continuada com situações problemáticas experienciadas no cotidiano urbano. Entende-se que essas linhas de força ou vetores teórico-empíricos têm sido essenciais à constituição de uma atuação política significativa, inclusive em suas implicações socioespaciais, na escala do território e da cidade.

Resenha

O Livro Pistas do método da cartografia: Pesquisa-intervenção e produção de subjetividade organizado por Eduardo Passos, Virgínia Kastrup e Liliana da Escóssia é uma obra de 207 páginas, em oito capítulos denominados por “Pistas” que são estruturados no formato de coletânea de artigos, resultado da produção de pesquisa dos professores do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense e do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orientadas pelos fundamentos teóricos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari a partir da obra Os Mil Platôs publicada em 1995. Apresenta um diálogo metodológico que discute sobre as lacunas das pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas, visto que ambas podem constituir práticas cartográficas, desde que garantam acompanhamento de processos. E neste ponto tem-se o principal fundamento sobre a pesquisa com base no método da cartografia social, quer dizer, o processo da investigação orientado por um método igualmente processual. A perspectiva da obra não é definir regras ou protocolos de passos metodológicos de pesquisas, traz diversos estudos que apresentam pistas para o entendimento sobre a cartografia social que respeita as especificidades da autoria e dos diversos contextos de investigações. Por fim, seus artigos oportunizam a compreensão da expressão do método na prática com articulação teórica da pesquisa-intervenção, entendendo que, exprimem parâmetros importantes para todos que queiram compreender o método cartográfico e desenvolver pesquisa nesta fundamentação metodológica, como pesquisadores, professores e estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação das diversas áreas implicadas com as ciências sociais.

Estratégias e processos participativos para o desenvolvimento local e regional na Baixada de Sepetiba, RJ

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a aplicação de ferramenta de cartografia social, a partir do olhar plural e participativo, para identificação e análise de fragilidades e potencialidades de território periférico na Baixada de Sepetiba, RJ, investigado a partir das transformações ocasionadas pelo crescimento econômico e pelos projetos de investimentos globais. Com base em conceitos de zonas opacas e luminosas, metropolização e desenvolvimento sustentável, a metodologia multitemática e transescalar analisa aspectos socioespaciais, integrando atores sociais e institucionais em uma reflexão conjunta e interativa e na produção de cenários prospectivos de desenvolvimento local. Valida-se a estratégia metodológica participativa para elaboração de diretrizes de planejamento do território ameaçado pela expansão metropolitana.

Hacia una Descripción Densa desde la Cartografía Social

Este artículo tiene por objetivo presentar la posibilidad de generar una descripción densa a partir de una investigación basada en la Cartografía Social. En el escrito se emplean varios conceptos formulados hace unos años por el autor Clifford Geertz quien, desde el rigor académico de la Etnografía plantea la posibilidad de desarrollar estudios a profundidad sobre la interpretación de las culturas. En el presente escrito se alude a algunas argumentaciones que se consideran relevantes para el ejercicio de la Cartografía Social; una de ellas es la necesidad de abandonar la visión de confinar a la Cartografía Social, al asunto de la delimitación del problema de investigación; de otro lado presentar la posibilidad de que esta estrategia de recolección de la información sea asumida como una metodología de investigación y finalmente mostrar que, a través del mismo ejercicio de cartografiar, es posible generar una saturación de datos que se constituyan a la postre como hallazgos de la investigación. Como conclusión se afirma que es posible generar un ejercicio de descripción densa, lo cual de una u otra forma indica un aporte para que la Cartografía Social se constituya con certeza en una metodología de investigación.

Minería en Usme, Bogotá: justicia espacial y percepciones sociales

Mining has become one of the most critical and controversial themes both in our country and in Latin America. It is not only due to the environmental effects on the ecosystems, but also due to the social impacts it causes, mainly in relation to the exploitation progress in inhabited areas, the unlawful development process, and the generation of risk zones. Regarding this phenomenon, the spatial justice becomes a critical category enabling to interpret the inequality processes that these exploitations brought about. This article aims to analyze the social perceptions on the mining based on the spatial justice. This research was conducted as a case study including tools like surveys, interviews, observation of subjects, and social cartography in order to gather information. A feeling of spatial injustice was particularly noted when people told their dissent about the concentration of mining exploitations in areas with social, political and financial deprivation

A meta-review of typologies of global citizenship education

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a reflexive exercise contributing a meta-mapping of typologies of GCE and supplementary analysis of that mapping. Applying a heuristic of three main discursive orientations reflected in much of the literature on GCE – neoliberal, liberal, and critical – and their interfaces, we created a social cartography of how nine journal articles categorise GCE. We found the greatest confluence within the neoliberal, greatest number within the liberal, and a conflation of different ‘types’ of GCE within the critical orientation. We identified interfaces between neoliberal-liberal and liberal-critical orientations as well as new interfaces: neoconservative-neoliberal-liberal, critical-liberal-neoliberal, and critical-post critical. Despite considerable diversity of GCE orientations, we argue GCE typologies remain largely framed by a limited range of possibilities, particularly when considered as implicated in the modern-colonial imaginary. In a gesture toward expanding future possibilities for GCE, we propose a new set of distinctions between methodological, epistemological, and ontological levels.

The Mental Image of the City in the Worldview of Activists of Dnipro’s Jewish Programs

The article analyzes the mental image of the city through the prism of a particular ethnic group’s attitude towards it, throwing light on the key features of the formation of urban public memory in general. The study is part of the research project “CityFace: Practices of the Self-Representation of Multinational Cities in the Industrial and Post-Industrial Era,” which covers five Ukrainian cities. Comparative and hermeneutic analysis, methods of cliometrics, social psychology, and pragmatic and cognitive sociology were employed. Furthermore, in order to create a holistic image of the city of Dnipro, the author drew on J. Vidal’s symbolic anthropology, K. Lynch’s concept of the mental image of the city, P. Nora’s idea of sites of memory, etc. The study centers on the contents of personal questionnaires and oral interviews. The interviews involved the methods of mental maps and social cartography, which made possible a clearer interpretation of the geocultural space of the city in the imagination of respondents through the use of drawings and the mapping of objects. This combination of methods allowed the author to build a hierarchy of the main features of the city as seen by respondents from each age microgroup. The study was carried out in several stages from June to August 2019. 32 respondents aged 20 to 60 participated in the questionnaire and interview phase of the study, performing various types of tasks. In the final phase, analysis of the results allowed the author to reconsider the prevalent idea of Dnipro in current literature, as well as to trace the shifting priorities in determining the most important loci of Dnipro across changing generations. Working with activists of Jewish programs, the author was able to construct a picture of the attitude towards of the city among the members of one of its communities and to pinpoint the group-specific and more general features of their perception of the city. Using Dnipro as a case study, the article observes certain tendencies towards a change in the perception of cities and urban space, as well as outlines some prospects of the further development of metropolitan areas in modern Ukraine.

Entender al “monte”: el brote del diálogo entre la comunidad indígena de San Antonio de Calarma y su entorno

Este artículo se aproxima a la noción de “el monte” de la comunidad indígena pijao del Resguardo de San Antonio de Calarma (Tolima), para dar cuenta de este como un actor, posteriormente como un self —producto del diálogo entre los pijao y su entorno—, y además como un agente no humano que está en relación con humanos. A partir de diferentes relatos, experiencias y cartografías sociales, producto del trabajo de campo, analizo las formas mediante las cuales el monte configura prácticas de acuerdo con la exigencia de ciertas pautas de comportamiento: el proceso de reforestación, la elección de los lugares de cultivo y la obtención de plantas para la medicina tradicional.

State’s Technical Cartography and Social Cartography’s Participatory Mapping: Contributions to a Contemporary Reflection on the Use of Maps

The use of cartography in geographical approaches, notably in those focused on territorial discussions, is gaining more and more importance. However, the use of technical maps still prevails, which often act to hinder its use and appropriation by traditional communities. Based on this assumption, this article seeks to show that, in addition to technical cartography, there are other methodologies, which should also be used, in both elaboration and representation of territories, such as the participatory mapping. For that, some recommendations and suggestions are presented in this paper, aiming to subsidize the application and the collaboration of maps, through the mentioned methodology. These suggestions and contributions are the result of both theoretical debates and in loci observations, in workshops held in traditional communities of Brazilian Amazonia. From these discussions, it is concluded that the adoption of participatory mapping in the process of valuing and understanding the knowledge of traditional communities is of great value, in addition to serving as a subsidy for the claims of rights of both appropriation and possession of the territory.

La cartografía social como estrategia didáctica: reconociendo recorridos e imaginarios

As part of the Social Sciences Didactics course of the Bachelor’s degree in Intercultural Bilingual Education at the Salesian Polytechnic University, Quito-Ecuador, the need to provide didactic resources that allow students to recognize their territories is presented, as well how of didactic and methodological strategies for the teaching of geography and that they are used as a contribution to the preservation of the collective memory of their communities. In this way, the Research Group on Education and Interculturality of the same university is proposed to carry out the research project “Social cartography as a didactic strategy, recognizing routes and imaginations with the Bachelor’s degree students in Intercultural Bilingual Education of the Salesian Polytechnic University”, this research had as its starting point the prior recognition of the geographical context in which the students find themselves and the implementation of social cartography as a didactic strategy for teaching geography. Methodologically, Participatory Action Research (IAP) has been used, and the application of social cartography as a pedagogical and didactic strategy for teaching social sciences and as motivation for the development of strategies that allow future teachers to approach their students, understanding their contexts and realities, starting from the recognition and representation of the space in which they live; and also be an opportunity to exchange knowledge between students and teachers.

Critical internationalization studies at an impasse: making space for complexity, uncertainty, and complicity in a time of global challenges

ABSTRACT In this paper, I reflect on the current state of critical internationalization studies, an area of study that problematizes the overwhelmingly positive and depoliticized approaches to internationalization in higher education. I note that, despite growing interest in this approach, there is a risk that critiques will circularly result in more of the same if we do not attend to the full complexity, uncertainty, and complicity involved in transforming internationalization. In an effort to continue this work, and clarify the distinctions between different approaches to critical internationalization studies, I offer two social cartographies: one of different theories of change in relation to internationalization, and one of different layers of intervention. Finally, I ask what kind of internationalization might be adequate for responding to today’s many global challenges.

A salinização dos solos na concepção da comunidade quilombola de Cupira – Santa Maria da Boa Vista – Pernambuco

O presente estudo buscou analisar a inter-relação entre os conhecimentos práticos dos agricultores da comunidade quilombola de Cupira, semiárido do estado de Pernambuco, com o processo de salinização dos solos. Para desenvolvimento desse estudo, utilizou-se como base metodológica, a etnopedologia, elementos da cartografia social e as análises químicas das amostras de solo, coletadas sobre indicação dos agricultores. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos agricultores reconhecem com facilidade, a ocorrência do processo de salinização, assim como, os impactos sobre a estrutura dos solos na produção agrícola. Conclui-se que os agricultores apresentam conhecimentos práticos para reconhecer o processo de salinização e, também, as práticas que colaboram para o desenvolvimento do acúmulo de sais, no entanto, verifica-se a necessidade da soma do conhecimento técnico-científico e do auxílio de políticas públicas para resolver, e evitar os problemas oriundos da salinização.
 Palavras-Chave: Degradação dos solos; Etnopedologia; Comunidade tradicional.

Entre el goce y el padecimiento. Movilidad cotidiana y disfrute por parte de estudiantes de educación superior que habitan el periurbano de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile

La oferta de educación superior en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile se localiza casi en su totalidad (99,9% de los programas educativos) en las treinta y cuatro comunas que conforman la ciudad compacta, y dentro de esta, casi el 70% se concentra en cuatro comunas del centro oriente de la ciudad. Esto obliga a los jóvenes que habitan zonas periféricas y periurbanas de Santiago, y que siguen estudios superiores, a desarrollar hábitos de movilidad urbana de alta intensidad y frecuencia con el centro de la ciudad. Si bien para el caso de los trabajadores que experimentan condiciones similares de movilidad se ha documentado una pérdida de su vida social, no hay evidencia respecto a cómo esta experiencia de movilidad en jóvenes que experimentan una etapa de cambio en sus comportamientos de viaje (desde movilidades intracomunales hacia movilidades de escala ciudad) influye en la forma en que experimentan la ciudad y el disfrute de su tiempo libre en ella. Este trabajo se hace cargo de profundizar específicamente sobre ese punto. A partir de la aplicación de entrevistas episódicas, cartografías sociales y recorridos acompañados, los resultados muestran que, para estos jóvenes, el ingreso a estudios superiores significa un cambio a nivel hábitos de movilidad con fuertes repercusiones en su vida familiar y social, que no fueron previstos por ninguno de ellos al ingresar a la educación superior. Se concluye que, para estos jóvenes estudiantes que habitan en la periferia y periurbano de Santiago de Chile, la exigencia espacio temporal que les impone el acceso a la educación superior propicia una fragmentación de su vida social.

Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis

Rural water supply systems (RWSS) in developing countries typically have deficiencies that threaten their sustainability. This research used Multi-Criteria Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to identify indicators that can be used to assess the sustainability of RWSS. The assessment tool developed is composed of 17 attributes with 95 quantifiable indicators. The tool enables the assessment of the sustainability of RWSS, using data collected through semi-structured interviews, social cartography, technical inspection, household surveys, and water monitoring. The tool was applied in a case study of a RWSS in the Andean region of Colombia, illustrating a participatory, holistic, and structured assessment that provided a single sustainability measure for the system (3.0/5.0). The tool’s completeness is represented by its extensive attributes and indicators that deliver a robust baseline on the state of a system, help identify improvement strategies, and monitor system performance over time that can assists rural community organizations with RWSS management.

Cultural Adaptation of Promising, Evidence-Based, and Best Practices: a Scoping Literature Review.

This scoping literature review of nearly 5,000 peer-reviewed articles from myriad disciplines examines usage of two sets of terms that are common to many researchers, but arcane to many practitioners. Aiming to inform researchers about how scholarly literature that invokes these terms might speak to practitioners, and resulting implications for practice, we review scholarly use of three practice designations (promising, evidence-based, best) and five cultural considerations for those practices (adaptation, competence, modification, responsiveness, specificity). In addition to scoping review methods, we apply social cartography and definitional traces. Findings drive our contention that "promising practice" is the designation that might provide practitioners with the most utility, rather than the frequent-often-unarticulated-uses of best and evidence-based. Likewise, we find copious evidence of cultural considerations being invoked without operationalization. Social cartography reveals few international partnerships and limited domestic leadership among 'leading' research institutions regarding the intersection of practice designations and cultural considerations. Themes from the definitional trace prompt us to invite scholarly debate about a ladder from 'promising' to 'evidence-based' to 'best' and to prompt researchers' efforts to transfer knowledge to practitioners.

Evaluación de la habitabilidad en barrios. Uso de técnicas alternativas

En la planificación de una ciudad se debe garantizar el diseño de barrios habitables, que cuenten con una jerarquización vial ordenada, zonas verdes suficientes y un espacio público adecuado, permitiendo la integración con las demás actividades de la ciudad. Sin embargo, cuando el barrio ya está construido, la acción del planificador se dirige a determinar su nivel de habitabilidad para establecer las necesidades de intervención. Así, el propósito de este artículo es evaluar la habitabilidad de barrios, considerando indicadores de movilidad y urbanismo, por medio del uso de técnicas no tradicionales en la ingeniería de transporte como la cartografía social, la observación aérea y una aplicación móvil (Mobydick). Para ello, se tomó como caso de estudio el barrio Asís en Tunja (Colombia). Como resultado, se evidenció que el uso simultáneo de técnicas interdisciplinarias complementa la evaluación de habitabilidad en una unidad funcional como el barrio, desde el punto de vista de la movilidad.

Comprensión del territorio para la construcción de apropiación e identidad en el municipio de Soacha

Resumen
 El crecimiento demográfico del municipio de Soacha (Colombia) genera un impacto urbano y ecológico que propicia la disminución del sentido de pertenencia y de arraigo entre sus habitantes; por ello, se busca reconocer cuáles son las experiencias que los diferentes actores involucrados tienen sobre el municipio. La presente investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo, donde se analizan los Planes Nacionales de Desarrollo (PND) entre 1970 y 2012, a la luz del crecimiento urbano, las características históricas y las políticas de gobierno. Se aplicaron encuestas y ejercicios de cartografía social, con lo que se evidenciaron los contrastes entre las percepciones del municipio por parte de sus habitantes, caracterizadas por la indiferencia hacia lo público y la agresividad hacia el medio ambiente. Se trabajó con un grupo focal a través de una estrategia de reconocimiento del territorio. El resultado permitió analizar cómo la construcción del territorio depende de la interacción de los grupos sociales con el entorno físico; de esta manera, se construyen relaciones de apropiación que realzan rasgos identitarios, y ello es fundamental para fomentar un cambio en la percepción de dichos grupos sobre el municipio y suscitar interés en continuar reconociendo el territorio.
 Palabras clave: Crecimiento urbano; desarrollo urbano; imaginarios urbanos; percepción urbana; políticas públicas; segregación urbana.
 
 Abstract
 The demographic growth of the municipality of Soacha (Colombia) generates an urban and ecological impact that leads to a decrease in the sense of belonging and roots among its inhabitants. Therefore, it was sought to identify the perceptions that the different actors involved had about the municipality. This research had a qualitative approach, where the National Development Plans (PND, for its Spanish acronym) between 1970 and 2012 were analyzed, in the light of urban growth, historical characteristics and government policies. Surveys and social mapping exercises were applied, which evidenced the contrasts between the perceptions of the inhabitants about the municipality, characterized by indifference towards the public sphere and aggressiveness towards the environment. The project worked with a focus group through a territory recognition strategy. The result allowed to analyze how the construction of the territory depends on the interaction of social groups with the physical environment. In this way, appropriation relationships that enhance identity traits are built, and this is essential to foster a change in the perception of those groups about the municipality and arouse interest in continuing to recognize the territory.
 Keywords: Urban growth, urban development, urban imaginary, urban perception, public politics, urban segregation.
 
 Recibido: marzo 6 / 2019 Evaluado: mayo 7 / 2019 Aceptado: agosto 15 / 2019 
 Publicado en línea: septiembre de 2019 Actualizado: octubre de 2019

Los desastres no son prevenibles si vienen de la ira de Dios

Investigación realizada con niños que habían tenido experiencias derivadas de los desastres. OBJETIVO: Comprender el significado que tienen las situaciones de desastre para los niños de un barrio de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: investigación cualitativa con enfoque etnográfico, utilizando como técnicas para construir la información: entrevistas, diario de campo y la cartografía social. HALLAZGOS: los desastres para los niños se originan en la manifestación de la ira de Dios en una población vulnerable. La ira de Dios es por los pecados de los hombres y la vulnerabilidad es debido a las condiciones de sus viviendas y del barrio. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: Los niños conocen los peligros a los cuales están expuestos, sin embargo no pueden prevenir los desastres porque son causados por la ira de Dios. Se deben elaborar programas de prevención que tengan en cuenta la voz de los niños como participes fundamentales en el cuidado del ambiente.