Snakehead Fish Research Articles

Short term effect of p-nonylphenol (p-NP) on serum metabolites of snake head fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

Short term effect of p-nonylphenol (p-NP) on serum metabolites of snake head fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

The effect of aquous extract of johar leaves (Senna siamea) injection on survival rate and blood profile of snakehead fish (Channa striata)

Aqueous extract of johar leaf contains metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, sponins, tannins, phenols, anthraquinones, anthocyanins, and cardiac glycosides which can be used to substitute commercial antibiotics. The use of aqueous extract of johar leaf has been known to have antibacterial activity in vitro. This study aims to determine the effect of aqueous extract of johar leaves (Senna siamea) injection on survival and blood profile of snakehead fish (Channa striata) in vivo. This research was a laboratory study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications with a total sample of 75 snakehead fish. The fish in KA, KB, KC and KD groups were injected with aqueous extract of johar leaves with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% respectively, while in KE group the fish was injected with distilled water (control). The parameters of this study were the survival rate and blood profile of snakehead fish. Blood hematology examination included calculation of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit percentage, leukocyte count, and thrombocyte count. The research data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and followed by Duncan's Multiple Distance test. Injection of aqueous extract of johar leaf did not affect the survival rate of snakehead fish. However, hemoglobin and platelet levels significant decrease in the group given 60% concentration of aqueous extract of johar leaf. It can be concluded that aqueous extract of johar leaf at a concentration of 10%, 20%, 40% is safe to use in snakehead fish.Keywords:Johar leaves extractSnakehead fishBlood profileSurvival rate

Penyembuhan Luka Post Sectio Cesarea (SC) Dengan Ekstrak Ikan Gabus (Channa Striata)

The fulfilment of high protein is one of the determinants of wound healing. Snakehead fish (Channa Striata) is a fish that has high protein and albumin. Protein supplies amino acids needed for tissue repair and regeneration, thereby influencing wound healing. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of snakehead fish extract on wound healing in post section-caesarean (SC). The research design used a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The population was all postpartum with SC, with as many as 30 mothers at Permata Hati Hospital, Malang. The research sample was 30 respondents divided into two groups (intervention and control groups as many as 15 postpartum, respectively). The intervention group receive a daily dose of 1000 mg of the fish extract and antibiotics, while the control group was given antibiotics only for 14 days. Wound status was assessed with the REEDA scale. The data were analyse using univariate and bivariate with an Independent t-test. Results showed there was a significant difference in wound status between groups (p = 0.0010.05). It can be concluded there was a significant effect of Channa Striata extract on post section-caesarean wounds among participants. Snakehead fish has the highest albumin content and support the wound healing process, especially for post-operative patients. Further research on the benefits of snakehead fish extract in increasing haemoglobin levels among post-partum mothers with anaemia is needed.

Isolation and Characterization of Snakehead Fish Meal Extract with Fresh, Boiled, and Steamed Treatments and Its Potential for Health Drinks and Immunomodulators

Isolation and Characterization of Snakehead Fish Meal Extract with Fresh, Boiled, and Steamed Treatments and Its Potential for Health Drinks and Immunomodulators

Provision Of Fish Steak And Color Fruit Service In Increasing Iron And Hemoglobin Levels Patients Of Hiv/Aids

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a microorganism in the form of a virus that enters the human body that attacks the immune system so that it weakens the body's ability to fight diseases. To overcome the problem of anemia in HIV patients, additional foods can be given that contain high protein, iron (Fe), Zn and vitamin C which can help absorb iron, one of which is the provision of cork fish steak which is used as a snack or snack and juice. colored fruit juice. Giving snakehead fish steak combined with colored fruit juice has the potential to increase iron and hemoglobin levels in HIV/AIDS sufferers to reduce anemia. This study aims to determine the effect of giving snakehead fish steak and colored fruit juice to increase iron (Fe) and hemoglobin (Hb). This study uses a quantitative method with the type of Pre-Experiment which is designed in a one group pre-test post-test design and the population is all 20 inpatients. The results of the paired t-test obtained p-value = 0.000. The conclusion is that there is an effect of giving snakehead fish steak and colored fruit juice to increase iron (Fe) and hemoglobin (Hb). It is recommended for people with HIV/AIDS who have problems with low levels of iron (Fe) in the blood and hemoglobin (Hb) in order to take advantage of snakehead fish steak as food/snack and colored fruit juice as a drink. So that way, people with HIV / AIDS can always be fresh and fit in carrying out activities in their lives.
 

Effects of Glutamine Starvation on SHVV Replication by Quantitative Proteomics Analysis

Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV), a strain of negative-stranded RNA viruses extracted from sick snakehead fish (Ophicephalus striatus), may pose a threat to the health of snakehead fish. Previous research has proved that the replication of SHVV can be significantly inhibited by glutamine starvation. To study how glutamine starvation inhibits SHVV replication, channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells with SHVV cultivated in the glutamine-free medium or the complete medium were used to investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The results showed that 124 up-regulated and 246 down-regulated proteins were involved in many viral replication physiological processes, such as autophagy, post-translational modifications machinery, and functional pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, a few proteins, such as Akt and Hsp90, which have been confirmed to be involved in the replication of RNA viruses, were also significantly differentially expressed. Taken together, our study demonstrated that glutamine starvation affects various functional pathways and the expression of some key proteins related to RNA viral replication, which will benefit future studies on the replication mechanisms of SHVV and the prevention of SHVV infection.

Pemanfaatan By Product Pengolahan Ekstrak Albumin Ikan Gabus Menjadi Abon Ikan Di LPM Kelurahan Sekumpul

The by-product of processing snakehead fish albumin extract is obtained in the form of fish meat with a tasteless taste because the fish juice has been separated in the form of albumin extract. The by product can still be used as other processed products, by adding a mixture of spices to obtain a product, namely shredded fish. The objectives of this service activity are (1) to increase the added value of by product processing snakehead fish albumin extract into a selling value product, namely shredded fish and (2) as an effort to accelerate community empowerment in an area by utilizing local potential in the area. The method of PKM activities at LPM Kelurahan Sekumpul uses counseling, training, demonstration and evaluation techniques of service activities. The conclusions of this service activity, namely (1) the processing of shredded fish is an effort to optimize the utilization of by-product processing of snakehead fish albumin extract into products that have economic value; (2) shredded fish made from snakehead fish albumin can be an option to increase fish consumption in an effort to meet the nutritional adequacy of the community, especially the fulfillment of animal protein sources; (3) the results of the evaluation of the level of understanding of the target audience on the criteria of understanding and practicing the service material increased by 46.7%, then on the criteria of understanding and not practicing it decreased by 26.6% and on the criterion of understanding slightly decreased by 20%.

Comparative Study of the Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Ability of Soups Made from Wild and Farmed Snakehead Fish (Channa Argus)

In recent years, fish soup has become an important product for commercial processing of fish due to its health effects. In this study, nutritional composition and antioxidant ability of soups prepared from farmed and wild snakehead fish were analyzed (hereafter FS and WS soup, respectively). For the FS soup, the proximate composition of protein, fat, ash, free amino acids, and soluble peptides were 2.55%, 0.89%, 0.92%, 0.47%, and 0.62%, respectively. The total amino acid was 390.11 mg/ g, and the proportion of essential amino acid was 27.59%. The total fatty acid was 13.64 g/100 g, of which monounsaturated fatty acid was 5.78 g/100 g, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid 3.50 g/100 g, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid 0.41 g/100 g, respectively. The contents of Zn and Ca were 9.04 mg/ kg and 1.13 mg/ g, respectively. The DPPH radical-scavenging ability, Fe2+ chelating ability, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability was 57.89%, 21.21%, and 25.61%, respectively. Overall, there was no obvious difference in the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity between the FS and WS soups. The protein content (1.90%) of the WS soup was relatively lower, but the total fatty acid (16.22 g/100 g), MUFA (7.17 g/100 g), and Zn (12.57 mg/ kg) contents were significantly higher.

Asphyxiation Induced Alterations in the Glycogen Content of Snake Headed Fish, Channa Punctatus (Bloch, 1972), Godavari River, Nanded

Asphyxiation Induced Alterations in the Glycogen Content of Snake Headed Fish, Channa Punctatus (Bloch, 1972), Godavari River, Nanded

Profil Bobot Molekul Protein, Cemaran Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Dan Kadmium (Cd), Serta Bakteri Escherichia coli Pada Ekstrak Cair Ikan Gabus (Channa striata)

The Snakehead fish extract is one of the fish extracts that has many benefits and has been used in the health sector such as emulsifiers, skin health drugs, helping muscle formation and growth, accelerating wound healing, maintaining fluid balance in blood vessels, improving poor nutrition, and being healthy. for digestion so that the quality characteristics of the extract need to be researched and maintained to be used. This study aims to determine the quality characteristics of the liquid extract of snakehead fish (Channa striata) based on quality parameters such as protein molecular weight profile, heavy metal contamination of lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), and bacterial contamination of Escherichia coli. Snakehead fish extract was obtained using the steaming extraction method at a temperature of 60oC, for 6 hours to obtain albumin levels of 12.549 mg/g, protein molecular weight profile analysis detected 7 major bands and 1 minor band in the molecular weight range 19.05 kDa - 92, 72 kDa, where the molecular weight of albumin protein is suspected to be in band number 3 53.72 kDa, E.coli bacteria contamination < 3 APM/g and heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were not detected.

ARAKTERISASI SIMPLISIA DAGING IKAN GABUS (CHANNA STRIATA)SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU SEDIAAN OBAT PENYEMBUHAN LUKA

Characterization is the initial stage of standardization to determine the quality of simplicia. The quality of simplicia is influenced by raw materials, manufacturing process, the storage. Snakehead fish from natural ingredients has been shown to contain nutrients that can accelerate wound healing. This study aims to determine the characterization of snakehead fish (Channa striata) and snakehead fish meat simplicia originating from Sungai Itik Village, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan as raw material for wound healing drug preparations. Characterization was carried out biologically including habitat and morphology, physically including organoleptic, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content, and chemically including protein and albumin qualitative tests. The results of the characterization of snakehead fish come from the waters around the Itik River with environmental conditions that are still not polluted. The head shape of the snakehead fish is like a snakehead, the body is blackish brown with dark band-shaped rows (striata), the belly is white to yellowish-white, and there is a labyrinth. The results of simplicia characterization of snakehead fish meat had a water content of 81.6% and 8.97%, ash content of 0.813% and 5.17%, and acid insoluble ash content of 0.02%. The results of the qualitative test of protein and albumin were declared positive for containing protein and albumin. Based on the results of the characterization that has been carried out, it can be obtained snakehead fish meat simplicia with good quality.

Association of size structure, diet composition, endo-parasites of Snakehead fish (Channa striata, Bloch), in Lake Mainit, Caraga Region, Philippines

Channa striata Bloch is a type of indigenous freshwater fish abundant in Lake Mainit and it serves as a source of foods and finances of the people. This species was reported as an intermediate host of many helminth parasites. This research aimed to determine the association of endo-parasites, diet composition, and length and weight in snakehead fish C. striata Bloch in three selected municipalities along Lake Mainit, Caraga Region, Philippines. The results revealed that food items found in the stomach of the fish were mostly composed of shrimps, plant debris, fish, crab, detritus (dry & wet seasons), aquatic insects and snail (wet season). Among the seven food items, highest index of relative importance (IRI) value observed are shrimps in both wet and dry seasons. A nematode parasite was recovered in the gut of the fish samples. Out of 180 fish samples, 133 were infected with Procamallanus sp. The prevalence was higher in the dry season compared to the wet season. However, parasite intensity and diet count of C. striata Bloch. showed no significant variations between sampling sites and seasons. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the intensity of the parasite count to the length and weight of the fish; the association between parasite count and diet count during dry and wet seasons showed a strong positive correlation. The results indicated that C. striata Bloch is susceptible to Procamallanus sp. nematode infection because of its carnivorous diet and serves as the vector or intermediate host in freshwater. Thus, more fish samples, the host’s age, host’s sex, the study gap, infection rate of the fish organs, and assessment of the physico-chemical parameters in future studies must be used.

Utilization of Striped Snakehead Fish and Tofu Dregs in Making Nugget

This research aimed to get the best formulation of striped snakehead fish and tofu dregs nuggets based on Indonesian National Standard SNI 7758-2013. A completely randomized design was conducted with five treatments, which were the ratios of striped snakehead fish and tofu dregs, such as 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, and 70:30, and three replications. Data showed a significant effect of the ratio of striped snakehead fish and tofu dregs on moisture, ash, protein, crude fibre content, and descriptive analysis in sensory evaluation and overall hedonic test on nugget. The nugget from the ratio of striped snakehead fish and tofu dregs 90:10 was the best formulation with a moisture content of 64.66%, an ash content of 1.04%, protein content of 9.69%, a fat content of 0.65%, and crude fibre content of 0.61%. The descriptive sensory analysis showed that the nugget had a white color inside and a golden yellow outside, flavored with striped snakehead fish, a bit chewy, and had a striped snakehead fish taste.

Gain of function studies on predicted host receptors for white spot virus

Three decades after its first outbreak, the shrimp white spot virus (WSV) is still a global cause of concern due to considerable losses and lack of effective control measures. Several candidate host receptor proteins have been identified, but the pathogenesis is not clearly understood, although the key role of the WSV envelope protein VP28 in virus internalization is established. Here, protein-protein docking is applied to evaluate the interaction of VP28 trimeric extracellular region with four host (Penaeus monodon) receptors reported earlier, Rab7 GTPase (PmRab7), glucose transporter 1 (PmGLUT1), C-type lectin (PmCTL) and calreticulin (PmCRT). The stability of predicted complexes evaluated in terms of binding energy per unit buried surface area ranged from −8.46 to −11.82 cal mol−1/Å2, which is not sufficient for functional interaction. Nevertheless, each of these host proteins was tested by a gain-of-function approach by observing their ability to make a fish cell line permissive to the shrimp WSV. Full-length expression constructs of the four receptors were transfected into SSN1 snakehead fish cells that are non-permissive to WSV. Transfected SSN1 cells and WSV permissive insect Sf9 cells were challenged with purified WSV. After 24 h, the presence of receptor transcripts was confirmed in the treated SSN1 cells, and not in the non-transfected SSN1 cells. Further, vp28 transcript was detected in Sf9 cells, but not in any of the treated SSN1 cells, indicating that none of the receptors were singly sufficient to make SSN1 cells permissive to WSV, even though PmRab7 was a strong candidate that alone showed >85% protection in virus neutralization experiments. For the other 3 candidates, previous reports predicted the involvement of co-receptors, which is confirmed here by their inability to act singly.

Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Freshwater Snake Headed Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

The snake-headed fish, Channa sp. Bloch (Actinoptrygii: Channidae) is animportant component of inland fishery in the Indian subcontinent and one of the fashionable commercial fish. The industrialized effluents’ accomplishment to the aquatic ecosystem is one of the foremost causes of environmental pollution, and its hazardous influence on the exposed edible fishes may be a serious threat to human health. The present investigation has been designed to study the effects of sublethal concentrations of paper mill effluent on the serum glucose, serum lactic acid, liver glycogen, and liver lactic acid contents of Channa punctatus (Bloch) after in vitro exposure for96 hours. The investigation recorded a significant increase in serum glucose, serum lactic acid, and liver lactic acid contents with a significant quantitative decline in liver glycogen among effluent exposed fishes were recorded during the investigation. Thus the authors supposed to propose that the carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater snake-headed fish, C. punctatus affected during effluent exposure based on their experimental findings.

The effect of snakehead fish (Channa striata) cookies supplementation on fetal growth and birth outcomes: A randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: An estimated 15–20% of all births worldwide are low birth weight (LBW). In Indonesia, the LBW incidence reached more than 10% in 2013. Improved maternal nutrition is needed by providing high-calorie-protein supplementation for pregnant women to prevent intrauterine growth retardation and LBW. OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of snakehead fish (Channa striata) cookies supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth and birth outcomes. METHODS: A total of 50 pregnant women were included in this randomized clinical trial study and were randomly allocated into two groups: treatment and controls. Subjects in the treatment group received supplementation of snakehead fish cookies during pregnancy until giving birth as much as 75 g per day, while subjects in the control group received standard cookies. The snakehead fish cookies underwent a formulation process and were tested for nutrient content and microbial contamination to ensure safety before being given to the subjects. Fetal growth was monitored monthly using 2-dimensional ultrasonography. RESULTS: The average intake of cookies did not differ between the two groups (Control 69.6 (16.8)% vs Snakehead fish 64.6 (15.3)%, p = 0.278). There were no significant differences in fetal estimated fetal weight, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, birth weight, and birth length between the treatment and control groups (p > 0.05). However, the fetal growth measurements on the subjects who consumed snakehead fish cookies were practically higher than those who ate standard cookies. CONCLUSION: The snakehead fish cookies did improve the fetal growth measurements but the results were not significantly different when compared to standard cookies.

INNOVATIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN

Introduction: Skin is the organ of the body that is exposed mostly to the microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses are usually responsible for the infection of the skin. Due to lack of penetration through the stratum corneum of conventional systems used in infectious diseases of the skin leads to a decrease in bioavailability. For this reason, nanoscale drug delivery systems that could be used in infectious diseases of the skin are currently being investigated.
 Areas covered: In this review, innovative studies conducted over the years are presented. New topical formulations such as nanoparticles, microemulsions, liposomes, nanofibers and micelles etc are widely used and topic of research for many researchers.
 Conclusion: Studies have shown that the smaller size and control of these delivery systems provide more effective treatment by increasing drug penetration into the skin. It has been found that drug delivery systems provide a better antimicrobial effect, especially in resistant infections caused by MRSA.
 Keywords: drug delivery systems, modified release dosage forms, skin infectious diseases, topical.
 
 Peer Review History: 
 Received: 17 July 2022; Revised: 16 August; Accepted: 4 September, Available online: 15 September 2022
 Academic Editor: Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu
 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. 
 Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
 Reviewers:
 Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye
 Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr
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Effects of dietary quercetin on growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response and immune-related gene expression in snakehead fish, Channa argus

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin-supplemented in diet on growth, antioxidant capacity and immune response and immune-related gene expression of Channa argus (C. argus) (initial weight, 24.50 ± 0.24 g). A basal diet was supplemented with quercetin at 0, 150, 300 or 450 mg kg−1 and feed to C. argus 56 days. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly increased (P < .05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly decreased (P < .05) with the increase of dietary quercetin levels from 0 to 450 mg kg−1. Supplemented quercetin (150, 300 or 450 mg kg−1) significantly enhanced (P < .05) serum or tissues superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lysozyme (LZM) activity and complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration. Meanwhile, quercetin administration significantly up-regulated (P < .05) the expression of immune-related cytokines (interleukin-1β[IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α[TNF-α], interleukin-8[IL-8], interleukin-10[IL-10]) in liver, spleen, kidney and intestine of C. argus. These results indicated that dietary supplement quercetin could enhance growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response and regulated immune-related genes expression of C. argus, with greatest effects in C. argus given 300 mg kg−1 quercetin for 56 days.

Seasonal immune rhythm of leukocytes in the freshwater snakehead fish, Channa punctatus.

Annual rhythms are observed in many physiological processes and are an important approach to cope with seasonal stressors. The use of lower vertebrates as an experimental model is crucial to understand the evolution of this biological clock. This study aims to characterize the seasonal variability in the leukocyte immune responses in Channa punctatus. Leukocytes were harvested from peripheral blood and respiratory burst activity, leukocyte phagocytosis, and nitrite production were assessed to study innate immunity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were segregated by centrifugation (density gradient) and proliferative responses of lymphocytes, in the presence of mitogens, were used to study cell-mediated immunity. Annual rhythms were validated in superoxide anion production, nitrite release and phagocytosis. Cosinor analysis revealed a differential pattern of lymphocyte proliferation which was dependent upon season and mitogen used. It was concluded that seasonal variation in immune activity might be associated with annual adaptation against diseases and the optimum immune status of seasonal breeders like fish helps them fight seasonal changes.

Extraction of Dissolved Protein of Channa striata from Tarakan, North Borneo as a Source of Fish Serum Albumin

Extraction of dissolved protein of Channa Striata from Tarakan, North Borneo, as a source of fish serum albumin has been done. Albumin is a water-soluble protein and it is applied in various fields, including health, industry, and technology. The many benefits of albumin make albumin very important. However, albumin is a protein found in the body of living things, so it is necessary to perform the separation process. One of the living things that contain relatively high albumin is snakehead fish (Channa striata). The dissolved protein was extracted from snakehead fish meat using water as a solvent at a temperature of 50 °C. The protein obtained was characterized using proximate analysis and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Spectrophotometer. The proximate analysis showed that the water, the fat, and the protein content were 8.67%, 3%, and 64.18%, respectively. The FTIR spectrum showed an amide group at 1600-1700 cm−1 which is important in the albumin functional group. This study shows that snakehead fish in Tarakan, North Kalimantan has the potential as a source of fish serum albumin.