Snakehead Fish Research Articles

Morphology and Phylogenetic Analysis of Henneguya sp. Infecting the Orange-Spotted Snakehead (Channa Aurantimaculata) from Tamil Nadu, India.

Henneguya sp. is a crucial myxosporean parasite known to cause milky flesh or tapioca disease in the freshwater fish population, leading to heavy mortality. Studies to investigate its host range and to monitor their prevalence in wild and aquacultured fish are necessary. The infected orange-spotted snakehead (Channa aurantimaculata) fish samples showing clinical signs such as severe ulceration and open wounds on the mouth and operculum were collected from an ornamental fish-rearing unit in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The sample was diagnosed with myxosporean infection by microscopic observation, morphological records and DNA sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The Henneguya infection was identified in C. aurantimaculata for the first time. Necropsy of the infected fish revealed characteristic multifocal whitish-yellow, oval-shaped cysts measuring 3-5mm in length on the liver and spleen. The wet mount of cysts showed numerous mature Henneguya spores that were uninucleate, elongated, lenticular and ellipsoidal with the bluntly rounded anterior end gradually tapering off to the posterior with a caudal elongation. The spore body measured 12.1 ± 0.9μm (10.1-14.7μm) × 7.1 ± 0.6μm (5.3-8.5μm) with two slightly unequal pyriform polar capsules of 6.1 ± 0.5μm (5.1-7.4 )× 2.5 ± 0.4μm (1.6-3.9) (large); 6.0 ± 0.4μm (5.2-6.4) × 2.5 ± 0.3μm (1.7-3.1) (small) and a caudal elongation of 16.1 ± 1.2μm in length. The parasite was confirmed to be a Henneguya sp. by PCR amplification of SSrRNA followed by gene sequencing. The sequence generated was submitted in the GenBank under accession number PP852214.1 The maximum likelihood analysis revealed that the obtained sequence is a close relative of H. exilis with pairwise sequence variation of 3.3% and a homology of 99.04%. The findings highlight the potential impact of Henneguya sp. on ornamental fish health, underscoring the need for vigilant monitoring and management in India.

In vitro triazophos suppresses innate and cell-mediated immune responses of lymphoid organs in snakehead fish, Channa punctatus

In vitro triazophos suppresses innate and cell-mediated immune responses of lymphoid organs in snakehead fish, Channa punctatus

Effect of Ocimum basiicum L. essential oil microemulsion on the quality of snakehead (Channa argus) under different dipping conditions during cold storage

AbstractBackgroundOcimum basiicum L. essential oil (OBEO) is an herbal essential oil that inhibits microbial activity during food preservation. However, preservation of aquatic products is susceptible to environmental factors. The efficacy of different impregnation techniques was evaluated. In this study, we investigated the application of OBEO in the cold storage process of snakehead fish fillets.ResultsIn terms of microbiological and ammonia content, the best freshness of snakehead fillets was observed under normal impregnation. On the 18th day, the essential oil impregnated group without ultrasonic and vacuum treatment showed a reduction in trimethylamine content by 5.14 mg/100 g, total volatile base nitrogen by 16.32 mg N/100 g, K value by 50.82%, and H2S content by 134.73 mmol/g, as compared to the control group. Similarly, the indexes such as the pH value, free amino acid (FAA) value and ammonia content reflected the bacteriostatic properties of OBEO and the degree of spoilage of snakeheads. In a word, the results showed that although the homogeneity of the emulsion was improved after ultrasonic treatment, it tends to destabilize the snakehead fillets.ConclusionTherefore, this study demonstrated that snakehead fillets exhibited better preservation under normal or vacuum conditions in combination with OBEO impregnation.

Initiation Of PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda To Carry Out Sustainable Development Through Sustainable, Peaceful, And Empowered Paya Nie

Abstract Paya Nie Swamp currently faces a decrease in peatland area from 306 hectares in 2013 to 262 hectares in 2023. This occurred due to community activities that converted it into oil palm and rice fields. Whereas, peatlands hold carbon stocks three times higher than forests, and have major environmental values as water reservoirs. In Paya Nie, there are several illegal activities of the community taking endemic fish, namely snakehead fish using electric shocks, and lack of public awareness of local wisdom to weave purun and protect peatlands. Based on these problems, PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda took the initiative to develop the Paya Nie Lestari, Damai, and Berdaya programs in Blang Me Village, Bireuen Regency. The program is a concrete contribution to the company’s empowerment of the community and conservation of peatlands. The initiation of Paya Nie Lestari, Peaceful, and Empowered is in line with the goals of sustainable development, where the program’s implementation supports the fulfillment of the 10 SDGs. The three sub-programs in it have an integrated goal, which is to conserve peatlands by growing economic value, and implementing green lifestyle ecosystems to support sustainable development.

Bacteriocin Mining in Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PCZ4 with Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity and Its Biopreservative Effects on Snakehead Fish.

Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce antibacterial substances such as bacteriocins, making them promising candidates for food preservation. In our study, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PCZ4-a strain with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity-was isolated from traditional fermented kimchi in Sichuan. Whole-genome sequencing of PCZ4 revealed one chromosome and three plasmids. Through BAGEL4 mining, classes IIa and IIb bacteriocin plantaricin S were identified. Additionally, two new antibacterial peptides, Bac1109 and Bac2485, were predicted from scratch by limiting open reading frames. Furthermore, during refrigerated storage of snakehead fish, PCZ4 crude extract reduced the total bacterial count, slowed the increase in TVB-N and pH values, improved the sensory quality of the snakehead, and extended its shelf life by 2 days. Meanwhile, PCZ4 effectively inhibited the growth of artificially contaminated Aeromonas hydrophila in snakehead fish. These findings indicate that Lp. pentosus PCZ4 can produce multiple antibacterial substances with strong potential for food preservation applications.

Effect Of Combination Of Snakehead Fish Extract (Channa Striata), Meniran ( Phyllanthus Niruri L.), And Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza) On Liver Function And Histopathological Description Of The Liver Of Mice Model Diabetes Mellitus High Fat Diet

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorders characterized by a progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity, resulting in hyperglycemia which causes oxidative stress and damage to liver function. Currently, anti-fibrogenic treatment options are still limited, This study aims to determine the effect of capsules containing a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) on a high fat diet of diabetic melitus model rats. This type of research is an experimental laboratory in vivo with a randomized post test-only control group design. The population of this study is male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the wistar strain with a sample size of 30 mice divided into 5 groups of rats. Data analysis used the SPSS version 26 program which was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. The results of this study found that there was a difference but not significant between SGOT and SGPT between all groups (p>0.05). Therefore, from these results, it can be stated that there is an effect of capsules containing a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) in diabetic mellitus model rats with a high fat diet in improving liver function. It is hoped that further researchers can continue this research by using a combination of snakehead fish extract (Channa striata), meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.), and curcuma (Curcuma xantorrhiza) in repairing damage to other organs other than the liver as a result of diabetes mellitus complications.

Effectiveness of Snakehead Fish Extract on the Healing Time of Perineal Wounds in Postpartum Women Who Experience Perineal Rupture in the Jakarta-Tangerang Region in 2024

Snakehead fish is rich in nutrients, particularly protein and albumin, which are vital for health. Albumin plays a crucial role in the body by aiding the formation of new cell tissue. Without sufficient albumin, cells struggle to regenerate, leading to rapid cell death and hindered development. A study was conducted in the Jakarta-Tangerang area in 2024 to assess the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract on the healing time of perineal wounds in postpartum women with perineal rupture. The study recruited 88 respondents, divided equally into intervention and control groups. Using G-Power Version 3.1.9.4 software, the sample size was determined, and data analysis was performed using independent sample t-tests for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. Results showed that the intervention group had a significantly shorter average healing time (24.01 days) compared to the control group (64.99 days), with a p-value of 0.000, indicating the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract in accelerating perineal wound healing. The study suggests educating women on the benefits of consuming snakehead fish extract to promote faster recovery from perineal wounds.

Analysis of Feeding White Eggs, Cockfish, Binahong Leaves, Belt Leaf Soak, VCO, Pineapple Juice and Honey on Accelerate Healing of Perineum Wounds and Incidents Perineal Wound Infection

Perineal wounds, if not properly treated, are at risk of infection, especially with poor hygiene, inappropriate care, or comorbidities like diabetes. Symptoms of infection include worsening pain, swelling, redness, and fluid or pus discharge, sometimes accompanied by fever or chills. This research aimed to examine the effects of natural remedies—white eggs, snakehead fish, binahong leaves, soaked betel leaves, VCO, pineapple juice, and honey—on accelerating perineal wound healing and reducing infection risk. Using a quasi-experimental quantitative approach with purposive sampling, the study found that these remedies significantly accelerated wound healing compared to a control group, as indicated by a p-value of 0.000 from Mann-Whitney tests. While some in the control group experienced infections, those treated with the natural remedies showed faster healing and fewer infections. The study suggests that using these natural treatments can effectively speed up perineal wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.

The Effect Combining Snakehead Fish Extract, Meniran, and Temulawak on Glycemic Status and Pancreatic Histopathology in High-Fat Diet Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, frequently associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular complications, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In Indonesia, traditional medicine is often favored for its safety and cost-effectiveness compared to synthetic drugs. This study involved 25 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups: a control group, an alloxan and high-fat diet group, a pioglitazone group, a plant extract group, and a combination group. Obesity was induced over 27 days through a high-fat diet, followed by the administration of alloxan to elevate blood glucose levels. Glucose measurements were taken at specified intervals, with HbA1c assessed on day 26, and pancreatic histopathology was analyzed post-study. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in weight gain (p = 0.016) and blood glucose levels (p = 0.003) among the groups. Although no significant difference was observed in blood glucose reduction (p = 0.05), the combination group exhibited the most substantial decrease. One-way ANOVA results demonstrated that the combination of the extract and pioglitazone significantly reduced HbA1c levels (p < 0.001), with the second group showing the highest levels and the fourth group displaying the most pronounced reduction. Histopathological analysis indicated damage to the islets of Langerhans in both the pioglitazone and extract groups. The combination of snakehead fish extract, meniran, temulawak, and pioglitazone effectively lowers blood glucose and HbA1c levels; however, it does not appear to ameliorate islet damage, likely due to oxidative stress resulting from the treatments

Utilization of Snakehead Fish Meal (Channa Striata) and Pumpkin Flour (Cucurbita Moschata) as a Formula for Enteral Diabetes Mellitus

Utilization of Snakehead Fish Meal (Channa Striata) and Pumpkin Flour (Cucurbita Moschata) as a Formula for Enteral Diabetes Mellitus

Feasibility of snakehead fish hatchery (Channa striata) using a round pond in Labuan Amas Selatan district, Hulu Sungai Tengah regency, Kalimantan Selatan province, Indonesia

<p>This study aims to determine the technicalities and analyze the feasibility of <em>snakehead fish</em> (<em>Chana striata</em>) hatchery using round ponds in Labuan Amas Selatan District. The data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is a qualitative descriptive analysis to determine the technical aspects of the fish hatchery, financial analysis to determine the feasibility of the business with profit analysis, Payback Period (PP), Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost (Net B/C), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The study results show that <em>snakehead fish</em> hatchery using round ponds produces <em>snakehead fish</em> seed in 7 cycles in one year; in each cycle, 6–10 pairs of <em>snakehead fish</em> are used, which can be spawned with an average nursery time of 1.5 months. <em>Snakehead fish</em> cultivation techniques include broodstock maintenance, broodstock selection, spawning, larval transfer and maintenance, nursery, harvesting, and marketing. The results of the business feasibility analysis obtained a profit value of IDR 63,465,000/year with a speedy return on investment for 1.64 years, the BEP value of production = 20,742 seed < the production value = 56,000 seed, and the BEP price of IDR 667/seed < the current price = IDR 1,800/seed. The NPV value at the hatchery reached IDR 366,007,925, meaning NPV > 0, Net B/C > 1 value of 4.62, and IRR value of 62.81%, which means it is greater than the current interest rate of 6%. Based on various financial analyses, the <em>snakehead fish</em> hatchery business using round ponds is profitable and feasible.<strong></strong></p>

Remineralizing Potential of Natural Hydroxyapatite from Snakehead (Channa striata) Fish Bone on Remineralization of Primary Teeth Enamel: An In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite from snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone on the surface hardness of the enamel of the primary teeth. Materials and Methods Twenty-six primary maxillary incisors were mounted on self-cured acrylic resin, divided into two groups, and demineralized. Remineralization was performed using hydroxyapatite paste synthesized from C. striata fish bone by the precipitation method. The case group was subjected to 15% hydroxyapatite paste and subsequently submerged in artificial saliva, while the control group was only exposed to artificial saliva. Enamel hardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester after 7 days of treatment. The statistical analysis used in this research was an independent t-test. Results The case group had a surface hardness of 356.192 ± 25.218, and the control group had a surface hardness of 269.686 ± 22.931. Statistical tests showed a significant difference between the case and control groups. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite paste from snakehead (C. striata) fishbone stimulates remineralization of primary teeth, as evidenced by an increase in the enamel surface hardness of the teeth.

Exploring the Potential of Pangasius Catfish Oil as a Base Oil for Nanoemulsion Products: Optimization and Characterization

Pangasius catfish, also known as striped catfish, is a high-fat fish compared to other freshwater fish like snakehead fish and carp. The oil extracted from this fish contains unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial for health. The quality of the oil is affected by the extraction method, especially the preliminary heating temperature for the extraction. Pangasius catfish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that have the potential to inhibit inflammation, hyperpigmentation, accelerate skin healing for topical applications, and act as a skin permeation enhancer and oil base for nanoemulsion due to its high oleic acid content. In this research, an experimental design was conducted on pangasius catfish oil extraction using the pressing method to optimize predetermined parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The factors considered for optimization included the quantity of water and extraction temperatures, with water content ranging from 50% to 150% (w/v) and extraction temperatures ranging from 25°C to 55°C. These ranges were intended to yield results and characterization values of oxidation parameters are tested according to the International Fish Oil Standard (IFOS) through tests including Acid Value (AV), Peroxide Value (PV), Anisidine Value (p-AnV), and Total Oxidation (TOTOX). Subsequently, the optimal conditions were confirmed to obtain the best fish oil results, which were achieved at 1.5 times the amount of pre-treatment water and a pre-treatment temperature of 55°C. The pangasius catfish oil obtained from the confirmation of optimal conditions is used as a raw material for producing nanoemulsions. The D-Optimal Mixture Design of Design Expert approach is utilized to formulate the nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion formula containing 0.5% pangasius catfish oil was determined as the optimal formula according to the range of physical characteristics of the referenced nanoemulsion preparations with a desirability value of 0.974. This study has demonstrated the potential utility of pangasius catfish oil as a prominent base oil in nanoemulsion products.

Characterization and anti-aging activities of Haruan (Channa striata) fish oil

Haruan fish or snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish widely cultivated in Indonesia. Fish oils are believed to have some biological activities which are beneficial to human health, including antioxidant and antiaging activities. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics and yield of Haruan fish oil (HFO) using three extraction methods (steaming, maceration, and pressing), to determine radical scavenging activity (RSA) of fish oils using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and to determine anticollagenase activity of HFO. The extraction of HFO from the flesh part using the steaming method resulted in the highest RSA values either using DPPH or ABTS radicals. HFO could inhibit the activity of collagenase by 26.87±0.391%. The highest yield of HFO was obtained using the steaming method, with extraction yields of flesh and offal of 2.02% and 2.05%, respectively. The acid values (AV) of HFOs obtained from different parts using the steaming method were 1.87±0.04 (flesh part), 1.88±0.07 (head) and 1.93±0.05 (offal). The saponification values (SV) of HFO using the same extraction method were 6.30±0.26, 6.17±0.07, and 6.30±0.23 for flesh, head and offal, respectively. The peroxide (PV) and iodine (IV) values were 85.37±2.86 and 198.51±7.68, 103.70±2.21 and 206.44±5.24, as well as 96.05±2.93 and 193.68±1.70, for flesh, head and offal, respectively. These parameters (AV, SV, PV and IV) met the requirements. Haruan fish oil has the potential to be developed as a source of the human diet.

Organoleptic Characteristics of the Albumin of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) with the Addition of Bay and Basil Leaves

Organoleptic Characteristics of the Albumin of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) with the Addition of Bay and Basil Leaves

Effectiveness of moringa biscuit (Moringa oleifera) and snakehead fish (Channa striata) in improving the nutritional status of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency.

The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of moringa biscuits and snakehead fish in improving the nutritional status of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (CED). The study was a randomized control trial carried out in two stages. The first stage was carried out in 2020, while the second stage was implemented in 2021 in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Thirty pregnant women with CED were divided into two groups. Five pieces of biscuits (60g) were given every day for three months to women in the intervention group while the control group were given biscuits without moringa and snakehead fish. The analysis consisted of paired t-test statistics. The results showed that giving biscuits significantly improved the nutritional status of pregnant women with CED, with the mean body mass index Centre (BMI) having a value of (P 0.000). In contrast, the upper arm circumference did not differ between the intervention and control groups. (P 0.247). We conclude that the consumption of moringa and snakehead fish biscuits provides a higher average contribution of energy and nutrients in pregnant women with CED.

The Effect of Consuming Snakehead Fish on Wound Healing in Post Appendectomy Patients at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital

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Formulation and Evaluation of Hard Candy Preparation as an Innovative Internal Wound Medicine from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Albumin Extract

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is another alternative source of albumin protein because it is known to contain important compounds for the human body including high protein, fat, water, and the mineral zinc (Zn). The albumin content in Snakehead fish is an important protein needed by the body and is useful for wound healing. This study aims to make preparations by modifying Snakehead fish albumin into hard candy while maintaining the albumin content. Thus, a more effective way to be consumed in accelerating wound healing was found. The treatment used is Snakehead fish albumin extract with concentrations including F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Tests were conducted physically (organoleptic test) and chemically (moisture content test, ash content test, and wound growth activity test). Formulation and evaluation of hard candy preparations of Snakehead fish albumin extract (Channa striata) can be declared successful, as evidenced by the formation of 5 successful formulations into hard candy preparations as evidenced by the results of organoleptic tests, water content tests and ash content tests that have met the standards.

Pengaruh Pemasaran Digital Berbasis Media Sosial terhadap Efektivitas Penjualan dan Jangkauan Pasar AR Snakehead Fish di Kotawaringin Barat

This research aims to evaluate the influence of social media-based digital marketing on the sales effectiveness and market reach of AR SnakeHead Fish in West Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan Province. The method used is quantitative by collecting data through observation, interviews and questionnaires. The research population consisted of active and potential consumers in West Kotawaringin, with samples taken randomly. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS software. The research results show that user interaction and posting frequency have a significant effect on sales effectiveness and market reach. Digital marketing via TikTok is able to increase sales and significantly expand the market reach of AR SnakeHead Fish in West Kotawaringin.

FORMULATION OF SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING SYSTEM (SNES) CONTAINING SNAKEHEAD FISH EXTRACT PROTEIN INCORPORATED INTO CORN OIL BY HYDROPHOBIC ION PAIRING METHOD

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the protein complexation of snakehead fish extract using the hydrophobic ion pairing method with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as a complexing ligand could be loaded into the corn oil component of the SNES and to explore the ratio of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant in the Self-Nanoemulsifying System (SNES) formula that can produce good SNES characteristics. Methods: Snakehead fish proteins were extracted using pressurized hot water and then complexed with SDS at acidic pH. The SDS-protein complex was loaded into the oil component of the SNES and then combined with the surfactant component (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (propylene glycol) in a ratio of 1:9:1, which, based on the preliminary miscibility screening, has the best miscibility among other screening results. Results: The results of the study were as follows. The binding efficiency of the SDS-protein-complex was 31.74% and the loading efficiency into SNES was 83.17%. The nanoemulsion formed had visible light transmittance of 100.4%, particle size 72.7 nm, zeta potential-53.03 mV, and emulsification time 71.67 seconds. The nanoemulsion was stable at storage and 100 and 1000 times dilution challenges using aqueous media, Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF), and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF). Conclusion: The hydrophobic ion-pair complexation of snakehead fish protein extract with SDS as the complexing ligand was able to load the protein into the oil component of SNES and the ratio of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant in the SNES formula that produce good SNES characteristics was corn oil, Tween 80, and propylene glycol at a ratio of 1:9:1