SnO2 NPs Research Articles

Coupling between conductive Co3(HITP)2 and SnO2 NPs for heterogeneous architectures: Toward sensitive chemiresistors for H2S at room temperature

Conductive metal–organic frameworks (C-MOF) having high surface area and reactivity offer great potential for chemiresistors. However, a highly sensitive, reversible, and high-speed gas sensor based on such materials still remains challenges. Herein, hybrid SnO2 NPs decorated Co3(HITP)2 NPs (SnO2@Co3(HITP)2) nanocomposites were synthesized as high active and conductive sensing material of chemiresistors for high-performance H2S detection at room temperature (RT). The SnO2@Co3(HITP)2 nanocomposites exhibit remarkably improved H2S sensing performance at RT, especially Sn1Co sensor shows higher response and excellent selectivity toward H2S gas under various measurement conditions. The enhanced gas sensing performance is discussed in terms of the adsorption behavior and the heterojunctions between Co3(HITP)2 and SnO2 using density functional theory (DFT) and band theory. The SnO2@Co3(HITP)2 hybrids discloses a novel strategy for designing high-performance Co3(HITP)2-based H2S gas sensors. Furthermore, Sn1Co sensor can successfully distinguish fresh meat from that stored for several days, demonstrating its ability in freshness of food detection.

Photoluminescence properties of SnO2 nanoparticles doped with group VI elements (Cr, Mo, W) synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs), both pure and doped with Group VI (G6) metal ions (Cr+3, Mo+5, and W+6), were synthesized using pulsed laser ablation in liquid. This study aimed to investigate the effect of G6 doping on the electronic properties of SnO2 NPs, with an emphasis on enhancing their photoluminescence for optoelectronic applications. Transmission electron microscopy revealed well-crystallized samples with diameters of 3–6 nm, indicating quantum-confinement effects. The optical band gap, determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy, was reduced from 5.1 eV (undoped) to 4.9 eV (Cr-doped) due to defect states, while increasing to 5.3 eV and 5.7 eV for Mo- and W-doped SnO2, respectively, due to the Moss-Burstein effect. The photoluminescence spectra exhibited a redshift, with strong red emission around 700 nm, which was up to 90 % more intense than that of the undoped SnO2. This enhancement was attributed to the 2E→4A2 transition and increased defect states.

Enhancing the antioxidant, antimicrobial resistance, and anticancer potency of plant-mediated SnO2 and Se doped P-SnO2 NPs by Justicia adhatoda: An in vitro approach

In this work, plant-mediated SnO2 NPs were green synthesized using Justicia adhatoda plant leaf extract, and the synthesized SnO2 powder was doped with Se nanorods at various concentrations (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %). The synthesized sample was characterized using XRD, HRSEM, SEM-EDAX, SEM-EDS, TEM, UV–Vis, and FTIR spectra. Furthermore, we investigated the antibacterial activity of P-SnO2 NPs and Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs at various concentrations of selenium (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) against three gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia) and one gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) using the agar disc diffusion method. Furthermore, an antioxidant activity (DPHH) and cytotoxicity study (HepG2) were performed. Morphological analysis was used to identify the P-SnO2 nanoparticle shape as spherical in shape and the Se nanoparticle shape as a nanorod. The TEM image reveals that 30 % of the Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs exhibit an inner core structure. The TEM image used to identify the size of P-SnO2 NPs is 64 nm, and the Se nanorod is 4.06 nm. The 30 % Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs demonstrate good bacterial activity compared to P-SnO2, and 10 % and 20 % Se-doped P-SnO2 nanoparticles. Antioxidant activity: 30 % Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs show an excellent IC50 value compared to others; the IC50 values of 30 % Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs are 33.71 µg/ml. The cytotoxicity of 30 % Se-doped P-SnO2 NPs exhibits an IC50 value of 121 µg/ml against the HepG2 cell line. So, it is very useful for medicinal applications.

Study of an enhanced photocatalytic hybrid MnO2@SnO2 core-shell Z-scheme nano heterojunction for efficient H2 production

The usage of non-renewable carbon-base fuel energy have created multiple issues such as global warming, environmental degradations etc. Replacing these non-renewable sources of energy with renewable energy (photocatalytic H2 production) is a hot topic for researchers due to its sustainability and eco-friendliness. In this work MnO2, SnO2 and their nanocomposites have been synthesized through simple hydrothermal and co-precipitation methods. The purpose of such nanocomposite fabrication is to synthesize a suitable heterostructure for maximum solar energy harvesting in water splitting. All the prepared samples of pure MnO2, SnO2, and nanocomposites have been characterized through various techniques, which confirm the structure, functional groups, absorbance, morphology, elemental compositions, chemical compositions, and increase in photo-induced current as well as the photostability of such nanocomposites. The highest apparent quantum yield of the optimized MnO2@SnO2 (first time reported as photocatalyst for H2 production) were 21.7% at wavelength 420 nm, which is the highest ever reported for such (MnO2@SnO2) nanocomposite. The enhanced photocatalytic behavior for H2 production has been observed which is 3.67 times greater than pristine MnO2. Such an enhancement is due to the synergistic effect of SnO2 NPs decorated on the NTs of MnO2. The present work provides a novel approach to produce hydrogen with high performance as efficient solar harvesting.

Eco-friendly synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles: A novel strategy for managing early blight and soft rot in tomato crops

Tomato, a globally cultivated crop, is susceptible to early blight (Alternaria solani) and soft rot disease (Pectobacterium carotovorum), resulting in significant yield reductions. In this study, we report the biosynthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) via a novel, eco-friendly route and evaluate their efficacy against these phytopathogens. Characterization of SnO2 NPs revealed a mean particle size of 11.5 nm, uniform distribution, and pure and high crystallinity, as confirmed by TEM, SAED pattern, and P-XRD analysis. The green-synthesized SnO2 NPs achieved 100 % inhibition of fungal growth at 500 μg/mL and displayed a larger zone of inhibition against Pectobacterium carotovorum than the conventional antibiotic streptomycin. A notable decrease in the exponential phase of the OD600 curve and CFU/mL was further observed with increasing concentrations of NPs. They also demonstrated superior antioxidant properties compared to the standard, achieving over 90 % inhibition at a concentration of 300 μg/mL. The Terminalia chebula seed extract not only acts as a stabilizing agent but also exhibit antimicrobial activity. The synergy between the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of the SnO2 NPs and the bioactive compounds from the seed extract enhance the overall effectiveness of the nanoparticles against these pathogens. Our findings suggest that green-synthesized SnO2 NPs offer a promising and sustainable solution for managing early blight and soft rot disease in tomato crops.

Structural, optical, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity of sodium alginate-pluronic-F127-tin dioxide nanoparticles prepared via microwave-assisted green process

The green synthesis of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles is essential because it reduces environmental impact and enhances biocompatibility by using eco-friendly materials and processes. This sustainable approach also minimizes hazardous chemicals, promoting safer and cleaner production methods. The sodium alginate-Pluronic F127-modified SnO2 (SAPFSO) NPs were prepared using the green method using Psidium guajava leaf extract. The SAPFSO NPs exhibit a tetragonal rutile structure from the X-ray diffraction patterns. The FESEM and EDAX spectra identified the morphology and chemical composition. The Sodium Alginate, Pluronic-F127, and SnO2 functional group vibrations can be seen in the FTIR spectra. The DLS spectra and hydrodynamic sizes of SAPFSO NPs were observed at 183 nm. The various surface defects of SAPFSO NPs were identified from the PL spectrum. The antimicrobial activity of SAPFSO NPs was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative strains such as S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, Bacillus megaterium, Proteus valgaris, and Candida albicans fungal strain using the well-diffusion method. To increase the concentration, SAPFSO NPs also increased the antimicrobial activity. The anticancer activity of SAPFSO NPs tested against the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-237). SAPFSO NPs exhibits potential anticancer activity against triple negative breast cancer cell line. These results support that SAPFSO NPs can be applied in healthcare and industrial settings to improve human health.

Small Organic Molecule‐Assisted Mesoscopic Self‐Assembly of SnO2 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of β‐Nitroaldol

AbstractOver the past few decades, huge number of mesoporous materials have been synthesized by using supramolecular assembly of ionic/non‐ionic surfactants as structure‐directing agents (SDAs). Here, we report a facile synthetic strategy to fabricate self‐assembled SnO2 nanoparticles with well‐defined nanocrystalline spherical morphology and mesoporosity using sodium salicylate as a SDA and stabilizing agent. The mesophases of the materials were investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction, TEM and N2 sorption studies. TEM results show that the mesopores are formed by the assembly of ultrasmall SnO2 NPs with broad range of interparticle voids and N2 sorption studies agreed well with this TEM data. This synthesis strategy facilitated the generation of SnO2 NPs with increased surface area and pores of nanoscale dimensions with a large number of exposed surface‐active sites. The photoinduced electron transfer in these materials was investigated by the fluorescence quenching study with pyranine, which suggested the presence of surface Lewis basicity. The materials showed excellent catalytic activity for the synthesis of β‐nitroaldol through the reaction of benzaldehyde and nitromethane. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst could be attributed to the high surface area, presence of numerous surface active sites, and structural robustness of the self‐assembled SnO2 nanostructure. The catalysts exhibited negligible loss in activity after several catalytic cycles.

Impact on bandgap, electrical and magnetic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles by cerium and samarium

Synthesis of undoped, Samarium (Sm) and Cerium (Ce) co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles along with their enhancement in structural and physicochemical properties are reported. The samples have been prepared by co-precipitation method. The tetragonal rutile-type structure from PXRD pattern confirms the synthesized materials and obtained an average crystallite size of 23, 19 and 14 nm for the pure, 2 and 4 wt.% of Sm-Ce co-doped SnO2 NPs. The band at 620 cm−1 is assigned to the bonding of metal-oxygen as O-Sn-O bridging bond of SnO2 through FTIR-spectrum. From UV–DRS analysis, bandgap energy is found to be 3.45, 3.38 and 3.26 eV respectively for pure, 2 & 4 wt.% of Sm-Ce co-doped SnO2 NPs. Photoluminescence emission shows a sharp peak centered at 490 nm, a high intensity peaks at 521 and 538 nm due to blue and green emission. Addition of dopants narrowing the bandgap and reduces the dielectric constant as well as the dielectric loss. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are directly proportional to temperature but inversely proportional to frequency, which shows that both polarizability and the method of charge transfer are impacted by the space charge polarization, which made the material could be a potential candidate in spintronics and high-performance dielectric materials. The effect of Sm-Ce co-dopants enhances the saturation magnetization value from 0.0049067 emu/g to 0.0072245 emu/g. The results exhibit that Sm-Ce (4 wt.%) co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles have strong dielectric and magnetic properties which is a potential candidate for spintronic devices.

Biosynthesis of Tin(IV) Oxide Nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) via Chromolaena Odorata Leaves: The Influence of Heat on the Extraction Procedure

In this study, the biosynthesis of tin(iv) oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) using leaves extract of Chromolaena Odorata was described. Although the traditional extraction method typically requires heating for collecting the extract, this study performed the extraction utilizing free heat. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was performed with the boiled version to recognize any distinctions in the formation of SnO2 NPs. Leaves of C. odorata contains bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenolic flavonoids which potentially serve as effective agents in green synthesis, acting as both reducing and capping agents for Sn4+. The synthesis was conducted at ambient temperature, followed by calcination at 700°C. FESEM images revealed that the morphologies of SnO2 NPs in both samples were uniform and spherical. The presence of O and Sn elements was further confirmed by EDX analysis, with atomic composition of approximately 76% and 23%, respectively. XRD obtained the most prominent peaks of SnO2 NPs which are (110), (101) and (211) in fair sharpness for both samples, with tetragonal structure. Furthermore, the FTIR spectrum affirmed the presence of pertinent functional groups through the vibration and stretching pattern of SnO2 and Sn-OH groups. Based on these findings, the heat-free treatment of C. odorata extract proves to be comparable to the boiled version in mediating biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the preference is towards the traditional process, as the use of heat enhances the extraction process by increasing the abundance of bioactive compounds without undergoing degradation. Additionally, it aids in stabilizing the structure of SnO2 NPs and preventing agglomeration.

Synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles by chemical and biological methods and their applications in high performance supercapacitor electrode, antibacterial and antifungal activity

The advancement of supercapacitor technology is impeded by a dearth of advanced electrode materials that can augment energy storage capabilities. In this-work, we propose a novel, sustainable methodology for synthesizing tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2-PJ NPs) utilizing Prosopis juliflora aqueous leaf extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the first time. These nanoparticles were evaluated in comparison to those synthesized via traditional chemical methods (SnO2-pure NPs). The samples were analyzed using an array of techniques including UV, FTIR, EDX, SEM, PL, XRD and XPS. The results indicated that the SnO2-PJ NPs exhibited superior performance as supercapacitor electrodes in both three-electrode and two-electrode system configurations. The symmetric supercapacitor device SnO2-PJ NPs displayed a high specific capacitance (98 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and energy density (31 Wh kg−1 at 0.35 kW kg−1) in an acidic electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. Additionally, the SnO2-PJ NPs demonstrated exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 100% of their specific capacitance after 10,000 cycles. In conclusion, the SnO2-PJ NPs exhibit tremendous potential as a next-generation energy storage material, owing to their high-power density, high-energy density, and outstanding capacity. Additionally, antibacterial and antifungal activity of synthesized SnO2 NPs is studied. The bio-synthesized SnO2 PJ NPs possesses highest antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (17.0 ± 0.08 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (17.5 ± 0.74 mm) as well as one Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (15.0 ± 0.06 mm) at 200 μl. Furthermore, the bio-synthesized SnO2 PJ NPs possesses highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (10.0 ± 0.11 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (08.0 ± 0.12 mm) at 200 μl. The present work demonstrated an eco-friendly preparation of SnO2 NPs with high-performance supercapacitor electrode, good antibacterial and antifungal properties.

Synthesis, characterization and efficient photo-catalytic performance of methylene blue by Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles

Abstract In this manuscript, we present a facile and friendly sol-gel method to prepare bare and Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles and measured the photocatalytic performance of the materials by measuring the degradation of MB dye under UV light irradiation. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to characterize the materials, including X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of tetragonal SnO2 nanostructures. The average crystallite size of the bare SnO2 nanostructures was found to be 7.4 nm, but the addition of Zn dopant caused the size to increase to 10.5 nm. PL studies shows that the majority of emission energies fell within the SnO2 NPs’ band gap, indicating defects related to oxygen vacancies or Sn interstitials. The morphological analysis of SEM exhibits the various forms of SnO2 nanostructures which are densely agglomerate. The photocatalytic activity of the SZ10 NPs was found to be MB (88 %). The results showed that the Zn doped SnO2 exhibited good photocatalytic activity.

Modulation of Photoactive Nanocomposite Cu Doped SnO2 Anchored on G-C3N4 Polymeric Sheets by Green Synthesis and Degradation of Dye Malachite Green

Wastewater containing harmful dyes such as Malachite green poses a significant environmental challenge because of its high levels of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and toxicity. To address this issue, we developed a photocatalyst consisting of Cu doped SnO2 nanocomposite supported onto g-C3N4 using green synthesis method with the assistance of Murraya paniculata leaves extract. To know about the structural, morphological chemical composition of the synthesized heterojunction several techniques of characterization techniques were employed such as XPS, XRD, BET, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX and UV-Vis spectra. XRD results shows the spherical shape of the particles with the mean grain size of 2.18 and 2.14 nm for Cu doped SnO2 and Cu doped SnO2/g-C3N4 respectively. HRTEM results reveal that the fabricated Cu doped SnO2 shows formation of very small size spherical nanoparticles. The heterojunction Cu doped SnO2/g-C3N4 showed 2-D sheeted structure of g-C3N4 which acts as a translucent layer that captured sphere shaped Cu doped SnO2 NPs. The XPS analysis verifies the existence of Sn, Cu, O, C and N in the synthesized heterojunction. The UV-Visible spectra helped to demonstrate the effective inhibition of plasmonic exciton annihilation within the heterojunction nanocomposite. When exposed to solar light, the designed nanocomposite heterojunction exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MG compared to undoped g-C3N4 and Cu doped SnO2 binary nanocomposite. Radical scavenging studies indicated that •O2– radicals were the principle species accountable for the degradation of MG by the nanocomposite heterojunction. The dye MG photodegraded with pseudo-first order kinetics. The excellent photocatalytic performance and recyclability of nanocomposite can be attributed to its greater surface area, improved separation efficiency of excited e--h+ pairs and superior absorption of visible light.

The Application of Pandan and Soybean Extracts on the Biosynthesis of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Development of benign and efficient approaches towards the replacement of the conventional methods for producing SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) has begun in which a biosynthesis process has been introduced. This study utilizes biomolecules, specifically the flavonoids and carbohydrate groups in pandan and soybean extracts. The biosynthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through relevant spectroscopies. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the absorption bands of SnO2 and Sn-O-Sn groups, with the complete disappearance of peaks associated with untreated pandan and soybean. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated the formation of tetragonal structure in SnO2 NPs with primary peaks at 27o, 34o, and 51o. Additionally, UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) yielded band gap values of 4.86 and 3.45 eV for SnO2 NPs derived from pandan and soybean, respectively. In summary, the application of biosynthesized SnO2 NPs as a potential heterogeneous catalyst for purifying dye-polluted water through a photocatalytic process is highlighted.

Evaluation of incorporation of granite waste and SnO2-NPs into coating mortar for gamma-ray shielding

This study explores the use of waste granite and tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) as replacements for sand in mortar composites containing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Hydrated Lime (HL), and Quarry Sand (QS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed an increase in particle distribution between voids in the control mortar, enhancing photon absorption. The density of the prepared mortar samples exhibited a notable increment, with a 2.12–2.30 g/cm3 increase through the inclusion of SnO2-NPs. Additionally, the Phy-X software was employed to experimentally measure and theoretically calculate the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), demonstrating a high degree of agreement between the two values. The LAC values were found to increase with the replacement ratio of granite waste and SnO2 nanoparticles, demonstrating the effectiveness of these materials as radiation shielding agents. This study investigates the effect of substituting waste granite and SnO2 nanoparticles for sand in mortars, resulting in an increase in LAC levels, indicating potential for improved radiation shielding capabilities, although the degree of change in LAC may be energy-dependent. The half value results (HVL) results demonstrated a significant decrease in required material thickness for radiation shielding applications with numerical values of 1.153, 0.734, 0.456, 0.351, and 0.261 cm for the control, Mor-1, Mor-2, Mor-3, and Mor-4 samples, respectively, at an energy of 0.06 MeV.

In situ biosynthesis, characterization, and degradation of methylene blue dyes from Solanum Crispum flower extracts

Through a natural process of obtaining Solanum Crispum flower extract, Tin-oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) have been synthesized using an eco-friendly process. The physico-chemical properties of the synthesized SnO2 NPs were assessed by Ultraviolet–Visible, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), Raman, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM. A distinctive absorption peak at 267 nm, coupled with a 3.5 eV band gap, was observed in UV–visible spectral analysis. SnO functional groups of synthesized NPs were determined through FTIR at 596 cm−1. An active structural mode and a vibrational mode were identified using Raman spectroscopy, and the crystallographic nature and lattice parameters were studied by X-ray diffraction, and the crystallites were 12 nm in size. Photoluminescence (PL) was used to investigate the existence of defects/vacancies in the lattice site. The surface shape was revealed by SEM analysis. EDX was used to identify the elemental constitution. TEM evidence provided a tetragonal rutile structure for SnO2 NPs, and EDX analysis revealed their chemical purity. The DPPH testing technique was used to determine photo-antioxidant properties. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized SnO2 NPs was also investigated, A better result was obtained with these NPs than with commercially available SnO2 NPs.

Catalytic green synthesis of Tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles for phenolic compounds removal and molecular docking with EGFR tyrosine kinase

In this study, tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized through an eco-friendly method using basil leaves extract. The fabricated SnO2 NPs demonstrated significant adsorption capabilities for phenol (PHE), p-nitrophenol (P-NP), and p-methoxyphenol (P-MP) from water matrices. Optimal conditions for maximum removal efficiency was determined for each phenolic compound, with PHE showing a remarkable 95% removal at a 3 ppm, 0.20 g of SnO2 NPs, pH 8, and 30 min of agitation at 35 °C. Molecular docking studies unveiled a potential anticancer mechanism, indicating the ability of SnO2 NPs to interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain and inhibit its activity. The adsorption processes followed pseudo-second order kinetics and Temkin isotherm model, revealing spontaneous, exothermic, and chemisorption-controlled mechanisms. This eco-friendly approach utilizing plant extracts was considered as a valuable tool for nano-sorbent production. The SnO2 NPs not only exhibit promise in water treatment and also demonstrate potential applications in cancer therapy. Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) provided comprehensive insights into the results.

Synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles promote apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells

Complicated protocols have been used to tune the size of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) in conventional chemical synthesis approaches. In this study, we addressed this issue through the combination of polarity solvent reduction and sonication as a potential strategy for optimizing the size of SnO2 NPs for anticancer applications. Then the anticancer activity and safety of synthesized SnO2 NPs on U-2OS human osteosarcoma cells and normal human osteoblast, NHOst, respectively, were assessed by several assays. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that synthesized SnO2 NPs had a spherical-shaped morphology with an average particle size of about 10 nm. FTIR result showed a broad absorption peak at 649 cm– 1, corresponding to the stretching vibration of the O–Sn–O bond. XRD analysis exhibited eight main peaks, revealing a tetragonal system of rutile-like structure. DLS study showed that synthesized SnO2 NPs had an average hydrodynamic size of 43.93 nm with a zeta potential value of −31.00 mV. Cellular assays displayed that SnO2 NPs mitigate the growth of U-2OS human osteosarcoma cells (IC50: 15.50 µg/mL) with partial cytotoxicity on normal osteoblasts. It was then discovered that SnO2 NPs triggered stress effects by raising the levels of LDH release, ROS, and MDA and lowering those of SOD, CAT activity, and GSH content. Also, it was discovered that SnO2 NPs activated both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways mediated by MMP collapse, elevation of caspase-3, −9, −8 activities and corresponding mRNA, and upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio. Overall, this study found that extrinsic and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways can both be activated by synthesized SnO2 NPs to induce apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. This finding calls for additional research in the future.

Phyto-synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles using Diospyros mollis leaves extract doped graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic methylene blue degradation and hydrogen peroxide production

In this study, tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were combined with graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) to produce the SnO2/gCN composite for photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) degradation and H2O2 production. Specifically, SnO2 NPs were initially prepared using a biological pathway from Diospyros mollis leaves extract, followed by the incorporation on gCN via calcination treatment. Characterization of SnO2/gCN was conducted through analytical methods, including scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 sorption isotherm, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The optical band gap of the nanocomposite was also evaluated to be 2.44 eV using the Tauc plot and UV-DRS, which is lower than pristine gCN. The photocatalytic performance over the optimal 1.0SnO2/gCN sample was resultingly investigated, reaching over 99.76 % of MB degradation efficiency within 120 min, and 4060.78 μM/g.h of H2O2 production rate under visible light radiation. Insights into the mechanism revealed the vital participation of reactive radicals, especially •O2− and •OH, in the degradation of MB molecules, while the reusability of 1.0SnO2/gCN was also maintained after 4 succeeding photocatalytic cycles. Such findings affirm the promising applicability of the constructed SnO2/gCN material in many industries, namely the environmental remediation and cleaner production sectors.

Fabrication of and corrosion prevention mechanisms of tin oxide (SnO2) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for anodic protection of Zn metal surfaces

The hydrothermal approach was utilized to prepare SnO2 and rGO-SnO2 composite, and its physicochemical properties and corrosion resistance application are examined in this study. The results suggest that the SnO2, rGO-SnO2 composite exhibits a well-defined and uniform morphology, with SnO2 NPs homogeneously distributed and anchored on the rGO. XRD analysis confirms the crystalline tetragonal structure with 19.1 nm and 20.8 crystalline size. Further, the corrosion resistance application of the rGO-SnO2 composite is evaluated through electrochemical measurements, such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The composite-coated substrate is subjected to NaCl electrolyte using a Zn plate. The corrosion performance is compared with that of bare Sn and rGO-SnO2 counterparts to assess the synergistic effect of the composite which exhibits enhanced anticorrosion properties. The synergistic effect of Sn and rGO in the composite offers superior corrosion resistance, making it a promising material for various corrosion-prone applications. Overall, the findings contribute to developing novel and effective strategies for combating corrosion, ensuring the durability and reliability of materials in diverse industrial environments.
 KEY WORDS: Sn-rGO composite, Tafel plot, Corrosion protection, Surface analysis, Synergistic effect
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(2), 445-456. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i2.12

Electrochemical sensing of aniline based on bio-inspired cauliflower shaped tin-oxide nanoparticle using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract

The quantitative detection and determination of aniline (AN) in water samples are of significant importance due to its potential to induce adverse effects in humans and other livestock when consumed in excess. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to develop a highly sensitive conductive matrix for the electrochemical detection and quantification of AN in-water samples. In this regard, tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were synthesized using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract for the first time. Upon conducting structural analysis of the synthesized SnO2 NPs, aggregates of spherical nanoparticles were observed, resulting in the formation of a cauliflower-like structural morphology. Subsequently, the cauliflower-shaped SnO2 nanoparticles were drop-casted onto the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode using nafion as a binder, thereby developing an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of AN. Later, differential pulse voltammetry technique was employed to detect AN over a concentration range of 2.0–14.0 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.897 nM based on the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3). Importantly, the sensing of AN remained unaffected by tested interfering species from various pollutants, as confirmed by recovery values (99.2–101.0%) in water samples. These results collectively demonstrate that the newly designed sensor exhibits good selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for the detection of AN.