Soaking Of Seeds Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Defence Response of Soybean by Seed Soaking in Gibberellic Acid to Salinity

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) presoaking of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds on the biomass yield, regulation of reactive oxygen species and some antioxidant enzyme activities in radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledons under salinity. Within this scope, the seeds were subjected to priming with 150 ppm GA3 for 6 h at room temperature. Then, 150 mM NaCl was added in a group and the control was not primed with GA3. The results clearly revealed that salt stress caused a slight induction of biomass yield of radicle and hypocotyl, photosynthetic pigments in cotyledon, reactive oxygen species content in all organs. Moreover, GA3 pretreatment alleviated salt-induced oxidative damage by maintaining superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities in soybean plants. This study firstly elucidates the effects of GA3 priming on the comparative response mechanisms to salinity with different organs of soybean plants.

Application of saline to seeds enhances the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)

Salinity was shown to impact the formation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), the key flavour compound in aromatic rice cultivars. To study the effects of saline application to seeds on 2-AP biosynthesis in aromatic rice and to further investigate the enzymatic and molecular mechanisms involved, the present study was conducted with nine treatments. The seeds of three aromatic rice cultivars were primed or soaked in 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 mM sodium chloride solutions, and the seeds that were both primed and soaked in distilled water were considered the control group. Then, the seedlings were allowed to grow in an artificial climate box. The results showed that both priming and soaking seeds with saline significantly increased the 2-AP content in aromatic rice seedlings. The highest 2-AP content was recorded in the seeds primed with 0.10 mM sodium chloride. In the seeds treated with saline, increased amounts of proline, P5C and Δ1-pyrroline were observed and resulted in enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis through induced gene expression (P5CS1, P5CS2 and PRODH) and activities of enzymes including PDH and P5CS. In summary, application of saline to seeds increased 2-AP content in aromatic rice seedlings by up-regulating the related precursors contents, enzymes activities and genes expression.

Water soaking temperature of kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed, coagulant types, and their concentrations affected the production of kenaf‐based tofu

The effects of soaking temperature of kenaf seed on the proximate, phytic acid, and microstructure were studied to produce kenaf-based tofu. The seeds were soaked at temperatures 65°C, 45°C, and 25°C for 160, 300, and 616 min, respectively. The soaked seeds were used to produce tofu based on the Box–Behnken design with three independent variables (coagulant types (x1), coagulant concentrations (x2), and soaking temperature of seed (x3). Soaking significantly increased the carbohydrate and reduced the ash content without a significant effect on the phytic acid of the seeds. An increase in the soaking temperature of seed significantly decreased the yield, hardness, and chewiness of the tofu. Two-way interactions of (x1x2) and (x1x3 and x2x3) significantly affected the yield and the hardness of the tofu, respectively. There was a 75.91%–100% reduction in the phytic acid of the tofu. Hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions were the major bonds that stabilized the coagulation process of the tofu. Practical applications Kenaf seed contains a high amount of protein and it could serve as a suitable seed for tofu production. In general, processing factors are an important concern in tofu making. Soaking is a crucial step in the production of tofu which is often time-consuming. Soaking of seeds at higher temperature is known to practically reduce the time of soaking and overall processing time. Different types and concentrations of coagulants will give different effects on the characteristics of the tofu. The results showed that the soaking temperature of kenaf seed, coagulant types, and concentrations used in the tofu preparation affected the textural characteristics of the product. Hardness and chewiness of the tofu were significantly decreased as the soaking temperature of the seed was increased. The findings of this research will serve as the primary knowledge to produce tofu from kenaf seed. Application of suitable kenaf seed soaking conditions and appropriate concentration and type of coagulant will be useful for the tofu manufacturers to produce kenaf-based tofu with desirable qualities.

Biological characteristics of wild Angelica sinensis seed

Wild Angelica sinensis is almost endangered, studying the biological characteristics of wild A. sinensis seeds is helpful for varietal improvement and its conservation. This paper systematically studied the morphological structure, thousand seed weight, viability, storage and other basic biological characteristics of wild A. sinensis fruits and seeds, and focused on the germination of excised embryos,the development of embryo, the effects of the temperature,light and hormones on seed germination.The study found that:①The embryos are not fully developed when harvested, the initial germination rate was low, the embryos can develop. After 15 days of low temperature storage, the embryos can develop completely and the germination rate is significantly increased. These results show that wild A. sinensis seeds have no dormancy, and the low germination rate is due to the low maturity of wild A. sinensis seeds. ②The sui-table germination temperature of wild A. sinensis is 15-25 ℃,and the optimal temperature is 20 ℃. Light does not affect the germination of A. sinensis seeds.③The applicable concentration of GA_3 can promote seeds germination, IAA and 6-BA has no significant effect on germination.④The optimum storage condition is dry storage at 4 ℃. Wild A. sinensis seeds can be stored for 1.5 years and cultivated seeds can be stored for 1 year.During the introduction and conservation, the best treatment conditions were dry storage at 4 ℃ for 30 d and soaking seeds with 200 mg·L~(-1) GA_3, the germination rate can reach 86.7%.

Effects of different treatments on seed dormancy breaking and germination in Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch var. cappadocicum

This study was carried out to determine effects of different pretreatment on seed germination and to overcome dormancy in Acer cappadocicum seeds. The seeds were collected in 2008 three times with aproximately 15-days intervals. In order to overcome dormancy, several germination treatments were applied. The treatments were (1) different seed collection time, (2)soaking in water, (3) cold-moist stratification and (4) GA<sub>3</sub> (gibberellic acid) application. The treated seeds were germinated in growing chamber at 5 <sup>0</sup>C and in greenhouse conditions. This research showed that seeds of Acer cappadocicum exhibit physiological dormancy and require stratification period to overcome seed dormancy. The highest germination percentage in the growing chamber subjected to GA<sub>3</sub> process after eight weeks of stratification treatment was 62 % for Acer cappadocicum seeds. The highest germination percentage in greenhouse was obtained with cold stratification after eight weeks (95 %). It was found out that GA<sub>3</sub> treatment had a significant effect on germination in growth chamber + 5 <sup>0</sup>C but GA<sub>3</sub> treatment didn’t have a significant effect on germination in greenhouse conditions. GA<sub>3</sub> treatment and soaking of unstratified seeds in water for 48 hr didn’t have any positive effect on germination value in greenhouse conditions. Although growth chamber and green house results both indicated that seed collection time did not seem to play a role as statistically on seed germination, Duncan’s test showed that the third seed collection time was in a different group.

FUZZY SLIDING-MODE TEMPERATURE-CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SOAKING AND GERMINATION OF RICE SEEDS

The soaking and germination process of rice seeds is the starting point in rice cultivation in cold regions and has a significant effect on grain yield. Efficient techniques for controlling the water temperature in the seed tank are required to enhance germination quality. This paper introduces a fuzzy theory for designing a fuzzy logic-based sliding mode controller (SMC) system for a rice seed soaking and germination device. The proposed system was theoretically and experimentally investigated to determine the efficiency of the soaking temperature-control system. A modified fuzzy SMC based on exponent approaching law is also presented for optimizing the proposed controller. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller was designed to identify and compare the advantages of the proposed controllers. A comparative study of the computer simulation demonstrates that the performance of fuzzy SMC and modified fuzzy SMC are acceptable, and that both SMCs are superior to the PID controller. Furthermore, compared with the fuzzy SMC system, a reduction in electric energy consumption was observed for the modified fuzzy SMC. Moreover, both SMCs yielded similar soaking qualities.

Hydropriming and Biopriming Improve Medicago truncatula Seed Germination and Upregulate DNA Repair and Antioxidant Genes.

Seed germination is a critical parameter for the successful development of sustainable agricultural practices. While seed germination is impaired by environmental constraints emerging from the climate change scenario, several types of simple procedures, known as priming, can be used to enhance it. Seed priming is defined as the process of regulating seed germination by managing a series of parameters during the initial stages of germination. Hydropriming is a highly accessible and economic technique that involves soaking of seeds in water followed by drying. Biopriming refers to the inoculation of seeds with beneficial microorganism. The present study aims to investigate whether hydropriming and biopriming could enhance seed germination. Thereby, the germination of Medicago truncatula seeds exposed to hydropriming and/or Bacillus spp. isolates was monitored for two-weeks. The seeds were sown in trays containing two types of in situ agricultural soils collected from Northern India (Karsara, Varanasi). This region is believed to be contaminated by solid waste from a nearby power plant. Phenotypic parameters had been monitored and compared to find the most appropriate combination of treatments. Additionally, qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression levels of specific genes used as molecular indicators of seed quality. The results show that, while hydropriming significantly enhanced seed germination percentage, biopriming resulted in improved seedling development, represented by increased biomass rather than seedling length. At a molecular level, this is reflected by the upregulation of genes involved in DNA damage repair and antioxidant defence. In conclusion, hydropriming and biopriming are efficient to improve seed germination and seedling establishment in soils collected from damaged sites of Northern India; this is reflected by morphological parameters and molecular hallmarks of seed quality.

Influence of Humic Substances on Cucumber Seeds Storability and Root Rot Diseases Incidence under Salinity Conditions

Seed germination is a complex process, which is regulated by many factors including storage. The present study aims at assessing the validity of stored cucumber seeds under stressed-soil. In-vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of soaking of stored cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds produced during three consequent years (2015, 2016 & 2017) in five concentrations of humic substances (HS'c) solution (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 & 1.5%) for five different intervals (30, 90, 150, 210 & 270 min), on germination percentage (G%), germination velocity (GV) and vigor index (VI). Another In vitro experiment was conducted to assess the direct effect of HS'c on two nutritional media for Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani mycelial growth, sclerotial productivity & viability, conidia viability. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of soaking cucumber seeds in HS'c and spraying with salicylic acid (SA) (100 and 200mg L-1) twice on growth parameters of cucumber seedlings, and controlling the root rot disease caused by R. solani and F. solani under saline conditions (2.36, 4, 5 & 6 dS m-1). The results indicate that T5 (0.3% for 210 min.) for 2015 and 2017 and T4 (0.3% for 150 min.) recorded the highest values for all studied parameters. No morphological changes were observed for the highest pathogenic two fungal isolate's mycelial growth on both fungal strains. R. solani was affected less than F. solani for the presence of different HS'c into nutrient media. 1.5% HS concentration had a reduction effect on the radical growth of fungal isolates, R. solani sclerotial production (30%) and viability (53%) and F. solani conidial viability (58%). Root rot disease was affected differently by seedling treatments of HS'c and/or SA under the four salinity conditions. The combined treatment; soaking seeds in 0.3% HS (for different period/year) and spraying seedlings with 200 SA had significantly reduced the disease incidence (DI) and disease index of both R. solani and F. solani specially in the lowest and highest salinity conditions.

Effect of various exogenous salicylic acid concentration on wheat seed germination

The present investigation has been carried out to study the effect of various concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the germination performance of wheat (cv. C 306 and HI 1544) seeds, which are most prominently grown varieties in Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh. The seeds of these varieties were exposed to different concentrations of salicylic acid (Control D/W, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm). Both wheat varieties C 306 and HI 1544 showed significant germination by the use of various concentrations of SA application over control. After 48 hrs to 96 hrs, significant germination was observed for both the varieties of wheat, and it became constant afterward for all the concentrations of SA along with control. All the imposed SA concentrations increased germination percentage, shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and vigor index over control (distill water, D/W) except 50 ppm SA after 48 hrs of germination experiment, which showed a decline in value for all the observed parameters. A similar trend was observed at 72 hrs, 96 hrs and 120 hrs. However, soaking of seeds with 25 ppm SA is best for seedling characteristics, hence beneficial for obtaining the higher yield. But 50 ppm SA treatment is not advisable for germination and other seedlings characteristics. Thus, it can be zeroed that benefits of SA treatment for germination parameters are doses dependent; and supra optimal concentration is harmful to plant growth.

The results of pre-sowing conifer seeds treatment by growth stimulators

The article studies the influence of different fertilizing products on vigor and germinating ability of Scots pine and common spruce seeds. The research involved the following products: Humate+7, Potassium humate “Sufler”, Biohumus, Agrostimul VE, Emistim-R, Gibberellin, Etamon. The soaking of seeds in products leads to an increase in vigor, on average, between 31 and 37.0 % for Scots pine and between 5 and 13.0 % for common spruce. The germinating ability of Scots pine and common spruce seeds increases, on average, by 16.0 and 17.0 % correspondingly. Among all the products the least effective was “Etamon”. In its case, the germinating ability of seeds in laboratory conditions was 53.0 % which is 10.0 % lower than in control. The treatment by stimulators significantly influenced the development of a root system. The intensive root growth happens in the cases of “Gibberellin” and “Humate+7” – 4.4 and 5 cm corresponding to the variants of the experiment. The pre-sowing treatment positively increases the length of germs. In this case, the best results were achieved with “Gibberellin” and “Biohumus” products that gave the increase of 1.7 and 1.5 cm respectively.

Application of bioactive compounds for increasing production of grape planting materials and higher germination of hybrid seeds

The paper presents the results of studying biological methods of increasing the yield of planting material for grapes and increasing the germination of hybrid seeds to accelerate the selection process. The impact of bioactive compounds (6-benzylaminopurine and gibberellic acid) in culture medium on production of grape clones during micropropagation stage was studied. Modified culture medium of the A.N. Rebrov’s patent was determined as having the most potential on the first stage of grape explant cultivation. The establishment of grape regenerant plants was up to 80%, depending on the variety. On the second and third passages Rebrov’s culture medium was modified by the addition of 6-benzylaminopurine in the concentration 0.35 mg/l and gibberellic acid in the concentration 0.1 mg/l. The method of prestratification soaking of seedlings seeds in the solutions of gibberellic acid of various concentrations was also studied to accelerate the breeding process. The production of seedlings increased to 91.2% at the concentration of gibberellic acid 0.01% that was higher than control production on 31.2%.

Effect of soaking tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds in organic nutrient solutions on germination and seedling growth parameters

The experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, Iraq during the agricultural season of 2018, with the aim of effecting organic nutrients in some growth and germination characteristics of tomato seedlings and organic manure was used in the experiment. The results showed a significant effect in soaking tomato seeds in three solutions (distilled water, seaweed extract and vines organic nitrogen) under two periods (6 and 12 h) compared with control without soaking. The highest yield was obtained under soaking of seeds with organic vines solution for 6 h. Significantly higher germination rate (88.03%), homogeneity of germination (13.7 days), seedling height (19.80 cm), leaf numbers (9.52 leaves), stem diameter (4.14 mm), vegetative wet weight (3.52 g) as well as dry weight (1.53 g) of seedlings were recorded with organic vine solutions compared to non-soaked treatment.

Effect of Seed Soaking and Foliar Application with Zinc Sulfate on Rice Seedling Strength, Yield and Its Components

Extremely declining zinc is so prevalent in soils particularly in Egypt and affects the production of rice. Field trials were performed at El-Senblawin, Dakahlia Governorate 2017 and 2018 seasons to evaluate the influences of different methods of Zn application on rice growth and yield characteristics. The experiment included Zn seed soaking and foliar applications. Soaking treatments, 0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L ZnSO4, and recommend mineral & Zinc nanoparticle treatments as foliar, 0, 30, 60 mg/L, and zinc sulphate. Split plot design were used in three replications. Results showed significant in two seasons at seed soaking and foliar treats. The seed soaking in 200 mg/L ZnSO4 increased plant height, tillers/hill, grains/panicle, weight of grains/panicle, 1000 kernel weight, and total grain yield (t/fed) of rice among the different of Zn application in two seasons. Use 60 mg/L as foliar is significant seedling development. Also, demonstrated by a positive association between the Zn concentration in germinating seeds and the combined roots and shooting of dry weight after foliar Zn. Four foliar Zn treatments (ZnSO4) were applied to rice plants at different stages of growth. The interaction between seed soaking 200 and foliar 60 mg/L ZnSO4 boost agronomic traits. To conclude, Zn in rice seed can be effectively raised by foliar and soaking. Seeds with high Zn provide both agronomic and nutritional benefits. Since wide spread occurrence of Zn deficiency in human populations is associated with low dietary Zn intake, special attention should be paid to foliar treatments in rice.

Seed priming effect on germination of Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica Mart) and development of small seedling

Doum palm Hyphaene thebaica Mart is a very important natural flora in the Egyptian territory. It is integrated in food, drink and medicine of the Egyptian population. Seeds germination faces difficulties due to hardness and viability. the fruit (a date) is edible, the foliage is also used for local crafts, the stems for construction purposes, and the roots for phytomedicine, mainly for the treatment of bilharziasis. This study tried different priming methods after removal hard kernel. First treatment; non-treated as direct plantation (control). Second; Cold water (tap water for 48 hours), third; freezing storage in Deep-freezer at -18°C for 12 hours then immersed in 60°C water for 1 hour, fourth; hot water at 60°C  5 for 3 hours then left till gradually cooled, fifth; soaking seeds in a solution of gibberellic acid 200 ppm for 48 hours, sixth; Soaking seeds in 3% solution of KNO3 for 48 hours, seventh; soaking seeds in diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 30% for 15 minutes. Data collected were germination percentage %, roots length, root diameter, root fresh and dry weight, root dry weight, seedling length, wide of leaf, Fresh and dry weight of above ground parts. Freezing followed by hot water gave the highest seed germination % (90%) followed by KNO3 (80%). The lowest germination % was obtained from non-treated control and cold water in a range between 45-65%. cold water treatment gave significant increase in root fresh weight in both seasons when compared to other treatment. Freezing and cold water treatment gave significant increase in plant height in both seasons when compared to other treatments. Moreover, the effect of various priming treatment demonstrated significant effect on characteristics of young growing seedling. The best performance obtained from seeds treated with cold water and freezing treatment. Thus, treating Doum palm seeds after removal of hard kernel with freezing at -18 for 12 hours followed by immersing seed in hot water at 60°C for one hour.

EXOGENOUS PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM 128 AND THEIR SYNTHESIS WHILE INTRODUCTION OF MICROMYCETES INTO COMPOSTED SUBSTRATE

Objective. To study the possibility of production of physiologically active substances by the as-sociation of micromycetes Trichoderma harzianum 128, which is used for enrichment composted substrates based on chicken litter. Methods. Microbiological, physiological, accumulative thin lay-er chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC / MS). Results. T. harzianum 128 produces a significant amount of physiologically active growth stimulanting substances. Soak-ing of corn seeds in the culture liquid of micromycetes association, diluted with water in 100– 10,000 times, provides a reliable growth stimulation of seedlings and indicates the absence of phy-totoxicity in microorganisms. The instrumental determination of the content of exogenous phyto-hormones in pre-purified and concentrated phytohormonal extracts shows a significant amount of auxins in a culture fluid — their total amount reaches 18.33 μg/g of dry biomass of the producer, and of cytokinins, in particular, isopentenylidenidine (5.6 μg/g of dry biomass) and zeatin (0.88 μg/g dry biomass). Association T. harzianum 128 in small quantities produces gibberellic acids — GK3 (0.34 μg/g dry biomass) and GK4 — 0.23 μg/g of dry biomass). Absorbent acid was also found in the culture fluid (5.3 μg/g dry biomass), but its amount is four times less than the cor-responding measures in the known strain T. viride F100001, which was used as a positive control in the studies. While the introduction of association T. harzianum 128 into the composted chicken litter substrate, the obtained compost shows high auxin and cytokinin activity. Conclusion. Phyto-hormones, which are produced by the micromycetes association of T. harzianum 128, can positively influence the growth and development of plants, play a protective role in adverse environmental conditions. After introduction of the investigated fungi association to a composted substrate on the basis of chicken litter it accumulates significant amounts of physiologically active substances of auxin and cytokinin action. Under these conditions compost acquires new qualitative features.

Effect of Mulching and Pre-Sowing Seed Treatment with Agro Chemicals on the Growth and Yield of Summer Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Limited Water Resources

Moisture stress is a limiting factor to achieve potential yield of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under limited water resources and mulching is one of the suitable measures to mitigate the problem. Further, pre-sowing soaking of seeds with chemicals can facilitate growth, physiological and metabolic activities and thus enhance crop productivity. An experiment was conducted at Bagusala Farm of MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi (23o39’ N latitude, 87o42’ E longitude) during summer season of 2018 to study the effect of mulching and pre-sowing seed treatment with agro chemicals on growth and productivity of summer sesame. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture with a pH of 6.1, 0.73% organic carbon and 230, 32.1 and 346 kg ha−1 of available N, P and K, respectively. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD), with two factors, namely, mulching (main plot) and seed soaking with agro-chemicals (sub-plot). In main plot three treatments of mulching were taken, namely, M0, no mulching, M1, paddy straw mulching and M2, plastic mulching, however, four seed soaking treatments, viz., P1, water soaked, P2, 200 ppm potassium chloride (KCL), P3, 400 ppm potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and P4, 400 ppm disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) were considered in sub-plot. Thus 12 treatments combinations were replicated thrice in 4m × 3m plots. Sesame variety ‘Gauri’ performed well with plastic mulching as it recorded significantly better growth and higher yield than paddy straw mulching and no mulching. Among seed soaking treatments, it was noted that pre-sowing seed soaking with either of 400 ppm of Na2HPO4 or 400 ppm of KH2PO4 exhibited superiority to other treatments to obtain higher productivity. Moreover, plastic mulching and seed soaking with either of Na2HPO4 or KH2PO4 combination resulted in higher net return and benefit: cost ratio.

Effectiveness of daily rinsing of alfalfa sprouts with aqueous chlorine dioxide and ozonated water on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during sprouting.

Alfalfa sprouts have been implicated in multiple foodborne disease outbreaks. This study evaluated the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during sprouting of alfalfa seeds and the effectiveness of daily chlorine dioxide & ozone rinsing in controlling the growth. Alfalfa seeds inoculated with L. monocytogenes were sprouted for 5days (25°C) with a daily aqueous ClO2 (3ppm, 10min) or ozone water (2ppm, 5min) rinse. Neither treatment significantly reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes on sprouting alfalfa seeds. The initial level of L. monocytogenes was 3·44±0·27, which increased to c. 7·0 log CFU per g following 3days of sprouting. There was no significant difference in the bacterial population between the treatment schemes. Bacterial distribution in roots (7·63±0·511 log CFU per g), stems (7·51±0·511 log CFU per g) and leaves (7·41±0·511 log CFU per g) were similar after 5days. Spent sanitizers had significantly lower levels of bacterial populations compared to the spent distilled water control. The results indicated that sprouting process provides a favourable condition for the growth of L. monocytogenes and the sanitizer treatment alone may not be able to reduce food safety risks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Sprouts are high-risk foods. Consumption of raw sprouts is frequently associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Optimum sprouting procedure involves soaking seeds in water followed by daily water rinsing to maintain a moist environment that is also favourable for the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms. The present study emphasized the potential food safety risks during sprouting and the effect of applying daily sanitizer rinsing in the place of water rinsing to reduce those risks. The finding of this study may be useful in the development of pre-harvest and post-harvest risk management strategies.

The use of golden flax seeds and oats sourbread in the production of wheat bread

In the course of development of bakery products enriched with physiologically active substances of non-traditional types of raw materials, cereal and oil-bearing crops enjoy popularity. The actual direction can be a combination of the use of oil-bearing crop in the form of crushed flax seed of light varieties and the cereal crop in the form of oats sourdough of spontaneous fermentation in the production of functional wheat bread. The variety of golden flax was used in the course of the study. It was found in the research that the technologically possible dosage of crushed flax seeds is up to 20 % of the weight of flour. At this dosage, the products with the developed thin-walled porosity with a pleasant light-yellow coloration of the crumb and pleasant nutty flavor are obtained. It was found that adding crushed golden flax seeds to dough results into lengthening of the duration of its kneading, worsening elasticity and increasing its dilution. A considerable decrease in the amount of gluten and its quality was noticed in the analyzed samples. It was also established that deterioration of fermentation of sugars, their accumulation and susceptibility of starch to amylolysis are observed in the dough system with flax. Such influence of crushed flax seeds is mainly caused by the influence of water-soluble dietary fibers that form mucilage when coming into contact with water during kneading dough. The effectiveness of applying preliminary soaking of crushed flax seeds to improve the qualitative of products was proved. Soaking of crushed seeds contributes to the formation of larger amount of mucilage in liquid phase of the dough. This causes an increase of dough viscosity, which contributes to enhancement of the shape stability of finished goods. It was proven that the use of oats sourdough of spontaneous fermentation in the production of bread, enriched with crushed flax seed contributes to the reduction of dough fermenting up to 60 min and the enhancement of its quality.

Electrical Conductivity Test for Measurement of White Clover Seeds Vigor

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance of white clover seed lots of different tegument colours, besides to analyses the electrical conductivity test methodology with different seeds number, water volume and soaking periods. The experiment was developed at the Seed Didactic Laboratory in the Agronomy College “Eliseu Maciel” at the Federal University of Pelotas, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. White clover seeds were manually separate, composing four lots of different coloured seeds: yellow, orange, brown and mixed. White clover seeds of yellow colour tend to present greater physiological potential through its germination and vigour. The electrical conductivity test was not efficient on identifying different vigour levels in white clover seed lots.

Scaling up the Phytochemical Contents in the Leaves of Beetroot Using a Formulated Antioxidant Gawda®

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) have been used for many years as a food supplement to support treating a number of diseases. It is also classified as medicinal plant because of its excellent source of phytochemicals including antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. Beetroot are vegetable belong to the family Chenopodiaceae. In food industry they are formulated in edible powder and energetic juice. In some regions of the world beetroot leaves are cut off and discard in spite of their health benefit because of lack of knowledge among the local people regarding their health benefit. So far, this investigation aimed to evaluate the possible role of the formulated antioxidant GAWDA® on enhancing the phytochemicals of the content of beetroot leaves. P.P, Proline, Potassium and the antioxidant activity were determined. Beetroot seeds were soaked in water solution of GAWDA® formulation (2g/L for 12 hours) pre sowing vs tap water in case of the check. The target physiological characters were recorded in leaves of 3 month old plants. The results showed that soaking seeds in water solution of GAWDA® formulation (2g/L for 12 h) before sowing significantly increased the contents of Ch. A, B, carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, proline, potassium and antioxidant activity in the plant leaves. The potential of the formulated antioxidant (GAWDA®) for scaling up the contents of the phytochemicals studied beetroot leaves was concluded.