Smoking Addiction Research Articles

P1535ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Dialysis impacts the patients' quality of life drastically, increasing the risk of mortality. Depression and anxiety are commonly reported among dialysis patients. But little is known about their prevalence. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors among patients receiving hemodialysis Method A cross-sectional study was carried out among 94 hemodialysis patients treated at four hemodialysis center in a mediterranean country during a period of two months . The patients were interviewed while undergoing their dialysis session using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). The score of HAD was correlated with demographic and clinical variables. Results Based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 49 patients (52%) had symptoms of depression, 41 patients (43%) had mild symptoms of anxiety, whereas moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety were present in 30 patients (32%). In univariate analysis, HAD score for symptoms of depression correlated significantly with age (p=0,012) and past medical history of hypertension (p=0,024). Anxiety correlated significantly with female gender (p=0,039), smoking (p=0,017) and coffee addiction (p=0,024). Conclusion These results underline the important prevalence of anxiety and depression in hemodialysis patients . Strategic options are necessary to improve the diagnosis of anxiety and depressive disorders, potentially enhancing quality of life and medical outcome in hemodialysis patients.

Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use patterns and its associations with cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction among Asian Americans: Findings from the national adult tobacco survey (NATS) 2013–2014

This study examined the ENDS use and their associations with conventional cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction among Asian Americans (AAs). The study sample was restricted to Non-Hispanic AAs (n = 1,956) using the National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) 2013–2014. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were employed. AAs who ever used ENDS reported they were more likely to smoke conventional cigarettes, smoke ≤100 cigarettes in a lifetime, and felt more difficulty concentrating without using tobacco than those who never used END. Study findings indicate that ENDS use may be associated with conventional cigarette smoking and may lead to nicotine addiction among AAs.

Hospitalization for Smoking Addicts: A Boredom or An Opportunity? Case Report of A Cigarette Addict Psoriasis Patient

Hospitalization for Smoking Addicts: A Boredom or An Opportunity? Case Report of A Cigarette Addict Psoriasis Patient

Paradoxical adverse drug reactions: descriptive analysis of French reports.

Paradoxical adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are defined as being opposing reactions to the pharmacological effect of drugs in relation to its pharmacodynamic properties. Their diagnosis is difficult as they are relatively rare with atypical clinical presentation (with the possibility of being confused with drug ineffectiveness or the worsening of the underlying disease). This kind of ADR may be particularly subject to under-notification. The aim of the present study is to describe paradoxical ADRs using the French PharmacoVigilance DataBase (FPVDB). We analysed all reports recorded in the FPVDB with drugs defined as "suspect" and which included the term "paradoxical reaction" (PR) (according to MedDRA classification) from 01/01/1984 to 12/31/2018. The drugs were classified according to the Chemical Therapeutic Anatomical Classification (ATC). We found 57 reports of PR, with half of them recorded between 2015 and 2018. The median age of patients was 46 years, mainly male (54%). The most frequently involved drugs were immunomodulating agents (n = 28, 49%) and psychotropics (n = 28, 49%). The leading paradoxical ADRs were psychiatric (anxiety, sleep and behavioural disorders) and skin-related. In 19 cases (33%), PR was related to benzodiazepines mainly occurring in patients in extreme ages (five cases in children and patients > 70, respectively, 53%). For psychotropic-induced PR (n = 28), known contributory factors (alcohol consumption, underlying psychiatric diseases) were found in 18 cases (64%). Paradoxical reactions with immunomodulating agents were mainly related to skin ADRs (n = 25). For psychotropics, paradoxical ADRs occurred rapidly after a mean delay of 1 day, predominantly following high doses. We also identified several "unexpected" paradoxical reactions, such as cognitive degradation with donepezil, or a return to impulsive smoking addiction with varenicline. This study highlights that pharmacovigilance databases like the French database make it possible to investigate the main characteristics of paradoxical reactions to drugs. This ADR was mainly found in the FPVDB with psychotropic drugs and immunomodulating agents. Moreover, pharmacovigilance databases enable the identification of some signs of "unexpected paradoxical reactions". In order to identify this type of ADR more effectively, work on awareness and harmonization is required to register these reports. The addition of the term "paradoxical reaction to the drug" to the list of other symptoms would facilitate their identification and analysis.

Impact of smoking and nicotine addiction on HbA1c levels and diabetic microvascular complications

Introduction. In this study we aimed to determine whether a difference in complications between smok­ers and non-smokers exists in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate if there is a correlation between microvascular complications and Fagerstrom test score. Material and methods. Patients with T2DM who at­tended the family medicine outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study. Smokers and non-smokers were compared according to their metabolic outcomes and presence of microvasculer complications. The level of smoking addiction was determined by Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Results. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were found to be higher in smokers. The presence of neuropathy was significantly higher in smokers. The presence of retinopathy rate increased with increasing level of smoking addiction. The nicotine dependence test score were found to be positively correlated with HbA1c and FBG levels whereas, negatively correlated with body mass index among smokers. Conclusions. Assessing the cigarette smoking status of diabetic patients at the initial clinic visit and indicating the importance of smoking cessation should be the essential part of diabetes follow up program.

The effects of smoking addiction and physical activity on some respiratory functions in female university students

Aim:The aim of this study is to examine the effects of smoking addiction and physical activity on some of the respiratory functions in female university students. Methods:103 female students who did not have any health problems, who had an average age of 20,00 (years), average height of 163,6 (cm) and average weight of 55,88 (kg) participated in the study voluntarily. Female students who participated in the study were grouped according to their states of having smoking addiction (athlete, sedentary) and doing exercise (athlete, sedentary) and later some of the respiratory functions were measured. SPSS program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained. Shapiro-wilk test was used to find out the normality distribution of the data. Kruskal Wallis test was used in the analysis of the data which were not normally distributed and Mann-Whitney U test was used in sub-groups. Results: FVC(Forced Vital Capasity), FEV1(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second), FEV1(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second )/FVC(Forced Vital Capasity), PEF(Peak Expiratory Flow), FEF25-75% (Forced Expiratory Flow at 25-75% ), VC(Vital Capacity) and MVV(Maximal Voluntary Ventilation) values of the female students who were engaged in sports were found to be significantly higher when compared with the groups which were not engaged in sports (p<0,05). Conclusion:In addition, in terms of the variable of smoking addiction, statistically significant difference was found between the FEV1, FEV1/FVC(%), PEF (L/s), FEF25-75% (L/s) and MVV values of the female student groups in favour of sedentary and athlete students who were not smokers.

Gene-based association analysis reveals involvement of LAMA5 and cell adhesion pathways in nicotine dependence in African- and European-American samples.

Nicotine dependence (ND) is a chronic brain disorder that causes heavy social and economic burdens. Although many susceptibility genetic loci have been reported, they can explain only approximately 5%-10% of the genetic variance for the disease. To further explore the genetic etiology of ND, we genotyped 242 764 SNPs using an exome chip from both European-American (N = 1572) and African-American (N = 3371) samples. Gene-based association analysis revealed 29 genes associated significantly with ND. Of the genes in the AA sample, six (i.e., PKD1L2, LAMA5, MUC16, MROH5, ATP8B1, and FREM1) were replicated in the EA sample with p values ranging from 0.0031 to 0.0346. Subsequently, gene enrichment analysis revealed that cell adhesion-related pathways were significantly associated with ND in both the AA and EA samples. Considering that LAMA5 is the most significant gene in cell adhesion-related pathways, we did in vitro functional analysis of this gene, which showed that nicotine significantly suppressed its mRNA expression in HEK293T cells (p < 0.001). Further, our cell migration experiment showed that the migration rate was significantly different in wild-type and LAMA5-knockout (LAMA5-KO)-HEK293T cells. Importantly, nicotine-induced cell migration was abolished in LAMA5-KO cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that LAMA5, as well as cell adhesion-related pathways, play an important role in the etiology of smoking addiction, which warrants further investigation.

A Report on Smoking Detection and Quitting Technologies.

Mobile health technologies are being developed for personal lifestyle and medical healthcare support, of which a growing number are designed to assist smokers to quit. The potential impact of these technologies in the fight against smoking addiction and on improving quitting rates must be systematically evaluated. The aim of this report is to identify and appraise the most promising smoking detection and quitting technologies (e.g., smartphone apps, wearable devices) supporting smoking reduction or quitting programs. We searched PubMed and Scopus databases (2008-2019) for studies on mobile health technologies developed to assist smokers to quit using a combination of Medical Subject Headings topics and free text terms. A Google search was also performed to retrieve the most relevant smartphone apps for quitting smoking, considering the average user’s rating and the ranking computed by the search engine algorithms. All included studies were evaluated using consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research, such as applied methodologies and the performed evaluation protocol. Main outcome measures were usability and effectiveness of smoking detection and quitting technologies supporting smoking reduction or quitting programs. Our search identified 32 smoking detection and quitting technologies (12 smoking detection systems and 20 smoking quitting smartphone apps). Most of the existing apps for quitting smoking require the users to register every smoking event. Moreover, only a restricted group of them have been scientifically evaluated. The works supported by documented experimental evaluation show very high detection scores, however the experimental protocols usually lack in variability (e.g., only right-hand patients, not natural sequence of gestures) and have been conducted with limited numbers of patients as well as under constrained settings quite far from real-life use scenarios. Several recent scientific works show very promising results but, at the same time, present obstacles for the application on real-life daily scenarios.

Characterization of the Inhibition of Allelic Variants of Cytochrome P450 2A6 with trans‐Cinnamic Aldehyde

Cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction continues to be a leading cause of preventable death. The enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), which is highly polymorphic with over forty known alleles, is the primary enzyme that catalyzes the initial oxidation of nicotine in humans. Studies have shown that trans‐cinnamic aldehyde (tCA) is a mechanism‐based inactivator of this enzyme and is therefore a potential smoking cessation aid. However, the inhibitory effectiveness of tCA with the gene products of the different alleles is unknown. The goal of the work presented was to characterize inhibition of the CYP2A6 variant resulting from the *23 allele by tCA. This allele results in a point mutation (R203C). Site‐directed mutagenesis was used to engineer CYP2A6*23 from a truncated form of the human CYP2A6*1 gene. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and purified. Using ligand‐binding titrations, we found that the Kd for tCA binding to CYP2A6*23 was 7.1 μM, whereas the Kd value for CYP2A6*1 was 10.6 μM. Consistent with previous reports, CYP2A6*23 had lower activity than that of CYP2A6*1; however the relative inhibition of both CYP2A6*23 and CYP2A6*1 by 80 μM tCA was similar. Therefore, while tCA has a slightly higher affinity for CYP2A6*23, the change to a cysteine at position 203 does not significantly affect the effectiveness of tCA as an inhibitor. So tCA could still be a potential smoking cessation aid for individuals with the CYP2A6*23 allele.Support or Funding InformationNational Institute on Drug Abuse Award Number 15DA042341; Pacific University Faculty Development Grant

The Prevalence and 5-Year Incidence Rate of Low Physical Activity in an Urban Population of 10,000 in Southeastern Iran: Relationship With Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Because of high prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CADs) in Iran and their relationship with low physical activity (LPA), this study aimed to measure the epidemic size of LPA, its incidence rate, and its relationship with other CAD risk factors in Kerman, Iran. About 10,000 adults were randomly recruited through single-stage cluster sampling. Demographic characteristics, biochemical variables, smoking, opium use, mental status, and physical activities were assessed. The relationship between LPA and 7 other CAD risk factors was measured. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was calculated according to the data from the physically active participants in the first phase of the study (n = 3416) who attended the second phase after 5 years. The prevalence of low, moderate, and intense physical activity was 47.2%, 34.8%, and 18.0%, respectively. LPA rose from 45.1% to 62.2% after the age of 25 years. Women had higher LPA than men. Participants with LPA had significantly higher chance of cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and opium addiction. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was 5.1 persons/100 person-years among physically active population. Almost half of the studied population suffering from LPA was at risk of CAD. Such risky lifestyle pattern while worsened in the last 5 years makes the emerging of CAD epidemic unavoidable, if appropriate timely interventions not being in place accordingly.

Black Raspberry Inhibits Oral Tumors in Mice Treated with the Tobacco Smoke Constituent Dibenzo(def,p)chrysene Via Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations.

We previously reported that the environmental pollutant and tobacco smoke constituent dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBP) induced DNA damage, altered DNA methylation and induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in mice. In the present study, we showed that 5% dietary black raspberry (BRB) significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of DBP-DNA adducts in the mouse oral cavity with comparable effect to those of its constitutes. Thus, only BRB was selected to examine if aberrant DNA methylation induced by DBP can be altered by BRB. Using comparative genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, we identified 479 hypermethylated and 481 hypomethylated sites (q < 0.01, methylation difference >25%) between the oral tissues of mice treated with DBP and fed control diet or diet containing BRB. Among the 30 differential methylated sites (DMS) induced by DBP, we found DMS mapped to Fgf3, Qrich2, Rmdn2, and Cbarp were hypermethylated by BRB whereas hypomethylated by DBP at either the exact position or proximal sites; DMS mapped to Vamp3, Ppp1rB1, Pkm, and Zfp316 were hypomethylated by BRB but hypermethylated by DBP at proximal sites. In addition to Fgf3, 2 DMS mapped to Fgf4 and Fgf13 were hypermethylated by BRB; these fibroblast growth factors are involved in regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway as identified by IPA. Moreover, BRB significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the tumor incidence from 70% to 46.7%. Taken together, the inhibitory effects of BRB on DNA damage combined with its effects on epigenetic alterations may account for BRB inhibition of oral tumorigenesis induced by DBP. SIGNIFICANCE: We provided mechanistic insights that can account for the inhibition of oral tumors by BRB, which could serve as the framework for future chemopreventive trials for addicted smokers as well as non- or former smokers who are exposed to environmental carcinogens.

Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study

ObjectivesHeated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are rapidly gaining popularity, especially in Japan. However, at the time of the survey (2018), there was no national legislation banning HTPs...

Assessment of Physicians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Smoking Cessation Management in the Gaza Strip

Background: Despite its negative effects, approximately 23% of Palestinians (≥ 18 years) smoke cigarettes. Studies have shown physicians to be an important channel for smoking cessation intervention. This investigation examines physicians’ smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the Gaza strip (Palestinian Territories). Methods and Findings: A convenience sample of 154 physicians in medical and surgical units took part in this investigation (87.7% response rate). The data show that 37.8% of physicians in Gaza smoke, and most of them about 72% smoke in the hospital’s public spaces, thereby implicitly giving public approval for smoking. While 82.4% reported that they advise patients who smoke to stop, the majority (59%) also believe that their own smoking habits negatively influence the impact of that advice. Unfortunately, our survey showed that physicians’ knowledge levels towards smoking addiction and management were lower than expected (e.g. only 34% knew that nicotine dependence is a psychiatric disorder that necessitates treatment). The physicians in this study believed that the primary barriers to failure of their patients’ smoking cessation were the perceived lack of will (81.3%), and the strength of patients’ addiction (67.9%). Moreover, (61%) of physicians did not spend enough time to convince their patients to quit smoking. Conclusion: Smoking is common among Gaza-strip physicians, and unfortunately, most of them smoke in the hospital’s public spaces. Many obstacles face the smoking cessation program that some physicians linked it to patients, and others linked it to the health-care system. Furthermore, smokers in Gaza receive poor care regarding assessment, referral, and management of their smoking habit.

18 Stop the Burn: A Smoking and Home Oxygen Safety Initiative with Use of Firebreaks

Abstract Introduction COPD is a chronic pulmonary disease treated with home oxygen. The single most common cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Approximately 1.4 million people in the US use long-term oxygen therapy for treatment of hypoxic COPD. Smoking is an addictive risky behavior and smoking on oxygen therapy is responsible for the majority of home oxygen fires and deaths. Up to 52% of patients who use oxygen therapy continue to smoke in spite of these risks. At least 1,000 burn injuries per year occur when oxygen cannula tips ignite after coming in close contact with cigarettes, lighters, or matches. Flames travel externally and internally along the tubing toward the oxygen concentrator, which can explode. Previous prevention efforts have focused on counseling and education of patients and their caregivers; however, the habit continues, causing burn injury admissions and increasing health care costs. Methods Our ABA verified burn center admitted 90 burn injuries during July 2015 to September 2019 related to smoking on oxygen. Given the mechanism of injury, further preventive efforts were researched, and firebreak devices were identified as a secondary preventive measure to attempt to reduce negative consequences of smoking on oxygen. A firebreak device is fitted in the oxygen tubing near the patient and also near the oxygen concentrator. The firebreak acts as a thermal fuse by stopping the oxygen supply when triggered, preventing the flames from burning to the oxygen concentrator. Our program goal was to develop a safety initiative using educational information and firebreak devices. Information was shared at the regional Trauma committee and with local EMS, Fire and on Facebook. The program was initiated in 2018. We worked with local EMS and Fire agencies to install the firebreak devices in nursing homes, assisted living facilities and in patients’ homes who use oxygen. Results Our program distributed 225 firebreak kits, which included no smoking signs, a home oxygen safety checklist, an educational video link, nasal cannula tubing and 2 firebreak devices. Since the initiation of the program, the number of burn injury admissions from smoking on oxygen decreased from an average of 24/year to an average of 9/year. Conclusions Standardizing the use of firebreak kits in the community for those smoking on oxygen or using oxygen stops a fire by halting the oxygen supply thereby potentially decreasing burn admissions. Therefore, we recommend the consideration of firebreak kits for patients who continue to smoke while using oxygen to Stop the Burn. Applicability of Research to Practice Future research is recommended to determine the effectiveness of firebreak kits as a safety measure for all individuals who use oxygen.

What's in a number?

Many countries have adopted laws setting minimum cigarette pack sizes at 20 per pack. Going further to standardize pack sizes makes sense to disrupt brand marketing but a larger quantity per pack (e.g. carton size of 100 cigarettes per pack) would make purchasing cigarettes less affordable. It is a good question to ask, as increased standardization of the product and package are effective strategies to limit the marketing of cigarettes 3-9. Cigarette companies have experimented with different pack sizes, such as sampling packs with four cigarettes and starter packs with 10 cigarettes, but mostly cigarettes are sold in packs with 20 cigarettes; that has been the industry standard. Blackwell and colleagues 1 speculate that larger cigarette pack sizes might promote more smoking and be detrimental to public health in the same way as providing larger food and beverage portion sizes leads to an increased consumption of calories. However, I do not believe that this is likely to be the case with cigarette packaging, as research suggests that most addicted smokers self-titrate to their daily dose of nicotine 10, 11. zThe typical smoker needs approximately 20 cigarettes per day to satisfy their nicotine addiction. I recall a conversation I had many years ago with a former marketing director of a major US cigarette manufacturer, who explained to me that if public health authorities really wanted to disrupt the cigarette market, they should limit the sale of cigarettes to carton sizes (i.e. 100 cigarettes in a box). I was told this would accomplish several things, including making it much more expensive to purchase cigarettes, lowering the marketing appeal of cigarettes for retailers as customers would not be coming into their stores as frequently to buy them. It would also make it more difficult for stores to display many different cigarette brands around checkout counters, as 20 cigarette pack sizes are small enough to allow companies to display several different brand and brand variants around checkout counters in retail stores. Of course, larger pack sizes could encourage some smokers to smoke more cigarettes, which would be bad. However, I am inclined to believe that a standardized pack size of 100 cigarettes or greater would be more of a detriment to the cigarette industry than a benefit. If the goal of a standard pack size is to discourage smoking, I think public health authorities ought to seriously consider a much larger minimum package size than the current minimum standard of 20 cigarettes per package. Government regulators should not let cigarette companies define the optimum package sizes, as their financial motives are not in line with the goals of public health. In the end, I suspect the answer to the question to ‘what's in a number’ may turn out to be more important to tobacco control than we might once have appreciated. K.M.C. has received payment as a consultant to Pfizer, Inc. for service on an external advisory panel to assess ways to improve smoking cessation delivery in health-care settings. K.M.C. also has served as paid expert witness in litigation filed against the tobacco industry. K.M.C. receives funding support from grants from the US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512, P30 CA138313).

Awareness and intervention approaches related to smoking addiction among child and adolescent psychiatrists.

Aim:To determine the attitudes of child and adolescent psychiatrists working in different institutions throughout Turkey towards smoking addiction and intervention steps.Material and Methods:An information form assessing physicians’ 5As approach was established considering the studies included in the literature, and this form was applied to physicians working in the area of child psychiatry by way of e-mail and phone.Results:Although most physicians (52.5%) asked about smoking status, which is included in the first step in the 5As approach used in smoking cessation, it was observed that they implemented further steps of the 5As with gradually decreasing rates in our study. Only 15% of the physicians performed follow-up in smoking cessation treatment.Conclusion:Physicians who work with pediatric and adolescent patients in Turkey have low levels of awareness about smoking addiction and they do not feel competent. Considering that tobacco and related addictions are gradually increasing in children and adolescents, physicians must receive training in the area of smoking cessation methods and start practicing these methods. It was thought that organizing smoking cessation training for physicians would contribute positively to the treatment of patients.

ПАУЭРЛИФТИНГ КАК СРЕДСТВО ОЗДОРОВЛЕНИЯ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ КРЫМСКОГО ПОЛУОСТРОВА

The health of young people, especially students, determines the health of the nation as a whole, and therefore affects the potential of this nation in all areas of activity. However, doctors say that recently the general state of health of university students, as well as all young people, has worsened. A full-fledged educational process in an educational institution is impossible without creating a healthy environment for students. It is completely wrong to place all or most of the responsibility for public health on the health system. According to WHO experts, the contribution of medical care and hereditary factors to health is not more than 30 %, while 50 % is a healthy lifestyle, which is understood as a set of individual practices, norms and personal behaviors leading to better health. These include, at a minimum, refusal to consume alcohol and tobacco, proper nutrition and physical activity. This means that health promotion is not only the responsibility of the health sector, but a public national task with a high level of individual responsibility. You cannot be healthy in an unhealthy society, so today a healthy and educated person is a national priority. It is necessary to promote a healthy lifestyle in every way, since many people do not know how and do not strive to be healthy. Among the subjects of the Russian Federation, Crimea and Sevastopol demonstrate a high incidence of pathologies of the circulatory system, exceeding the national average by 1.5–2 times. It is of concern that not only pensioners are vulnerable, but also people of working age. In addition, the problem of juvenile obesity is relevant in Crimea. Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors of the nation’s health is a healthy active lifestyle, in which sports activity plays a key role, including at the amateur level. For the effective popularization of sports among a wide range of people, a number of components are important: technical equipment and accessibility of sports clubs, sections, etc.; staffing; information support, etc. Among other things, the type of sports activity that is popularized in society and is offered as a mass one is important. In a sports club aimed at individual sports activities, powerlifting retains a vivid and relevant position. Powerlifting has established itself as a method for the prevention and correction of various pathologies: diseases of the cardiovascular system, obesity, sarcopenia, as well as improving cognitive functions and a way to combat smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction. At the same time, the level of development of powerlifting in the Crimea remains low. This problem can be solved, inter alia, by introducing theoretical and practical classes in schools and universities, training qualified trainers, opening sports clubs, and information support in the media.

FACTORS OF A HEALTHY WAY OF LIFE OF UKRAINIAN SCHOOLCHILDREN IN INSTITUTION OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION

The article analyzes the factors influencing the formation of a healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren in institution of general secondary education ZZSO. The role of the health of the conservation environment is noted. Regulatory documents and research on the culture of health and psychological health of the individual are analyzed. The state of the organization of the health of the conservation environment in ZZSO and the factors that negatively affect the psychological health of students in ZZSO: the shift of landmarks from moral family values to the material and social situation in society; uncontrolled use of media and Internet resources by students and adolescents; limited motor activity of students (hypodynamics); lack of systematic and purposeful work on the prevention of unhealthy habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs, gambling and Internet addiction and other deviations). Solving the problem of maintaining the health of children and adolescents, teaching a healthy lifestyle, taking into account the factors of a healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren and pupils requires joint attention: teachers, doctors, parents, members of the public. A special place and responsibility for health activities is given to the domestic modern educational system, which should make the educational process healthy.

Factors Affecting Smoking and Awareness of Secondhand Smoke among Health Science Faculty Students

Objective: The aim of this research was investigeted smoking prevalence, affecting factors and awareness of secondhand smoking among health science students. Method: This descriptive study was conducted with 1054 students of a Health Sciences Faculty in Istanbul. Data were collected by Sociodemographic Form, Secondhand Smoke Exposure Questionnaire Form, Cigarette Smoking Questionnaire Form and Fagerstrom Nikotine Dependence Test and were evaluated by chi-square test and descriptive statistic analysis. Results: The average age of the students was 20.06±1.66 and students of 84.5% were female. For students, the frequency of smoking was 13.9% and the frequency of exposure to secondhand smoke was 96.9% during the last 30 days. They were exposure secondhand smoke at home(24.2%) and at school(26.7%). According to Fagerstrom Nikotine Dependence Test, 90.8% of smoker students were medium, high or heavy smoking addicts. Rate of wanted to quit smoking was 50.7%. The frequency of smoking was statistically significant and higher in men, low-income, children of devorced parents, living alone or together with friends in student houses/dormitoris and working in a paid job than the others. Conclusion: According to this study result, secondhand smoke exposure was high and the addiction level of almost all students who smoke was medium and above. It is found that theage of starting to smoke coincided with the university years. According to the results, at the beginning years of university, it is suggested to make prevention and quitting programs which includes secondhand smoke exposure.

Analytical Study of Etiopathological Factors Responsible for Oral Squamous Cell Cancer in Bihar Population.

ABSTRACTBackground:Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of maxillofacial region is the most usual form of neoplasia causing malignancies in India and Asian continent. An increased prevalence of mortality rate by cancer of maxillofacial region was observed in various parts of the world.Objectives:Our aim was to correlate age and gender with etiopathological factors contributing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the urban population of Patna in 2 years.Materials and Methods:Data were extracted from hospital records. A total of 236 cases of histologically confirmed mild to advance stage of OSCC in either gender of 15–80 years of age range were evaluated.Results:Out of 236 histopathologically confirmed patients with OSCC, 172 were male and 64 were female. Insignificant difference was found in all age-groups and in all locations. Most common site was found to be buccal mucosa in both genders. Bony invasion was found to be least common. In our study, it was found that habits of chewing areca nuts, nicotine smoke addiction, consumption of alcohol, combination of chewing nuts and nicotine smoke addiction, and combination of alcohol and nicotine smoke addiction are significantly related to the development of OSCC. No significant association was found between histopathological conclusion and gender in all the four groups, and the prevalence was directly proportional to advancement of age.Conclusion:We concluded that the OSCC do not have any significant relation with the age and gender. The habit of nicotine and areca nut chewing, nicotine smoke addiction, and combination of nicotine smoke addiction and alcohol and chewing nut and nicotine smoke addiction has significant relationship in the development of OSCC.