Smoking Addiction Research Articles

İnfertil kadınlarda aile içi şiddet ve kaygı düzeyleri

Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of domestic violence in infertile women, to review some associated variables and to evaluate anxiety level.Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of a total of 774 women (88.1%) admitted to the infertility outpatient clinic of the hospital and agreed to take part in the study. The questionnaire forms prepared by using the literature in line with the study objective were completed by the investigators with face-to-face interview method. The women who suffered from minimum one type of domestic violence at least once within last 1 year were regarded to have a “history of domestic violence”. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety level. Results: 116 (15.0%) infertile women in our study reported to suffer from domestic violence. The most frequently reported domestic violence type was emotional (56.1%) and sexual (21.9%). In our study, exposure to domestic violence was determined to be higher in women aged 25 years and above, with an education level of high school and above, with no job, with addiction of smoking and alcohol, with obesity, who got married more than once, whose first marriage age is 19 years and below, who are married for 4 years or below, with primary infertility, who are infertile for 2 years and below and with a family history of infertility. Anxiety levels of infertile women with a history of domestic violence were determined to be significantly higher.Conclusion: Domestic violence against infertile women is an important issue with regard to women health and in social terms. Treatment of infertile women enabling them to have children will affect their mental health positively.

The role of smoking on the mechanical properties of the human lung.

The mechanical functions of the lungs are concerned with ventilating the alveoli and aiding venous return to the heart. The mechanical properties of the lung allow this to be fulfilled with a very small expenditure of energy. Smoking via chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can affect this mechanical function through the alteration of the mechanical properties of the lung tissue. So far, no study has been conducted to experimentally compare the in vitro mechanical properties of the human lung tissue among the healthy nonsmokers and unhealthy smokers. Therefore, there is a paucity of knowledge on how the macro-mechanical properties of the lung tissue as a consequence of at least 7years of smoking can alter. This study was, hence, aimed at performing a comparative study to compare the linear elastic and nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties of the healthy nonsmokers and unhealthy smokers' lung using uniaxial tensile testing under two different loading directions, i.e., the axial and transversal. To do that, the COppm (Carbon Monoxide part per million) and %COHb (blood Carboxyhemoglobin) of 18cadaveric individuals, including 9nonsmokers and 9smokers were measured. The COppm and %COHb were found to be 26 ± 1.58 (Mean ± SD) and 4 ± 1.16 for the smokers and 4.79 ± 0.25 and 1.27 ± 0.16 for the nonsmokers, respectively. The lung tissues were excised from the cadavers and mounted on the uniaxial tensile test machine under the loading rate of 5mm/min. The stress-strain data of the tissues revealed the axial elastic modulus of 58 ± 4.21 and 142 ± 8.84kPa for the nonsmokers and smokers' lungs, respectively. Similarly, the transversal elastic modulus of 53 ± 7.16 and 127 ± 11.15kPa were found for the nonsmokers and smokers' lungs, respectively. The results revealed a significant difference between the axial and transversal mechanical properties of the nonsmokers and smokers' lung tissues (p< 0.05, post hoc Scheffe method). The hyperelastic material coefficients of the lung tissues were also calculated and reported. These findings have implications not only for understanding the role of smoking on the mechanical properties of the lung tissue but also to give rise to novel therapeutic strategies for the management of the disease and prevention of smoking addiction.

Circulating small non-coding RNAs associated with age, sex, smoking, body mass and physical activity

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) are regulators of cell functions and circulating sncRNAs from the majority of RNA classes are potential non-invasive biomarkers. Understanding how common traits influence ncRNA expression is essential for assessing their biomarker potential. In this study, we identify associations between sncRNA expression and common traits (sex, age, self-reported smoking, body mass, self-reported physical activity). We used RNAseq data from 526 serum samples from the Janus Serum Bank and traits from health examination surveys. Ageing showed the strongest association with sncRNA expression, both in terms of statistical significance and number of RNAs, regardless of RNA class. piRNAs were abundant in the serum samples and they were associated to sex. Interestingly, smoking cessation generally restored RNA expression to non-smoking levels, although for some sncRNAs smoking-related expression levels persisted. Pathway analysis suggests that smoking-related sncRNAs target the cholinergic synapses and may therefore potentially play a role in smoking addiction. Our results show that common traits influence circulating sncRNA expression. It is clear that sncRNA biomarker analyses should be adjusted for age and sex. In addition, for specific sncRNAs, analyses should also be adjusted for body mass, smoking, physical activity and technical factors.

Patient-Physician Discussions on Lung Cancer Screening: A Missed Teachable Moment to Promote Smoking Cessation.

Little is known about whether patients and physicians perceive lung cancer screening (LCS) as a teachable moment to promote smoking cessation or the degree to which physicians in "real world" settings link LCS discussions with smoking cessation counseling. We sought to characterize patient and physician perspectives of discussions about smoking cessation during LCS. We conducted a qualitative study (interviews and focus groups) with 21 physicians and 28 smokers screened in four diverse hospitals. Transcripts were analyzed for characteristics of communication about smoking cessation and LCS, the perceived effect on motivation to quit smoking, the degree to which physicians leverage LCS as a teachable moment to promote smoking cessation, and suggestions to improve patient-physician communication about smoking cessation in the context of LCS. Patients reported that LCS made them more cognizant of the health consequences of smoking, priming them for a teachable moment. While physicians and patients both acknowledged that smoking cessation counseling was frequent, they described little connection between their discussions regarding LCS and smoking cessation counseling. Physicians identified several barriers to integrating discussions on smoking cessation and LCS. They volunteered communication strategies by which LCS could be leveraged to promote smoking cessation. LCS highlights the harms of smoking to patients who are chronic, heavy smokers and thus may serve as a teachable moment for promoting smoking cessation. However, this opportunity is typically missed in clinical practice. LCS highlights the harms of smoking to heavily addicted smokers. Yet both physicians and patients reported little connection between LCS and tobacco treatment discussions due to multiple barriers. On-site tobacco treatment programs and post-screening messaging tailored to the LCS results are needed to maximize the health outcomes of LCS, including smoking quit rates and longer-term smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Which personal, behavioural, environmental, and social factors are important in smoking cessation and relapse in male manual workers? A qualitative study in southeast England

BackgroundIn most developed countries, the prevalence of smoking remains stubbornly high in lower socioeconomic groups. Male manual workers in England are more than twice as likely as those in managerial and professional occupations to smoke (26% vs 11%), find it more difficult to quit, and have the highest relapse rates. We sought to determine perceived factors in smoking cessation and relapse in this hard-to-reach group to inform the development of effective stop smoking services and public health efforts to reduce the health inequality caused by smoking. MethodsIn this qualitative study in southeast England, 12 male manual workers (aged 18–65 years), who had accessed the Sussex Community NHS Trust Stop Smoking Service during the previous 12 months, were recruited into two focus groups (FG 1, n=4; FG 2, n=8). The focus group discussions were guided by structured and prompt questions. The Brighton East Research Ethics Committee approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. FindingsParticipants identified three broad themes that influenced their smoking cessation efforts and relapse. First, personal and behavioural factors included effect of smoking on current physical fitness as a stronger motivating factor to quit than long-term health risks, risk of relapse associated with use of recreational substances (drugs, alcohol), positive impact of changing one's daily routine or habits to control smoking triggers, negative impact on children, negative social impact of “smelling of cigarettes”, and perception that women have more willpower and find it easier to quit smoking. Second, environmental factors included triggering effect of stressful life events, increased risk of relapse because of the availability of packs of ten cigarettes, and the beneficial effect of a ban on point-of-sale display and smoking in pubs and bars. Third, social factors included positive impact of support from friends, family, or the local community, and negative impact of perceived greater “social acceptability” of smoking in men and “social acceptability” of smoking versus other addictions (eg, recreational drugs, heroin, alcoholism). InterpretationThis new insight informs the development of public health interventions, which need to address these social norms and attitudes in this group of disadvantaged smokers. Carefully targeted and effective campaigns with appropriate content and tone may reduce the health inequality caused by smoking. FundingBrighton and Sussex Medical School.

PESAN SEMIOTIKA DI BUNGKUS ROKOK DAN PENGARUHNYA PADA PEROKOK AKTIF

This article discusses the existing semiotic messages on cigarette packs and the impact on activesmoking, with research taking place in the Village of Alue Tho Seunagan District of Nagan Raya.The goal is to get the extent of the effectiveness or the effect of the semiotic messages and thenumber of public awareness to reduce the level of smoking addiction. in writing this article usingdescriptive quantitative research method is a method that discusses the current state based ondata and research analysis. The data collection technique used observation and questionnairesto the respondent sample collection techniques using random sampling (random selection) is thewhole object of the total population sampled 30 people ie 10% of the total population of 300people, special people active smokers. These results can be seen the impact of the influence ofsemiotics messages through images on every cigarette packaging 60% affected from the entireinformant, and 40% are not affected. The conclusion of the affected would have to consider theeffect or stop smoking, then that is not affected by the effects do not exist. The effect influence theattitudes, behaviors and actions. It signifies the process of delivering the message conveyedproperly. From the results of the most active smokers get the effect will be to change attitudes andviews on smoking.

Incidence of peripheral arterial disease in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India in a tertiary hospital and its management

Background: Peripheral artery diseases, group of some pathological conditions affecting limbs are chronic and gradually progressing causing limitation in blood flow. to assess the incidence, related factors and treatment comparison of peripheral arterial diseases in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.Methods: All the patients come to OPD with suspected peripheral arterial disease are evaluated with proper history taking, investigation and diagnosed the specific pathology and treated accordingly. From these 40 patients conclusions have been made.Results: Majority of the patients were suffered from thromboangitis obliterans (42.55%). Arteriosclerosis obliterans constitute only 12.55% of peripheral arterial disorders.25%were congregation of miscellaneous arterial disorders viz. Rheumatoid arthritis (3 cases), infective gangrene and non-healing ulcers (5 cases) and 2 cases of arteriovenous fistula.Conclusions: Most common peripheral arterial disease is thromboangitis obliterans. Males are commonly affected by peripheral arterial diseases. But incidence of Buerger’s disease increase in females because of increasing habits of smoking and tobacco addiction in any form. Most of patients of T.A.O were villagers while A.S.O, diabetic arteriopathy, vasospastic disease and rheumatoid arthritis commonly affected urban population. Sympathectomies yields good results in early stages of thromboangitis obliterans and vasospastic disease.

Changes in lipid profile parameters and PON1 status associated with L55M PON1 polymorphism, overweight and exposure to tobacco smoke

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) L55M polymorphism on the enzyme’s activity and concentration in the serum as well as its association with lipid profile parameters in a group of healthy persons. We also evaluated the presence of PON1 L55M polymorphism in a group of subjects exposed to tobacco smoke and with overweight or obesity on those parameters. Methods: Analysis of L55M polymorphism was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR – RFLP). Serum PON1 concentration and lipid profile parameters were assayed using commercial tests. PON1 activities were measured earlier elaborated procedures. Results: We observed a statistically significant difference in HDL and PON1 concentration: the highest in the LL genotype and the lowest in the MM genotype with the LM genotype having an intermediate concentration. L55M polymorphism influence on PON1 arylesterase and phosphotriesterase activity, whereas PON1 lactonase activity did not differ in all polymorphic variant groups. Exposure to tobacco smoke and overweight or obesity additionally disorder above mentioned parameters. Overweight and obesity in LM and MM genotype could be associated with higher PON1 phosphotriesterase activity. It is also possible that MM genotype could be a determinant of smoking addiction. Conclusions: L55M polymorphism, like exposure to tobacco smoke and overweight, disorders PON1 status and lipid profile parameters; therefore, it could be a crucial risk factor for the development of many metabolic disorders.

Underutilization of Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Support Strategies Despite High Smoking Addiction Burden in Peripheral Artery Disease Specialty Care: Insights from the International PORTRAIT Registry.

BackgroundSmoking is the most important risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Smoking cessation is key in PAD management. We aimed to examine smoking rates and smoking cessation interventions offered to patients with PAD consulting a vascular specialty clinic; and assess changes in smoking behavior over the year following initial visit.Methods and ResultsA total of 1272 patients with PAD and new or worsening claudication were enrolled at 16 vascular specialty clinics (2011–2015, PORTRAIT (Patient‐Centered Outcomes Related to Treatment Practices in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Investigating Trajectories) registry). Interviews collected smoking status and cessation interventions at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Among smokers, transition state models analyzed smoking transitions at each time point and identified factors associated with quitting and relapse. On presentation, 474 (37.3%) patients were active, 660 (51.9%) former, and 138 (10.8%) never smokers. Among active smokers, only 16% were referred to cessation counseling and 11% were prescribed pharmacologic treatment. At 3 months, the probability of quitting smoking was 21%; among those continuing to smoke at 3 months, the probability of quitting during the next 9 months varied between 11% and 12% (P<0.001). The probability of relapse among initial quitters was 36%. At 12 months, 72% of all smokers continued to smoke.ConclusionsMore than one third of patients with claudication consulting a PAD provider are active smokers and few received evidence‐based cessation interventions. Patients appear to be most likely to quit early in their treatment course, but many quickly relapse and 72% of all patients smoking at baseline are still smoking at 12 months. Better strategies are needed to provide continuous cessation support.Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01419080.

Nonsmoked Tobacco Addiction Playing a Major Role in Oral Mucosal Changes in Northern Indian Population Over Smoked and Alcohol Use

Background: Oral cavity is prone for myriad of changes with advancing age as well result of environmental and life style related factors like consumption of tobacco (smoke or smokeless) and alcohol. Aim: The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the association of oral mucosal changes (OMC) with nonsmoked tobacco over smoked tobacco and alcohol. Methods: Data of 11,145 subjects from 106 health screening camps, organized in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan between April 2015 to June 2017 was analyzed to unveil and determine the mode of addiction and prevalence of OMC. Bivariate and multivariable models were tested for comparison and identification of factors associated with an increasing risk of developing OMC. Results: The primary symptoms were mouth ulcer in 5.6% and trismus (1.0%). The overall proportions of tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol addiction were 12.5%, 10.7% and 2.5% respectively. The highest prevalence of smoking noted in the age-group 55-64 years (14.4%), for tobacco chewing and alcohol consumption in the age-group 25-34 years was 15.6% and 4.2% respectively ( P &lt; 0.001). The prevalence of mouth ulcers were 20.7% among smokers and 27.8% among tobacco chewers ( P &lt; 0.001) while the percentage of trismus 26.1% among smokers and 53.0% among tobacco chewers ( P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Results of this study can be used for creating awareness among the population regarding the hazards of tobacco use. More number of studies needs to be conducted all over India to understand the prevalence and the biologic behavior of these oral premalignant lesions and its progression to invasive diseases.

The Association of Smoking Addiction and Depression in Smokers

The Association of Smoking Addiction and Depression in Smokers

Epidemiology of smoking in the rural area of a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of smoking and associated factors among rural residents.METHODS This is a population-based, cross-sectional study of 1,519 individuals carried out in 2016. We randomly selected 24 of the 50 census tracts that make up the eight rural districts of the city of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All individuals aged 18 years or more living in the randomly selected households were eligible. Smokers were all those who smoked ≥ 1 cigarette/day for at least one month or declared that they had stopped smoking for less than one month. The independent variables included socioeconomic, demographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. We investigated age of onset, duration of addiction, number of cigarettes smoked/day, pack-years, and types of cigarettes consumed. Poisson regression was performed to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).RESULTS The prevalence of smoking was 16.6% (95%CI 13.6–20.0), and it was twice as high in men in relation to women (PR = 1.99, 95%CI 1.44–2.74), in socioeconomic class D or E in relation to class A or B (PR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.37–3.62), and in those who considered their health poor or very poor in relation those with good or very good health (PR = 2.02, 95%CI 1.33–3.08). It was also higher in persons aged 30–59 years (compared to those aged < 30 years), with 5–8 years of education level (compared to those with ≥ 9 years), and with positive screening for alcohol-related disorder. Prevalence was lower among individuals who were overweight or obese than in those with normal weight. Smoking began on average at 16.9 years, with an average consumption of approximately 14 cigarettes/day and mean pack-years of 22 packs/year. The paper hand-rolled cigarette was the most consumed (57.6%).CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in six adults in rural Pelotas is a current smoker. The findings show the existence of social inequalities related to smoking addiction. Actions to prevent and control smoking should continue to be stimulated, especially in the most vulnerable subgroups.

Frequency of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Consumption and its Associated Factors in Medical Students

Background: Methylphenidate or Ritalin is an amphetamine derivative and a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is chemically similar to cocaine. A lot of reports have been made on Ritalin abuse. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of Ritalin consumption and its associated factors among medical students in different steps at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methods: Using stratified random sampling, this descriptive analytical study was conducted on medical students in different steps at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The checklist included the subjects' background information, and also the questions associated with the frequency of Ritalin consumption and its underlying causes. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the quantitative variables with normal distribution, and Chi-square test or Fishers exact test to analyze the qualitative variables. However, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney were applied as non- parametric tests to analyze the quantitative variables with non-normal distributions. Results: This study was conducted on 340 medical students in different steps, and the response rate was reported as 91%. The frequency of Ritalin consumption among students was 17.3%. The excessive consumption of Ritalin by medical students was observed within the exams period (83%); smoking cigarette was reported in 75.5% of Ritalin user students and drug addiction in 20.8%. There was a significant difference in Ritalin consumption between the students living on- campus or off- campus and those living with their spouse or parents [OR (95% CI) = 0.5 (0.27-0.93)]; however, the higher consumption of Ritalin was reported in the first group. Moreover, a significant difference was revealed in Ritalin consumption between non-smoking students and smoking ones [OR (95% CI) = 40.34 (18.34-88.72)]. Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of Ritalin consumption along with smoking cigarette and addiction to drugs among the students living on-campus, immediate preventive interventions are required for the people in the same age group who are living together in social environment as well as students at risk of more damages due to the abuse of such medications.

Smoking and other addictions related to cancer of the head and neck

Abstract Head and neck canceris a major health problem globally with the projected incidence of 1,176,149 cases, an approximate 20% increase, in 2020. Most research today is directed towards reducing this incidence by understanding the mechanism and etiologic factors associated. Majority of these factors are habitual, with tobacco use being the most common. There are many variations in the use of tobacco ranging from smoked to smokeless, as well as novel innovations like e-cigarette and tobacco tablets, being introduced today. There are also many studies suggesting tobacco use as a gateway drug to other habitual substances, including alcohol and marijuana use. Many of these substances are now being utilized more by the youth than adults, which might develop a shift in the age of incidence in the future. Few countries have asignificant population of immigrants, who bring with thema diverse range of traditional habits, the effects of which still have to be studied on the population. An overview of the various habitual etiologiesassociated with head and neck cancers, and their mechanism of action have been reviewed here so as to get a holistic idea of these substances.

Cost-effectiveness of tobacco control strategies towards youths across seven European countries: Measurement, challenges and results

Background Tobacco consumption among adolescents is a major public health concern as it is highly related to smoking addiction in adulthood and, thus, to morbidity and premature mortality. In order to reduce smoking prevalence and its consequences, tobacco control strategies targeting adolescents have been suggested, but only a few have been fully implemented at a large scale. This insufficient implementation is, in part, linked to the concern that some strategies have a high implementation cost, not compensated by their effectiveness. In this study we aimed at estimating the costs and cost-effectiveness of five smoking prevention strategies targeting adolescents (bans on smoking in public places, bans on sales to minors, bans on point-of-sale advertising, bans on smoking at school premises, and school prevention programs), across seven European countries (Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Portugal) in 2016. Methods We retrospectively collected costs related to (1) the inspection activities and legal procedures related to public bans, (2) the monitoring of school bans and sanctioning of non-compliant students, and (3) school-based education activities related to smoking prevention programs. We used an “ingredients-based” approach, identifying each resource used, quantity and unit value for one full year, under the State perspective. Annual costs were measured at national, local, or school-level, for the year 2016 and were complemented with qualitative data on how these activities were performed in reality, through interviews to key informants at the school, local, regional, and national level. The effectiveness was estimated using the DYNAMO-HIA tool, departing from data on short-term smoking prevalence reduction, collected from the literature. The simulation followed the whole population of each of the seven countries, since year 0 until when the last person of the cohort died, estimating the number of healthy life years (HLY) gained by each intervention, comparing with a no-intervention scenario. The HLY were calculated using estimates for the relationship between smoking and several diseases, as ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung, oral, oesophageal, breast and colorectal cancer and for the relationship between these diseases and mortality. Baseline data was adapted to each country, using country-specific epidemiological data. Long-term costs were obtained by multiplying annual cost estimates for a 17-years’ time horizon, in order to reflect the total number of years of implementation for the cohort (to cover all groups that have 0 to 17 years old at year 0). Costs were discounted at a 3.5% annual rate. Results Costs varied between from € 0.07 to € 1.08 per person for public non-school bans, from € 2.28 to € 29.06 for school bans and from € 0.17 to € 3.16 for school programmes, according to the number of person-hours allocated to the implementation of these strategies. Italy was the country with the smallest annual investment on these tobacco-control strategies (€ 2.84 per person), while Ireland had the highest (€ 29.77 per person). Effectiveness estimates ranged from 0.003 HLY gained per person in Portugal, for a 1% short-term relative reduction of smoking prevalence, to 0.39 HLY in Ireland, for a 50% reduction. Public non-school bans were be the most cost-effective interventions, with € 0.18 to € 399.21 per HLY. School bans costed from € 173.41 to € 4315.78 per HLY, and school programmes from € 9.66 to € 11015.38 per HLY. Conclusions These five smoking prevention strategies targeting adolescents are low cost and, considering the WHO cost-effectiveness threshold ratio of each country GDP per capita, highly cost-effective interventions. Hence, investing in tobacco control strategies targeting adolescents may be an economically advantageous approach to tackle one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in Western Europe.

Denicotinised cigarettes

Preventing smoking is crucial to public health. Countries that implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control MPOWER tobacco control policies, which include high taxes, marketing prohibitions, smoke-free policies, media campaigns, and treatment for addicted smokers, 1 WHOMPOWER in action. Defeating the global tobacco epidemic. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/publications/mpower_2013.pdf?ua=1Date: 2013 Date accessed: June 13, 2018 Google Scholar can substantially reduce smoking prevalence. Such efforts are likely to be enhanced by the availability of consumer nicotine products, such as e-cigarettes, for use as smoking substitutes. 2 Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of PhysiciansNicotine without smoke—tobacco harm reduction. Royal College of Physicians, London2016https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/file/3563/download?token=Mu0K_ZR0Date accessed: June 13, 2018 Google Scholar However, since millions of smokers continue to die prematurely every year, and these deaths are avoidable, new policies to accelerate progress towards a world free from smoking are needed. In March, 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advanced notice of proposed rule making, as part of its comprehensive plan on tobacco and nicotine regulation, 3 US Food and Drug AdministrationFDA announces comprehensive regulatory plan to shift trajectory of tobacco-related disease, death. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm568923.htmDate: July 28, 2017 Date accessed: June 13, 2018 Google Scholar that proposes a radical approach: reducing the nicotine content of combustible cigarettes to minimally or non-addictive levels. 4 US Food and Drug AdministrationStatement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on pivotal public health step to dramatically reduce smoking rates by lowering nicotine in combustible cigarettes to minimally or non-addictive levels. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm601039.htmDate: March 15, 2018 Date accessed: June 13, 2018 Google Scholar , 5 US Food and Drug AdministrationTobacco product standard for nicotine level of combusted cigarettes. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/03/16/2018-05345/tobacco-product-standard-for-nicotine-level-of-combusted-cigarettesDate: March 16, 2018 Date accessed: June 13, 2018 Google Scholar Will it work?

Community perception on safe sex, HIV/STDs and substance abuse

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the problem of public health worldwide. The World Health organization reported 536 million cases of STDs all over the word, and there were 499 million people that reported the new cases of STDs. Objectives: To assess the community perception on safe sex, HIV/STDs and substance abuse. Methodology: A cross sectional observational study was carried out on 746 participants (485 male and 261 females) of reproductive age group (15-49 yr) from different localities of Indore city. Simple random selection was applied and written informed consent was obtained from the study participants. Data collected with the help of Pre-designed, Pre-tested, Semi-structured questionnaire during the period between 01 March2016 – 30 OCT 2016 and analyzed, were presented in table formats, obtained using Excel and SPSS-22. Chi square Test was applied and p value considered significant when it is < 0.05. Results: Opinion on having multiple sex partners leading to HIV/AID & STDs. 85.8% males and 83.3% females accepted the statement. About cure of HIV/AIDS, 18% males and 21.8% Femalessay yes. About safe sex,61.9% males and 57.3% females, give correct response. 45% of total 485 males smoke or take tobacco items and 23.5% take alcohol none of the females involved in this. Conclusions: Most of the study participants have knowledge about HIV transmission but somehow poor knowledge regarding its cure. Correct concept of safe sex is around 61 %. Mostly males are involved in smoking and other addiction.

Инновации для преодоления демографического кризиса в России. Часть 2

In the article the problem of demographic crisis in Russia is considered. It is shown that the problem very actual and exerts decisive impact on development of the country owing to an acute shortage of working hands. By means of innovative approaches analysis of a problem is made and her main reasons are established. Generation of ideas has shown the main directions of a solution, main of which consist in development of effective strategy of development of Russia directed to the solution of demographic problems, provision of housing for young and large families and toughening of fight against smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction.

Nicotine Reduction Strategy: State of the science and challenges to tobacco control policy and FDA tobacco product regulation

Nicotine addiction is the proximate cause of disease and death from cigarette smoking. In 1994, we proposed reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addicting levels to reduce the risk of youth becoming addicted smokers and promoting quitting in established smokers. In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provided the authority to FDA to reduce nicotine levels as appropriate to benefit public health. Over the past 15 years, considerable research has determined that nicotine reduction is feasible and safe, resulting in reduced nicotine dependence with little evidence of compensatory over-smoking. The availability of acceptable non-combusted form of nicotine would provide support and enhance acceptability of nicotine reduction in tobacco. Most recently, the FDA promulgated a nicotine-based regulatory framework, which includes nicotine reduction combined with ready availability of noncombustible nicotine products. Nicotine reduction could contribute to a virtual end to the use of cigarette smoking, with enormous benefits to public health.

12-h abstinence-induced functional connectivity density changes and craving in young smokers: a resting-state study.

Studying the neural correlates of craving to smoke is of great importance to improve treatment outcomes in smoking addiction. According to previous studies, the critical roles of striatum and frontal brain regions had been revealed in addiction. However, few studies focused on the hub of brain regions in the 12h abstinence induced craving in young smokers. Thirty-one young male smokers were enrolled in the present study. A within-subject experiment design was carried out to compare functional connectivity density between 12-h smoking abstinence and smoking satiety conditions during resting state in young adult smokers by using functional connectivity density mapping (FCDM). Then, the functional connectivity density changes during smoking abstinence versus satiety were further used to examine correlations with abstinence-induced changes in subjective craving. We found young adult smokers in abstinence state (vs satiety) had higher local functional connectivity density (lFCD) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) in brain regions including striatal subregions (i.e., bilateral caudate and putamen), frontal regions (i.e., anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC)) and bilateral insula. We also found higher lFCD during smoking abstinence (vs satiety) in bilateral thalamus. Additionally, the lFCD changes of the left ACC, bilateral caudate and right OFC were positively correlated with the changes in craving induced by abstinence (i.e., abstinence minus satiety) in young adult smokers. The present findings improve the understanding of the effects of acute smoking abstinence on the hubs of brain gray matter in the abstinence-induces craving and may contribute new insights into the neural mechanism of abstinence-induced craving in young smokers in smoking addiction.