In situ biosynthesis, characterization, and degradation of methylene blue dyes from Solanum Crispum flower extracts

Abstract

Through a natural process of obtaining Solanum Crispum flower extract, Tin-oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) have been synthesized using an eco-friendly process. The physico-chemical properties of the synthesized SnO2 NPs were assessed by Ultraviolet–Visible, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), Raman, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM. A distinctive absorption peak at 267 nm, coupled with a 3.5 eV band gap, was observed in UV–visible spectral analysis. SnO functional groups of synthesized NPs were determined through FTIR at 596 cm−1. An active structural mode and a vibrational mode were identified using Raman spectroscopy, and the crystallographic nature and lattice parameters were studied by X-ray diffraction, and the crystallites were 12 nm in size. Photoluminescence (PL) was used to investigate the existence of defects/vacancies in the lattice site. The surface shape was revealed by SEM analysis. EDX was used to identify the elemental constitution. TEM evidence provided a tetragonal rutile structure for SnO2 NPs, and EDX analysis revealed their chemical purity. The DPPH testing technique was used to determine photo-antioxidant properties. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized SnO2 NPs was also investigated, A better result was obtained with these NPs than with commercially available SnO2 NPs.