Smoking Advertisements Research Articles

Differences in Adolescents' Smoking Behavior and Media Exposure to Smoking Advertisements in Urban and Rural Padang City

Differences in Adolescents' Smoking Behavior and Media Exposure to Smoking Advertisements in Urban and Rural Padang City

Correlates of tobacco smoking among residents of an urban community in Northern Nigeria

Smoking is a public health problem that is a significant risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and cancers. Smoking accounts for one in every five deaths among men and one in every 20 deaths among women globally. World health organization (WHO) has estimated that about 1.3 billion people smoke worldwide, and the vast majority of these people live in developing countries. This study seeks to determine the correlates of tobacco smoking among residents of Katsina local government. A cross-sectional study that enrolled 384 respondents was adopted in this study. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the respondents for the survey. Data collected were analyzed with SPSS v22 software. The results showed that the questionnaire response rate was 98.9% (n=380). The mean age of the respondents was 25.7 ± 11.8 years, all-time prevalence of smoking is 28.9% (n=110), and prevalence among those actively smoking is 21.5% (n=82). The mean number of cigarettes smoked by individual respondents daily was 8.9 ± 5.6, with a mean smoking duration of 4.6 ± 4.2 years. The mean number of people that smoke in households was 2.0 ± 1.5. Males are almost three times (aOR=2.8, 95% CI=1.94-4.02) more likely to smoke. Parental smoking (aOR=3.3, 95% CI= 2.61-4.30), peer influence (aOR=6.9, 95% CI=4.45-10.7), and media advertisements (aOR=4.5, 95% CI=3.52-5.99) are strong predictors of smoking in the community. In conclusion, the prevalence of smoking in the community was high, and the likelihood of smoking behaviour of the individual is influenced by peer group, parental smoking and exposure to pro-smoking advertisements. Health education and strong tobacco control policies are needed to address the problem of smoking.

A Proibição da Publicidade de Tabaco na Constituição Material Brasileira: Reflexões a partir da Convenção Quadro de Controle do Tabaco

O tabagismo é a principal causa evitável de morte no mundo, de modo que se deve adotar medidas efetivas para o controle de tabaco, dentre as quais a proibição de propaganda, promoção e patrocínio pelas empresas de tabaco. Para responder a esta epidemia, a Lei n.° 9.294, de 15 de julho de 1996, proíbe a propaganda comercial de tabaco, cuja constitucionalidade fora questionada no Supremo Tribunal Federal, sob alegação de violação do princípio da proporcionalidade. Nesse toar, o presente trabalho científico tem como objetivo principal apresentar, a partir de uma pesquisa doutrinária e legislativa, argumentos favoráveis no sentido de que a publicidade do tabaco está vedada pela própria Constituição Federal e que, por consequência, não há qualquer vício de inconstitucionalidade na proibição legal da propaganda do tabaco.

Smoking Advertisements and Its Impact on Human Behavior

Advertisements facilitate households to respond to adjust behavior. This study has designed to examine the behavior of individuals about their future health behavior related choices in the light of pro- and antismoking advertisements respectively. Both advertisement follow the Health Belief Model which states that an advertisement must cover the cycle of exposure, recognition, receptivity and agreement respectively. This primary study which covers 222 respondents in order to judge the socioeconomic factors affecting the future decisions of the individuals about smoking using Multinomial Logit Model. This study concluded for prosmoking advertisement, only T.V and movies are encouraging individuals to smoke. However; in anti-smoking advertisement, we have found T.V and movies & magazines and newspapers are also discouraging individuals to smoke. The study indicates that purchase of merchandise promotes individuals to smoke, whereas, the antismoking law is discouraging individuals to smoke.

Behavioral effects of smoking advertisements on adults’ affective response towards tobacco products

Event Abstract Back to Event Behavioral effects of smoking advertisements on adults’ affective response towards tobacco products Stefanos Xefteris1*, Charis Styliadis1, Evangelia Romanopoulou1 and Panagiotis D. Bamidis1 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Greece Advertising and marketing techniques revolve around capturing attention and stimulating desire for the promoted items[1], [2]. Marketing techniques endeavor to hold the attention, increase receptivity and heighten susceptibility to the use of the advertised product, more so when the message is smoking[2]–[4]. Our study aims at evaluating, via behavioral, non-invasive measures, the affective response while viewing smoking advertisements -of various communication styles- that promote tobacco products. It is crucial to identify the impact of tobacco product advertisements not only on adult smokers but also on prospective consumers [5]. In order to address this issue, we administered an online questionnaire to a large sample of adults (n=175, mean age= 36.98±9.15 years, females= 118, non-smokers= 123 high income= 82). The questionnaire consisted of 326 questions. Twenty-six questions assessed the socio-demographics (e.g. income status, heavy/light smokers) as well as the smoking habits of the participants and the rest assessed their affective response towards 60 images (5 questions/image) that depicted smoking advertisements of recurring communication styles (10 images/ recurrent style). Specifically, we evaluated the participants’ responses along five axes; emotion elicitation (valence), arousing effect (activation), easiness of interpretation (understanding), appreciation of advertisement content (color, text, slogan) and consumer intentions towards specific brands. The questionnaire duration was approximately 15-20 minutes. We also deployed a small scale eye tracking experiment in order to assess an additional measure regarding the participants’ intentions during the free exploration of the same 60 advertisements. Our small sample consisted of 11 participants (mean age= 45.45±16.11 years, females= 4, non-smokers= 6, high income= 8) of normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Participants passively viewed 60 advertisement images for a duration of 6 seconds on a homogenous black background. Stimuli and inter-stimuli (fixation cross) were projected centered on screen. Each run began with the projection of a fixation cross for 10 seconds. Their gaze data were collected with the Eye-tribe Pro tracker. By processing the videos and eye tracking data, we produced datasets that mirror the subjects’ attitude. Our results include gaze maps for each subject and image, as well as cumulative gaze maps per image and per category of subjects (all smokers, non-smokers, female smokers, female non-smokers, male smokers and male non-smokers). The internet survey results indicate that there is a difference between smokers and non-smokers on the way the advertisements affect them emotionally. In addition, male participants (smokers and non-smokers) showed a preference for advertisements with human elements (faces, body figures). A similar outcome was found for female smokers, who showed a greater overall appreciation on this kind of advertisements. Furthermore, male non-smokers seem to be a more easily reached audience by any kind of smoking advertisements as they were able to efficiently interpret their meaning. The eye tracking results (albeit with a small subject pool) indicate that non-smokers in contrast to smokers, prioritize their focus on the elements of the advertisements that depict cigarette packs. On the other hand, smokers tend to focus more on elements such as faces and scenery rather than those related to the actual product. However, all participants fixated more on the regions of the advertisements depicting the actual tobacco product (cigarette pack) when it was displayed in close proximity to human faces. In the absence of human elements, the participants were attracted more by the symbolic elements of the advertisements rather than the actual product itself. Not surprisingly, the textual anti-smoking messages depicted on various advertisements only slightly attracted the participants’ gaze. Overall, we report that adults’ current smoking and future smoking intentions are in close relation to marketing exposure. The findings of the present study indicate factors of marketing penetration even to non-smokers and may potentially impact policy design for the comprehensive approach to reduce and hopefully eliminate the function of marketing in smoking promotion[6], [7]. Assessing aspects of advertisement effectiveness enables us to formulate more efficient control policies so as to prevent the general public from being overly affected by advertisement content. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the SmokeFreeBrain European Project GA no. 681120.

Statistical evaluation of intentions of adults towards smoking advertisements

Statistical evaluation of intentions of adults towards smoking advertisements

Cigarette smoking and perception of its advertisement among antenatal clinic attendees in referral health facilities in Enugu, Nigeria.

The most predominant form of tobacco use is cigarette smoking, and it poses serious threats to maternal and child health. The magnitude of cigarette smoking in pregnancy in our environment is not well-known. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among pregnant women in Enugu, Nigeria as well as their exposures and perceptions of cigarette smoking advertisement. Questionnaires were administered to a cross-section of pregnant women randomly selected from three hospitals in Enugu, South-East Nigeria, from May 2, 2012 to June 12, 2012. Analysis was both descriptive and inferential at 95% confidence levels. The prevalence of tobacco smoking in pregnancy was 4.5% (9/200). Over 90% of respondents admitted that cigarette smoking could harm both mother and unborn baby. In all, 79.5% (159/200) of respondents had seen or heard of advertisement for cigarette smoking as against 82.5% (165/200) that had seen or heard of antismoking advertisement (P = 0.444, odds ratio = 1.2 [95% confidence intervals: 0.74, 2.00]). The prevalence of cigarette smoking in pregnancy in Enugu, Nigeria was low, and there was high exposure to both pro-and anti-smoking advertisement. The awareness of harmful health effect of smoking was high but, that of the specific diseases associated with smoking in pregnancy was limited. Hence, antenatal classes and antismoking advertisement should be scaled-up to include maternal and peri-natal diseases/conditions associated with cigarette smoking.

Promotion of waterpipe tobacco use, its variants and accessories in young adult newspapers: a content analysis of message portrayal.

The objective of our study was to identify waterpipe tobacco smoking advertisements and those that promoted a range of products and accessories used to smoke waterpipe tobacco. The content of these advertisements was analyzed to understand the messages portrayed about waterpipe tobacco smoking in young adult (aged 18-30) newspapers. The study methods include monitoring of six newspapers targeting young adults from four major cities in the Southeastern United States over a 6-month period. A total of 87 advertisements were found; 73.5% (64) were distinct and content analyzed. The study results showed that of the advertisements analyzed, 25% advertised waterpipe tobacco smoking, 54.7% featured waterpipe tobacco smoking and other tobacco use, 14.1% featured non-tobacco waterpipe variants (i.e. vaporizers), and 6.3% featured waterpipe apparatus accessories (e.g. charcoal, hoses). The sociability (34%) and sensuality (29.7%) of waterpipe smoking were promoted themes. Alternative to cigarette use messages (3.1%), and harm-reduction messages (17.1%) emphasized that smoking waterpipe tobacco using the featured accessory or waterpipe variant was a healthier experience than cigarette smoking. The study concluded that the messages that promoted waterpipe tobacco smoking to young adults are parallel to those used to promote cigarette use. Tobacco control professionals should continue to monitor young adult newspapers as a source of waterpipe-related advertising.

Prevalence of smoking and perceived health problems among male population of Dharan municipality

Background: Smoking accounts for 8.8% of annual deaths worldwide. It is practiced by about a third of world population aged 15 years or older. About 73% of these smokers are in developing countries with overall prevalence in Nepal ranging from 25% to 73% in adult men. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of smoking among the male population, identify the perceived health problems, association between smoking status and selected variables and association between smoking status and existing health problems among respondents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using systematic random sampling among male population of Dharan municipality. The sample size was 180. Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 41.7%. Sixty eight percentage of the respondents had started smoking at the age of 11 to 20 years and most of them initiated smoking due to peer pressure. Forty three percentage of former smokers and 52% of current smokers had experienced different kinds of health problems like cough and troubled breathing which they perceived as smoking related. A total of 64% of former smokers had quitted smoking due to health problems. Respondents with low educational status were more smokers (p<0.05), those who were unemployed and if employed then unskilled/semi skilled workers were more smokers (p<0.01). Current smokers experienced more health problems like cough and troubled breathing than non smokers (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that young people are more vulnerable to start cigarette smoking so there should be frequent positive reinforcement of antismoking campaign focusing more on youth and as well the smoking advertisements should be discouraged.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 129-138DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9963Uploaded date : 3/4/2014

Craving effect of smoking cues in smoking and antismoking stimuli in light smokers

Cue-reactivity models may be able to inform light and intermittent smoking patterns not yet explained by withdrawal models. For instance, smoking cues in smoking and antismoking advertisements may elicit cravings in smokers at equal rates, which may promote smoking maintenance. Moreover, smoking has been associated with impulsivity, but has not been explored in light and intermittent smokers (LITS). Aims of this study included the assessment of the impact of smoking and antismoking advertisements on post-exposure cravings in LITS and assessment of impulsivity as a moderator between cue exposure and cravings. Data from 155 LITS were analyzed. Participants were exposed to one of three stimuli conditions (i.e., smoking, antismoking, and neutral) and completed measures of demographics, tobacco use and history, impulsivity, and cravings. Univariate analysis demonstrated that smoking stimuli produced higher cravings relative to antismoking and neutral stimuli, whereas no differences between antismoking and neutral stimuli were observed. Impulsivity did not moderate the relationship between stimuli condition and cravings. Implications stemming from these findings include the further regulation of smoking advertisements and future exploration of smoking and smoking cessation in the context of cue-reactivity.

Reconsidering the Legality of Cigarette Smoking Advertisements on Television Public Health and the Law

Television advertisements depicting the use of electronic cigarettes have recently exposed minors to images of smoking behaviors. While these advertisements are currently legal, existing laws should be interpreted or expanded to ban the commercial depiction of smoking behaviors with any product that resembles a cigarette to shield minors from potentially influential advertising.

Cigarette Smoking at the Hill: Playing with Globally Renowned Lethal Fire

This study was conducted to assess how serious a problem smoking was among students at the University of Dar es Salaam. Undergraduate students who smoke were involved in the study. The participants in the study included 55 undergraduate students from different academic programs. Fifty three of the respondents were males and only two were females. The respondents were drawn from students who smoked cigarettes, by using snow ball sampling procedure. Information was collected through the interview method. The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 31 years. The results showed that smoking was much more common to male than female students, and that some students started smoking at the age of ten. The majority of the students reported that their close friends and family members, such as fathers and brothers influenced them because they had smoked in their presence. Most of the respondents admitted that they were aware of the dangers of smoking and some had indeed already experienced health problems related to smoking. It was observed that students who smoked by and large also drank alcohol. Thus, if Tanzania is to be successful in her endeavour to combat poverty, serious measures needed to be taken to discourage cigarette smoking, so as to prevent death and unnecessary medical expenses. It was recommended among other things, that the government of Tanzania forbid all cigarette smoking advertisements; and resolutely prohibit/outlaw smoking in public places.

Knowledge, attitude, prevalence and factors leading to smoking among students of the Center for Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Sindh, Jamsoro, Pakistan

The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, prevalence and factors leading to smoking among students at the Center for Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Sindh, Jamsoro Pakistan. A total of 148 (128 males and 20 females) students of Center for Physical Education and Sports Science were randomly selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information on demographics, smoking habits, attitude towards public action against smoking and knowledge of health hazards. Smoking was more common among bachelors (n=18) than master’s degree students (n=04). There were 22 smokers, but most of them were occasional smokers (n=13). All female students indicated that they never smoked. The students’ ages ranged from 18-35 years (mean age 22. 3 + 9.37 years). Sixteen students started smoking between ages 10-20 years. Out of 22 smokers, only five were heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/d). The most favoured smoking tool was filter tipped cigarettes (n=12). The most common reason for smoking was peer pressure (n=12). Majority of students (n=53) who do not smoke believed that it is a useless habit. Twelve smokers and 112 non-smokers favoured banning smoking advertisements in print and electronic media. Fourteen smokers and all non-smokers favored banning smoking at public places. Both smokers (91%) and non smokers (98%) had good knowledge of health hazards associated with smoking and passive smoking. Smoking still constitutes a major problem among university students inspite of their knowledge of its hazards. This may be due to the addictive effect of smoking, peer pressure, negative parental attitudes and other reasons. There is a need to implement an anti-smoking programme for college students in order to educate them on the health implications of smoking, thereby possibly preventing or controlling smoking among the students.

Quit Smoking for Life—Social Marketing Strategy for Youth: A Case for Pakistan

Smoking is the single most avoidable risk factor for cancers. Majority of smokers know about this fact but it is difficult for them to give it up mainly in the face of widespread smoking advertisements by the tobacco industries. To reduce the prevalence of smoking and its associated cancers, immediate actions are required by public health authorities. Social marketing is an effective strategy to promote healthy attitudes and influence people to make real, sustained health behavior change by transiting through different stages which include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Social marketing can influence smokers to voluntarily accept, reject, modify, or abandon their smoking behavior. In Pakistan, the smoking prevalence has been increasing, necessitating effective measures. The trend of its usage has been going upwards and, according to the World Health Organization, in Pakistan, the usage of cigarette smoking is increased by 30% compared to 1998 figures. The Pakistan Pediatrics Association has estimated 1,000 to 1,200 school-going children between the ages of 6 and 16 years take up smoking every day. In Pakistan, ex-smokers in the low socioeconomic group reported spending 25% of the total household income on this habit. This paper focuses on the antismoking social marketing strategy in Pakistan with an aim to reduce smoking prevalence, especially among the youth.

Adolescents' Responses to Anti-tobacco Advertising: Exploring the Role of Adolescents' Smoking Status and Advertisement Theme

Anti-smoking media directed at adolescents use many different message themes, but little evidence exists as to which is most effective. Additionally, little is known about how teens who smoke respond to anti-tobacco ads. This study examined smoking and nonsmoking adolescents' responses to three popular thematic approaches: (1) endangering others, (2) negative life circumstances, and (3) industry manipulation. Sixteen groups of high school students (total N = 488) were randomly assigned in a balanced fashion to one of three anti-tobacco ad conditions or a control condition. Outcome variables included adolescents' immediate emotional and cognitive responses, and intentions to smoke. Adolescents exposed to negative life circumstances ads reported lower intentions to smoke than those exposed to control and industry manipulation ads. Additionally, adolescents' responses differed based on smoking status. Smokers liked the ads less and had fewer positive and more negative thoughts. Findings suggest a media campaign focusing on negative life circumstances can be an effective component of a tobacco control program aimed at adolescents. Mechanisms through which the negative life circumstances ads influence adolescents' intentions to smoke are discussed. Findings also suggest that smokers respond differently to anti-tobacco ads, and their responses need to be considered when developing effective anti-tobacco advertising campaigns.

The Relationship Between Perceived Exposure to Promotional Smoking Messages and Smoking Status among High School Students

Data on self-reported perceived exposure to pro-smoking messages were collected from 1,608 high school students surveyed through the ASPIRE (A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience) Program in Houston, Texas, in 2003. Results indicated that high school smoking quitters had approximately twice the odds of perceived exposure to pro-smoking messages as nonsmokers through billboard advertisements (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.81), newspapers & magazines (AOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.56), and movies (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.65). Smoking experimenters marginally perceived more exposure to pro-smoking radio messages (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.67) and billboard advertisements (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.61) compared to nonsmokers. Lastly, current smokers were 1.82 times as likely to report exposure to pro-smoking poster advertisements as nonsmokers (95% CI: 1.19, 2.79, p < or = .05). These findings suggest that experimenters and quitters may pay more attention to smoking advertisements than nonsmokers and current smokers.

Linguistic Analysis of College Aged Smokers and Never Smokers

College-aged adults represent the largest age group reporting current use of cigarettes. One factor that may account for these elevated smoking rates is tobacco advertisements targeting this population. Given the detrimental influence of smoking advertisements, it is essential to focus on counter measures. A unique and promising approach that may prove useful in preventing individuals from engaging in smoking behavior is to examine the manner in which individuals view smoking as well as how they view themselves. This study presents preliminary data on the use of Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count analysis to examine differences in language use among 48 college-aged smokers and never smokers when writing about the way they view themselves with regard to the dangers of smoking. Results revealed significant differences across a number of linguistic domains, indicating that the use of language may have implications for public health messages designed to prevent the onset of smoking, as well as those messages that target smoking cessation.

Connaissances, attitudes et comportements des patients vis-à-vis du tabagisme en milieu africain à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Recent studies on smoking conducted in the ivory coast have been sparse despite increasingly aggressive tobacco company campaigns. The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the influence of medical specialty on patient knowledge, attitude and smoking behavior among people consulting three university hospitals in Abidjan. The inquiry was performed with a questionnaire concerning a comparative series of 180 subjects (90 patients in each sample). Overall, the series included 16.10% active smokers, 15.60% former smokers, and 68.30% non-smokers, with no difference between the groups. The well-known feature of smoking with friends was main reason cited for beginning smoking. Three quarters of patients (75.9%) had attempted to stop smoking. Information about smoking was obtained from the media. The hospital was involved little in acquiring knowledge about smoking. Type of specialist consultation (hospital units providing care for smoking-related disease or not) had little influence. Hospital units should become more involved in the anti-smoking campaign. Consultations on cessation of smoking should be instituted in a country with highly aggressive smoking advertisements.

Panorama epidemiológico del tabaquismo en México

Smoking is one of the main preventable causes of disease and death worldwide; 3.5 million smokers die annually. This essay shows the progress made against this epidemic in our country and points out the relevance of implementing a comprehensive program to control smoking. Results from three national surveys conducted in Mexico in 1988, 1993, and 1998 are analyzed and compared. On the one hand, the strategies should include preventive actions, protection of non-smokers, smoking cessation, banning of smoking advertisement, and tax increases; on the other hand, controlling smoking and its consequences on health depend on all of us.

Women and smoking: A lethal deception

Women, particularly young women between the ages of 15 and 24, continue to smoke in increasing numbers. Public health programmes rarely highlight the particular consequences smoking can have for women's bodies, so in spite of greater public awareness of the dangers of smoking, women continue to remain ignorant of the effects smoking can have on their health. The funds available for smoking education programmes can scarcely compete with the advertising dollar. Magazines, particularly women's magazines, continue to target young women and portray smoking as a healthy, outdoors fun-filled activity, nearly always in a heterosexual context. Feminist magazines continue to accept smoking advertisements and New Zealand's own feminist magazine, Broadsheet, which has never accepted smoking advertisements, only published three antismoking articles in the first 15 years of its existence. Women whose lifestyles are particularly stressful are more likely to smoke. In New Zealand, Maori women, women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and committed feminists are more likely to smoke and, therefore, to suffer from smoking-related illnesses.