Smoked Sheet Research Articles

Energy and exergy analysis for fast drying of ribbed smoked sheets in a novel forced-convection rubber smoking room

Rubber sheet smoking rooms are widely used by small farmers in rubber growing regions: sheets of raw rubber latex are ‘smoked’ in them to remove moisture, preserve and prepare the rubber for transport. Energy and exergy for a novel forced-convection rubber sheet smoking room were analyzed. Inlet hot air velocity varied between 12 and 14 m/s and the fuel-wood moisture content was between 24–55 % dry basis. Thermal efficiency for drying ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) rubber was 13.4–16.7 %. The specific energy consumption (SEC) was between 13.5–16.9 MJ/kg of water evaporated. The highest thermal efficiency or lowest specific energy consumption was achieved when using the dry fuel-wood (inlet velocity 14 m/s, 53 % db fuel-wood), while the RSS quality was maximum (100 %). The overall second law (exergy) efficiency was from 2.2-5.8 %. The highest exergy efficiency was obtained for air at 12 m/s and 24 % db fuel-wood. However, in this condition, only 55 % of sheets showed good quality. The exergy efficiency for the most suitable condition (100 % high quality sheets) was 2.6 %. Compared to an earlier forced-convection smoking room, the new room reduced the drying time from 48 h to 36 h, while thermal efficiency increased from 14.3 % to 16.5 %. When compared to the original smoking room, 65 % fuel-wood and 50 % drying time were saved and the rubber sheet quality increased from ∼90 % to 100 %. Overall, our forced-convection room was more efficient, dried faster and produced better quality than all previous types.

Reduction of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol odor emitted from Ribbed Smoked Sheet by Co(II)-salen complex

Reduction of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol odor emitted from Ribbed Smoked Sheet by Co(II)-salen complex

The Effect of a Combination of Rubber Wood and Palm Shells as a Source of Fuel in the Fumigation Process Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS)

Natural rubber is one of the ingredients result that there are many rubber plantation in Indonesia, products of natural rubber product manufactured by company nationwide Rubber Company is lateks dark, ribbed smoked sheet and crumb rubber one of products manufactured by the factory rubber factory in Indonesia is ribbed smoked sheet. ribbed smoked sheet is one kind of processed products derived from latex or latex have a brisiliensis rubber plants are processed in mechanical and chemical engineering using a drying room with smoke, almost all factories do fumigation only using rubber wood as fuel, the researchers are looking for alternative fuel using palm shells are pretty much and easily accessible in the palm oil mill. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fuel combination of rubber wood and palm shells as a fuel source fumigation ribbed smoked sheet this study uses fuel of rubber wood and palm shells by using a laboratory scale fumigation, the first combination used 100% rubber woods, the second combination used 50% rubber woods and 50% palm shells the third combination used 100% palm shells. Ribbed smoked sheet which is observed according to the ribbed smoked sheet Indonesian national standard (SNI) the result of the study indicated that wood rubber fuel produce the best ribbed smoked sheet than palm shells and the combination of palm shells and rubber wood.

Line Balancing Analysis in Ribbed Smoked Sheet Production Using Heuristics Methods (Study at PT. Wabin Jayatama, Serang, Banten, Indonesia)

Production line balancing is done to increase line efficiency. Product flow between workstations is stated to be better when the percentage of line efficiency is higher. One of the factors that can hinder the smooth running of a line is a bottleneck. The occurrence of a bottleneck at the Ribbed Smoked Sheet production station, namely the milling and sorting station, at PT. Wabin Jayatama caused the production line to become unbalanced. The output that will be generated from this research is the efficiency level of the actual production line and the proposed design of a production line with more optimal efficiency, which will later be used as a consideration for recommendations to improve the performance of the company's production line. This research was carried out using the Kilbridge & Wester Heuristic method and the Ranked Positional Weights Heuristic method. The results of the line balance analysis showed that the production line had a higher line efficiency (LE) of 50.05%, an increase by 25.62% to 75.67%. The initial line balance delay (BD) of 49.55% can be reduced by 25.22% to 24.33%. Then the Smoothest Index (SI) of 447.74 can decrease by 360.51 to 87.23.

Path Analysis of Factors Influencing the Export Price of Thai Rubber Ribbed Smoked Sheet no. 3

Path Analysis of Factors Influencing the Export Price of Thai Rubber Ribbed Smoked Sheet no. 3

Pengaruh Perceived Organizational Support dan Kepuasan Kompensasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Employee Engangement Syariah sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi pada Karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong, Kab. Jepara, Jawa Tengah)

Indonesia has a plantation area of 25,302,200 hectares (BPS Data, 2021). One of the business entities that is a source of foreign exchange for the country is PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, a state-owned company and a subsidiary of PTPN III (Holding) which owns palm oil, sugar cane, rubber, coffee and tea commodities. PTPN IX has 15 gardens spread throughout Central Java province, one of which is Balong Gardens. Balong Gardens is one of the business units owned by PTPN IX located in the Kab. Jepara, Central Java whose main commodity is rubber plants which produce RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheet) and Lump. Company goals can be achieved if human resource management is managed professionally so that the company can get employees who work optimally and make a positive contribution to the company. The aim of this research is to analyze the direct and indirect roles in improving employee performance The type used in this research is quantitative. This research has a population, namely workers at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX Kebun Balong, Jepara Regency, Central Java, as many as 539 people. Perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. The better the PT support. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong to employees will further improve the quality of performance of all employees. Employee satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. Compensation practices that have been implemented by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong is on the right track by carrying out digitalization in the process of distributing employee rights both financially and non-financially. The comfort felt by employees makes employees feel satisfied and tries to improve their performance for the company. The variables examined in this research include perceived organizational support and employee satisfaction. The most influential variable is employee satisfaction compared to perceived organizational support on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong needs to take strategic steps to increase employee engagement, especially when climate conditions do not allow employees to work. Maintain employee motivation and maintain employee physical fitness so that they are more connected to the company.

Towards Sustainable Downstream Production: Upstream Innovation and Business Model Development for Low-Graded Ribbed Smoked Sheet Natural Rubber in Thailand

Objective: This study from Thailand examined business model development to help transform low-graded ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) rubber into cow shoe production targeting dairy farming. With the Industry 4.0 concept of the knowledge-based economy in the central focus, the research objective was to examine both the supply and demand sides for developing a practical knowledge-based cow shoe business model. Methods: This qualitative research adopted the concepts of knowledge-based entrepreneurship (KBE) and Osterwalder's business model canvas to guide the investigative design. It used documentary analysis, in-depth interviews, and a focus group discussion as the data collection instruments. The data analysis technique was a generic interpretive approach allowing the researchers to analyze the data by constructing codes, categories, and result conceptualization based on the underpinning conceptions of KBE and the business model canvas. Results: This study confirmed cow shoe production as a potential downstream business for rubber production in Thailand with the possibility of KBE characterization of innovation, growth, and competitive advantage. Cow shoes could be sold throughout the year for cattle nourishing routines to ease the pain from hoof and claw trimming. Critical success factors for KBE development in this business included creating production technology transfer networks, promoting financial and knowledge support from rubber promotional authorities and regional universities, and developing a sustainable ecosystem for rubber production to be linked in the value chain with rubber biofuel and cattle farming industries. Conclusion: Considering that innovative rubber production was often suggested at the policymaking level, this paper has filled the knowledge gap by delivering a novel practical framework, supported by empirical evidence, to promote KBE in cow shoe business development as a sustainable downstream business.

Social Sustainability of Raw Rubber Production: A Supply Chain Analysis under Sri Lankan Scenario

Raw rubber production is the sole foundation for the rubber product industry, rendering raw rubber to manufacture essential commodities to mankind, such as tires, condoms, surgical gloves, and so forth. Raw rubber production involves various stakeholders; however, literature focusing on the social impacts of the supply chains of raw rubber production has hereto been absent. Social life cycle assessment, a popular tool to assess the social impacts of a product or process and was deployed herein to assess the social profiles of three Sri Lankan raw rubber supply chains (crepe rubber, concentrated latex, and ribbed smoked sheets) in a cradle-to-gate manner. The Social Hotspots Database v4 on Sima Pro v9.3 was used for the analysis. Results indicated that Governance, Labour rights & decent work had been affected due to Corruption and Freedom of association & collective bargaining issues, mainly in Belarus and China. Proposed improvement options to address these touchpoints were found to be effective. If the importation of K-fertilizer shifted into countries with lower risks, such as Canada, Israel, and Lithuania, overall social risks associated with Corruption and Freedom of association & collective bargaining could be reduced by ca. 36% and 25%, respectively. As a result, social risks in the impact described above categories, i.e., Governance and Labor rights & decent work, were reduced by ca. 35–41% and ca. 17–20%, respectively. Managers may pay thorough attention to the hotspots identified herein in the first place and try to avoid them as much as possible. They may consider importation from the aforesaid low-risk countries while weighing the trade-offs with economic and environmental aspects.

Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength Coefficient of Alternative Geogrid Made from Para Rubber Sheet

In this work, elastic natural rubber compound sheet (RCS) and ribbed smoked sheet grade 3 (RSS) were studied as alternative replacements for polymer geogrid for soil reinforcement. In order to investigate the reinforcing effectiveness in three distinct environments using the interface shear strength coefficient (Rin) by the large-scale direct shear test, the RSS and RCS geogrids were installed independently in sand, lateritic soil, and clay. Using either an RSS geogrid or RCS geogrid, the average Rin is progressively smaller in reinforced sand, lateritic soil, and clay, respectively. Higher tensile strength of reinforced materials using the RCS geogrid than those using the RSS geogrid is encouraged by the better elastic characteristics of the RCS geogrid. Thus, utilizing the RCS geogrid-reinforced materials can better increase the shear strength of coarse-grained soil such as sand and gravel.

Indian natural rubber price forecast–An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approach

The objective of this study was to forecast the price of natural rubber in India during April 2019 to March 2020 by employing autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). The monthly pricing data for the period from April 2008 to March 2018 was used for the study. The analysis was carried out during the year 2018–19. RSS4 (Ribbed Smoked Sheets), latex (60% DRC (Dry Rubber Content)) and ISNR 20 (Indian Standard Natural Rubber) are the different types of Indian natural rubber that are competitive in international rubber market. The prices of these types of natural rubber were taken for modelling. AIC was used as a selection criterion for the best-fitted model. ARIMA(3,1,2) for RSS 4, ARIMA (3,1,2) for Latex 60% DRC, and ARIMA (4,1,3) for ISNR20were the most suited modelsto forecast the price.The evaluation metrics were R2, Adjusted R2, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). These were employed for validating the forecasting model. The price forecasting of natural rubber in India can be a better-suited tool for the policymakers to decide on their investment in natural rubber cultivation.

One facile route to prepare high‐strength natural rubber through a green cardanol modification technology

AbstractA new modification strategy of natural rubber (NR) with high efficiency and environmental protection is proposed to get a high‐strength natural rubber (HSNR) by wetly modifying the natural latex with cardanol emulsified by emulsifier fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) first and then short‐term high‐temperature treatment. The obtained HSNR was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the influences of the amount of cardanol on the crystallization behavior, processability, and physicomechanical properties were also studied. The results indicated that HSNR has a higher molecular weight, gel content, Mooney viscosity, initial plastic value, and elastic modulus, exhibiting good thermal stability and high glass transition temperature. Markedly, HSNR vulcanizates had excellent mechanical strength and thermo‐oxidative aging resistance when the optimum dosage of cardanol was 1 phr. Further discussion revealed that cardanol could effectively modify NR and enhance comprehensive properties by promoting the crosslinking of molecular chains of NR and introducing phenol, which contributed to the potential value in the application field of replacing ribbed smoked sheets.

Socio-economic Context of Rubber Growing in Non-traditional Rubber Cultivating Areas

Monaragala is one of the main non-traditional rubber cultivating areas in Sri Lanka, where majority of rubber is cultivated by smallholders. This is an attempt to identify the socio demographic characteristics, rubber cultivation characteristics, and rubber processing characteristic of smallholders in Monaragala district. The data used in this study were gathered through a field survey using a sample of 150 smallholders and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the survey showed that the knowledge of smallholders regarding rubber processing was around 70% and the processing standards was at a lower level. Majority of the smallholders are producing Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS) or sell raw field latex, which resembles that there is a potential to diversify the processing sector by introducing other processing techniques such as crepe rubber and technically specified rubber. Majority of the sample population which was around 63% were attracted towards high cost group processing centers than processing RSS at household level by using low-cost simple techniques such as using carpets for milling and chimney for smoke drying.

Natural Para Rubber in Road Embankment Stabilization

This is the first study on “ribbed smoked sheets (RSS)” as a geogrid reinforcement in geotechnical engineering. An RSS is a kind of natural para rubber. RSS (grade 3) was designed as a biaxial geogrid with an aperture size of 20 mm × 20 mm and a spacing of 20 mm. The RSS was found to be a significant functional layer when applied to the subbase lateritic soil layer. The lateritic soil with an RSS reinforcing layer was greatly improved regarding the California bearing ratio (CBR). Numerical simulation using two-dimensional finite element software was used to determine the optimal number and positions of the RSS reinforcing layers in road embankment stabilization. The simulation data in terms of horizontal displacement of unreinforced road embankments was validated by the collected data from the actual construction site. The RSS reinforced layer was varied from one to three layers under 61 analysis conditions. The highest safety factor was obtained with two layers of RSS at 0.1H below the top of the road embankment and 0.4H below the first RSS layer, suggesting a suitable installation of the RSS reinforcing layer. The RSS is thus strongly recommended as a reinforcing material in low CBR lateritic soil for the road embankment.

Improvement of Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS) Production Effectiveness and Efficiency Using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) Concept on Sheeter Machine

This study aims to measure the sheeter machine's effectiveness, efficiency, and decline factors. Also, recommendations for improvement are made to counteract the decrease in RSS production efficiency. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) and Total Equipment Efficiency (TEE) were used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the machine. The Failure Method Effect Analyze (FMEA) is used to investigate machine failure, while TPM provides recommendations for improvement. The results showed that the sheeter machine effectiveness value in one year was almost entirely above the international standard at 85%, except for April and May at 72.27% and 80.33%. Furthermore, the highest and lowest TEE value was in February and April with 86.29% and 58.11%, respectively. According to the Six Big Losses calculations, the causes of a decrease in the effectiveness and efficiency of the sheeter machine were breakdown, setup, and adjustment losses, and idling, and minor stoppages. The failures with the highest Risk Priority Number (RPN) based on the FMEA were rusty bearings and halted machines resulting from tucked sheets under the roller. Minimizing Six Big Losses and adopting an autonomous maintenance system were two recommendations based on the TPM concept for increasing the efficacy and efficiency of RSS manufacturing.

EFISIENSI BIAYA DENGAN PENERAPAN SISTEM ACTIVITY BASED MANEGEMENT (ABM) UNTUK MENENTUKAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI

This study aims to determine the efficiency of production costs of PT.Perkebunan Nusantara XII Kebun Mumbul RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheet) Factory after the implementation of Activity Based Management (ABM).This type of research is descriptive qualitative. This research was conducted by identifying the activities that occur during the production process. Where the company data that has been collected will be compiled, processed, and analyzed to determine value-added and non-value added activities and impose costs into activities according to the amount of resources used or use direct loading to activities. Then compared with the theories that have existed so far. From the results of the comparison, a conclusion was drawn. The results of this study indicate that the application of the Activity Based Management(ABM)method at the RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheet) factory can lead to production cost efficiency. This is because the amount of production costs in the ABM method results in lower production costs compared to the calculation of conventional methods. Keywords: efficiency, ABC, ABM

Characterization of the trans-structure in the molecular chain structure of natural rubber

Natural rubber (NR) has excellent mechanical properties due to its unique molecular chain structure. In previous studies, the signal of the cis- and trans-isoprene units was deduced by 13C-NMR spectrum of the low molecular weight fraction of NR. In this study, through investigating the 1H-NMR spectra of ribbed smoked sheet 1 (RSS-1) and standard Chinese rubber whole fraction (SCR-WF), and Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG), trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI), found that the methyl-proton in the cis- and trans-isoprene units in 1H-NMR spectra of NR showed signals at 1.61 and 1.53 ppm, respectively. Further, the content of trans-structure in the molecular chain of NR of different producing areas was calculated. The results show that the content of trans-structure in the molecular chain structure of RSS-1 and SCR-WF were 1.500 and 1.054%, respectively.

Mechanical and dynamic properties of composite rubber (RSS and SBR) with waste rubber crumb and copper fiber

Waste rubber tire is difficult to decompose by nature, but it can be reused as a part of composite rubber materials. In this research, waste rubber crumb was mixed into Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS) and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound to form a composite rubber. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanical and dynamic properties of RSS and SBR compounds with waste rubber crumb and copper fibber. For this purpose, another composite material in the form of copper fiber is also added which is expected to increase the damping properties of the rubber even though the mechanical properties of the rubber will decrease. RSS and SBR rubber compounds consist of 25-phr and 50-phr waste rubber crumb. Waste rubber crumb is taken from used vehicle tires with the granular size passes through the mesh sieve number # 100. 5-phr, 10-phr, 20-phr, and 30-phr of copper fibers were added into 25-phr and 50-phr respectively. The copper fiber used is 0.3 ± 0.05 mm in diameter and length to diameter ratio is 40. The results of this study indicate that the addition of waste rubber 25-phr and 50-phr decreases the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and shear modulus but increases the damping properties. The addition of copper fiber 5-phr until 30-phr decreses the tensile strength and elastic modulus but increases the shear modulus and the damping properties.

Effect of Black Carbon Composition on Hardness, Strength, Wear Resistance and Grip Coefficient of Tire Compound

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of arrow pattern tire compound on hardness, wear resistance and grip coefficient in dry and wet operation conditions. Methodology: The mixing compound would be consist of Rubber Smoked Sheet (RSS), Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Black Carbon, Paraffin oil, ZnO, Stearic Acid, Paraffin wax, Epoxy and Sulphur. The compound is mixed and heated to 100°C. After being cooled it is then conducted hardness test, performed wear test and tested for friction. Results: The hardness and the tensile strength of the tire compound increase with increasing black carbon composition. While the wear of the tire compound decrease with increasing black carbon composition. There were no significant differences of grip coefficient when black carbon increased. However, grip coefficient will decrease by 12% when operating conditions change from dry asphalt track to wet asphalt track. Applications/Originality/Value: The life of tire compound usage is increased by the addition of black carbon particles.

TWO-STAGE FORCED CONVECTION FURNACE FOR RIBBED RUBBER SMOKED SHEET (RSS) PRODUCTION: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Due to improper design of the original rubber smoking-room, Ribbed Rubber Smoked Sheets (RSS) productions at Thai Rubber Smoking Cooperatives (RSCs) are undergoing. In this research, a prototype of the two-stage forced convection system has been proposed to renovate the traditional smoking process.Generally speaking, to enhance the efficiency of fuel consumption and to increase the number of qualitative RSS, the new hot-gas supplying system was carefully designed and constructed. Eight small ventilating lids were specifically used at the smoking-room ceiling to improve the velocity and temperature distributions. To obtain the optimal temperature (60°C) for natural rubber smoking, the feeding rates of firewood and the supplying rates of hot gas while operating this new forced convection system were optimized. According to the RSS production (1458 sheets), the drying time and the fuel consumption were found at 90 hrs., and 1.04 ton per a ton of the dried sheets, respectively. Surprisingly, 92% (822 kg) of the dried RSS were found to be above the selling grades; nevertheless, the remaining was in the cutting-grade due to having the unacceptable thickness (> 3mm). Overall, the new two-stage forced convection system could save 25% of production time and 35% of fuel consumption compared with the original natural convection system. Because the harmful aerosol particles could be trapped, so this new forced convection system may be friendly to the environment as well. In future work, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique will be used to enhance the efficiency of this new smoking-room system for RSS production.

Upgrading industrial effluent for agricultural reuse: effects of digestate concentration and wood vinegar dosage on biosynthesis of plant growth promotor.

Emphasis on water reuse in agricultural sector receives a renewed interest to close the loop in circular economy, especially in dry and water-stressed regions. In this work, wastewater from cooperative smoked sheet rubber factory and the effluent (digestate) from its treatment system (anaerobic digester) were used as medium to grow purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain PP803, with wood vinegar supplement at mid-log growth phase to stimulate the release of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a plant growth promotor. Wastewater-to-digestate ratios (D:W) represented by soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to influence both the growth of R. palustris and synthesis of ALA. The highest ALA release of 16.02 ± 0.75μM and the biomass accumulation of 1302 ± 78mg/L were obtained from the medium SCOD of 4953mg/L. Although retarding biomass accumulation by 28-36%, wood vinegar (WV) addition was proven to improve ALA release by 40%. Result suggested that SCOD of 3438mg/L (75:25 D:W) contained sufficient carbon source for PNSB growth and was chosen to subsequently run the photo-bioreactor (PBR) to sustain R. palustris PP803 cells production. In continuous PBR operation, PNSB proliferation suffered from the low organic concentration in PBR at low organic loading. An organic loading increase to 1.21gCOD/Lday was found to attain highest biomass concentration and longest PNSB dominant period over microalgea. In this study, a real-time monitoring protocol of PNSB and microalgae was specifically developed based on image color analysis at acceptable accuracy (R2 = 0.94). In the final assay, verification of the PBR-grown inoculant was conducted and ALA release efficiency was discussed under various wood vinegar dosages and dosing frequencies. This work has advanced our understandings closer to practical field application.