Smoke Treatment Research Articles

Color changes and smoke penetration of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) and tusam (Pinus merkusii) woods after smoke treatment

Wood color is one of the physical properties that influence aesthetic values. Color has an important place regarding to human’s style. Color can be the preferential factors prior to people when making a decision to purchase wood products. The aim of the research was to evaluate the impact of smokes period (one-, two-, and three-week) on the color change and smoke penetration of tusam (Pinus merkusii) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) woods. The smoke was generated from pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. Color evaluation was done with CIEL*a*b* method. The assessment of smoke penetration was done with visual identification using ImageJ application. The results demonstrated that smoke treatment resulted in the color change of the wood. Smoke treatment caused value of L* (lightness), a* (red-green), and b* (yellow-blue) of wood treated were decreasing from original wood. The wood was darker with longer period of smoke. Appearance of smoked wood was different totally from original color of wood. In visual identification showed that smoke was penetrated less than 1 mm of each wood. It was found that all smoke periods can be applied for natural coloring for smoky color type.

Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).

Fire can promote germination, recruitment and seed bank accumulation of the threatened annual grass Arthraxon hispidus

Disturbance plays an important role in plant life history strategies and has been documented as both enhancing and threatening populations of the vulnerable grass Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino (hairy jointgrass) on the NSW north coast. Mechanical disturbance (slashing) is often used in A. hispidus conservation management, but many Australian plants are adapted to fire-based disturbance regimes. In this study we undertook a field burning experiment, along with soil seed bank sampling and germination trials, to explore how fire influences A. hispidus population dynamics in terms of plant recruitment and seed bank fluctuations. We found that winter burning strongly promoted A. hispidus spring germination without entirely depleting the residual seedbank. Although drought affected our field study population, burning also led to increased adult cover and substantial seed bank replenishment the following autumn. Exposure to a smoke treatment almost doubled the germination rate of A. hispidus seeds in nursery trials. Our study suggests that appropriate burning regimes can help to maintain this species in the landscape, by both structural and chemical mechanisms, by enhancing plant recruitment and facilitating seed bank accumulation. However, some A. hispidus plants also successfully germinated, established, and reproduced in unburnt plots during our study, suggesting that populations of this species can persist without disturbance in some habitats, such as native wetland communities. We found that A. hispidus has a multi-year seed longevity and a persistent seed bank, providing the species a degree of resilience in the event of unpredictable disturbance regimes and climatic anomalies.

Effect of liquid smoke on surface morphology and tensile strength of Sago Fiber

This study aims to identify the effect of liquid smoke treatment on surface morphology and tensile strength of sago fiber (SF), including chemical reactions during the treatment. The proposed study is divided into two steps, fiber treatment and property tests. The first treatment, SF was immersion in the liquid smoke solution for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours, then dried for 1 hour which then characterized SEM, universal machine testing machine, X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The acetic acid in liquid smoke reacts with fiber to form fiber-liquid and H2O compounds. The heating process degrades H2O content in fibers and decomposes C and C elements to close together forming strong chemical bonds so that the fiber morphology become rough, porous, grooved and increasing the tensile strength of the fiber. But excessive heating treatment makes fibers more fragile because the H2O elements degrade too low. Dominant percentage of SF crystallization occurred after 4 and 5 hours, 64.7 and 66.9 %, respectively among other durations, a significant increase of tensile strength 50.813 MPa was achieved by 1-hour immersion in liquid smoke. Hence, as alternative to improve the mechanical characteristics of SF, immersion in liquid smoke should be applied. Furthermore, studies of similar treatment on other natural fibers can also be considered in the future.

Evaluation of Post-harvest Losses and Shelf Life of Fresh Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Eastern Zone of Tanzania

ABSTRACT Post-harvest loss negatively impacts food security, nutrition and economic stability of farmers, exporters, traders and consumers. Experiments were conducted to assess the effects of post-harvest techniques on the shelf life of Apple and Palmer mango cultivars under different storage conditions. Post-harvest losses of these fruit along the supply chain were also evaluated. A two-factors factorial experiment with six replications was used for each cultivar. Post-harvest techniques included dipping of fruit in hexanal solution (0.02% v/v), calcium chloride solution (2% w/v), smoke treatments and untreated fruit. The fruit were then stored at two different storage conditions namely: ambient temperature (28 ± 2°C) and cold storage (18 ± 2°C). Shelf life data was analyzed by using R-software. Mean separation was done by using Tukey Honestly Significant Difference at (p ≤ 0.05). Results showed that the major sites of post-harvest losses were at harvest, transport, wholesale and retail stages of supply chain. Furthermore, post-harvest treatments of fruit with hexanal and calcium chloride significantly increased shelf life and reduced disease incidences compared to untreated control and smoke-treated fruit. Cold storage significantly increased shelf life of mango fruit compared to ambient storage. Therefore, hexanal, calcium chloride and cold storage are recommended to extend fruit shelf life, maintain fruit firmness and to reduce disease incidences in mango fruit.

Molecular effects of tobacco smoke and bile reflux in Barrett’s esophagus in vitro

Background: Chronic gastroesophageal-reflux disease creates an environment of high oxidative stress believed to contribute to the carcinogenic transformation from reflux esophagitis to the premalignant condition Barrett’s esophagus (BE). BE ultimately progresses to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The aim of this study was to confirm the molecular effects of tobacco smoke and bile reflux in the molecular carcinogenesis of Barrett’s adenocarcinoma. Methods: Tobacco smoke condensate (4,000 ng/mL and dilutions) and a standardized bile acid (0.4 mM) were used to determine effects on a human hTERT-immortalized non-neoplastic Barrett’s esophageal cell line (BarT) and a human esophageal squamous cell line (Het-1a). Fourteen clinically relevant genes were evaluated via relative quantification real-time PCR analysis. Results: There was a synergistic relationship regarding the effects of bile acids and smoke condensate on both the BarT and Het-1a cell lines. Genes for inflammatory mediators COX2, IL1β, IL6, and IL8 were significantly up-regulated by combination smoke and bile treatment in both cell lines, while genes vital for cellular protection such as superoxide dismutase genes, MUC family of genes, CDX2 and CYP3A4 had varying expression changes. Conclusions: Tobacco smoke may enhance harmful effects of bile-acid refluxate on esophageal mucosa and is a significant factor in EAC carcinogenesis.

Proline-Glycine-Proline Peptides Are Critical in the Development of Smoke-induced Emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide and is characterized by an excessive airway neutrophilic response. The neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and its more potent acetylated form (acPGP) have been found to be elevated in patients with COPD and act via CXCR2. Here, we investigated the impact of neutralizing PGP peptides in a murine model for emphysema. The PGP-neutralizing peptide l-arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR) was used first in a 6-week model of cigarette smoke exposure, where it attenuated lung inflammation. Then, in a model of chronic smoke exposure, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and RTR treatment was initiated after 10 weeks of smoke exposure. This treatment was continued together with smoke exposure for another 13 weeks, for a total of 23 weeks of smoke exposure. RTR significantly inhibited neutrophil and macrophage influx into the lungs in the 6-week model of exposure. RTR also attenuated the development of emphysema, normalized lung volumes, and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy in the chronic exposure model. Murine epithelia expressed CXCR2, and this expression was increased after smoke exposure. In vitro, human bronchial epithelial cells also demonstrated robust expression of CXCR2, and stimulation of primary human bronchial epithelial cells with acPGP led to increased release of MMP-9 and IL-8. Overall, these results provide evidence that acPGP plays a critical role during the development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-induced injury, and highlight a new epithelial mechanism by which acPGP augments neutrophilic inflammation.

Influence of Liquid Smoke Cinnamon Against Attacks Leaf Rot Disease (Phytophthora Infestans) on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

Shaped research on the effect of using liquid smoke cinnamon against late blight (Phytophthora infestans) on potato (Solanum tuberasum L.) has been conducted in the village of Gunung Tujuh Pelompek District of Kerinci regency in Jambi Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of liquid smoke against late blight (Phytophthora infestans) on potato and other effects related to growth factors and production of potato (Solanum tuberasum L). The experiments were conducted in the field using a randomized block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications thus obtained 24 experimental unit. Each experimental unit consisted of 35 plants. As the plant sample under observation for variable growth is as much as 5 samples and disease variables is the entire plant for each plot. The treatments were the use of multiple doses of liquid smoke for spraying are: A = non-treated liquid smoke (WAPer only), B = fungicide interval of 7 days, C = treated liquid smoke 25 cc/liter of WAPer alternating with fungicides, D = treated liquid smoke 50 cc/liter of WAPer alternating with fungicides, E = treatment liquid smoke 75 cc/liter of WAPer hose alternating with fungicides, F = treatment liquid smoke 100 cc/liter of WAPer alternating with fungicides, G = liquid smoke treatment of 125 cc/liter of WAPer alternating with fungicides, and H = treatment liquid smoke 150 cc/liter of WAPer. The data were analyzed statistically by F test if the F-test has a significantly different effect and then continued with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level. The results show that the use of different doses of liquid smoke influence of highly significant observation parameters, namely: plant height, length, and width of leaves, leaf number, and weight of tubers per plant, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plot, intensity rot disease and the percentage of leaf blight attack. Plants treated with the liquid smoke with a rate of 125 cc punctuated alternately with fungicides showed intensity and percentage of the lowest disease. It is advisable to do further studies with different doses and with no fungicide treatment on the season and a different location.

Fire effects on germination response of the native species Daucus carota and the invasive alien species Helichrysum foetidum and Oenothera glazioviana

Fire is an ecological factor that affects ecosystem structure and functioning and determines later recovery of the ecosystem through the modification of biological processes, such as seed germination and seedling establishment. Another factor that modifies ecosystems is the presence of invasive alien species, which easily colonize new habitats after disturbances such as forest fires. Within this research, we analysed the germination response to fire of three species that share a habitat, one native species (Daucus carota L.) and two invasive alien species (Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench and Oenothera glazioviana Micheli) to identify and compare the effects of fire on the germination of these three species. For this purpose, germination tests were performed by using seeds treated with heat, smoke, charcoal and ash, simulating conditions of forest fires.The three species showed slightly different responses to fire factors. At high levels, heat and ash prevented the germination of the three species. In contrast, intermediate heat shocks and some smoke treatments stimulated O. glazioviana germination, while the other species remained unaffected. H. foetidum presented high germination success for most treatments. The difference in the germination response of the three species can change the current balance among three species in natural fire-prone ecosystems, contributing to the spread of O. glazioviana and H. foetidum to new areas and potentially reducing native D. carota populations.

Light intensity triggers different germination responses to fire-related cues in temperate grassland species

Fire is a widespread disturbance that affects plant individuals and populations. In fire-prone environments, such as Mediterranean-type ecosystems, many species are stimulated to germinate by fire-related cues, for example heat and smoke. However, little is known about the effect of fire on seed germination of species from herbaceous communities like temperate grasslands. In this study we assessed the germination response to direct (heat shock and smoke) and indirect (light intensity) fire-related cues of five herbaceous and one shrubby species that occur in natural grasslands of eastern Uruguay. All species are native and belong to the Poaceae (2 species) and Asteraceae (4 species) families. Seeds were subjected to smoke and heat shock treatments (50°C, 100°C) under two light intensities (highlight and low-light). We found that direct fire-related cues did not stimulate germination in any of the species studied. Most of the species showed a reduced percentage of germination or a delayed mean germination time, relative to the control treatment, when exposed to heat shock at 100°C or smoke. However, the seeds survived the exposure to high temperatures, indicating that they can tolerate a fire event. Light was found to be a key germination cue. Treated seeds responded to fire-related cues mainly when we simulated the high-light environment after fire. Our results contribute to the growing body of evidence that many species of South American grasslands do not rely on recruitment by seeds after a fire event, but rather on the ability to resprout by means of subterranean or protected basal buds.

Heat and smoke affect the germination of flammable resprouters: Vellozia species in the Cerrado

Fire is an important ecological factor shaping plant strategies. Plants that are not able to survive fire and rely on seed reproduction may have seeds adapted for surviving heat shock or their germination may even be enhanced by heat or smoke. In order to find out whether such adaptations may be found in plants able to survive fire and resprout, we examined the germination of ten Vellozia species in response to heat shock and smoke. Seeds were collected in two community types differing in fire frequency: campos sujos (open savannas with frequent and hotter fires) and campos rupestres (montane grasslands on rocky outcrops, with less frequent and milder fires). We hypothesized that seeds of plants inhabiting campos sujos would be more tolerant to fire or will even be stimulated by heat shock or smoke in comparison with seeds of plants inhabiting campos rupestres. We confirmed our expectations only partly, as (i) seeds of all species survived heat shocks of 60 and 100°C for one minute and seeds of three species survived the temperature of 200°C, (ii) the smoke treatments increased germination by 20–40% in three species from both communities, and (iii) mortality after the hottest heat shock was greater in seeds of plants from campos rupestres than from campos sujos. Fire- and smoke-related germination strategies help populations of Vellozia species to cope with recurrent fires in fire-prone ecosystems.

RAGE Implications during DNA Double Strand Breaks in Trophoblast Cells

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an obstetric pathology characterized by an increase in trophoblast apoptosis and decreased cell invasion. Trophoblasts are critical for a successful pregnancy and they mediate important steps such as implantation, immune protection of the fetus, maternal blood flow to the placenta, and delivery. Previous mouse studies in our laboratory showed increased trophoblast apoptosis, decreased cell invasion and increased placental receptors for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE) during second hand smoke (SHS) treatment. More recently, a role for nuclear RAGE (nRAGE) has been implicated in DNA double strand break (DNA‐DSB) repair. We tested the hypothesis that RAGE is involved during DNA‐DSB repair in trophoblast cells. DSBs were induced in human trophoblasts (Bewo and Sw71) with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or bleomycin (BLM). Assessment of nRAGE and g‐H2AX (involved in DNA‐DSB repair) was done by immunostaining. Invasion was measured in trophoblast cells after CSE and BLM treatment. Immunoblot was used to quantify nRAGE and g‐H2AX in cells. DNA degradation was used to determine DNA integrity.Increased Co‐expression of RAGE and y‐H2AX was observed in treated trophoblasts when compared to controls. Increases protein expression of RAGE and g‐H2AX was quantified by immunoblot in control and treated trophoblast cells . Trophoblast invasion was decreased 50% with 20ug/ml BLM treatment (p<0.0001) and 80% with 30ug/ml as compared to controls (p<0.0001). Invasion of trophoblast cells was decreased 92% (p<0.002) when treated with 0.5% CSE. Trophoblast DNA degradation was significantly detected following treatment with BLM or CSE. We conclude that CSE and BLM causes DNA‐DSBs in trophoblast cells and repair may plausibly be regulated by nRAGE and g‐H2AX. Confirmatory studies in the absence of RAGE are necessary in order to validate a possible link. DNA‐DSBs could be a factor in inhibited trophoblast invasion observed in compromised placenta. These studies provide a critical initial step in dissecting tobacco‐mediated IUGR progression.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by a grant from the Flight Attendant's Medical Research Institute (FAMRI, PRR and JAA) and a BYU Mentoring Environment Grant (JAA and PRR).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Genetic polymorphism of lactic acid bacteria isolated from “Pirot ‘ironed’ sausage” from Serbia

The ?Pirot ?ironed? sausage? (Pis) is a traditional, dry, fermented product originating from the town of Pirot, situated in southeastern Serbia. This product is made from different types of meat (goat, sheep, beef and donkey) and spices, without additives or starter cultures. Pis is an organic, unprocessed product, without heat or smoke treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize 120 isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Pis produced by six different brands during a two-year period using phenotypic and genetic identification. Preliminary characterization of the LAB was based on general morphology and biochemical tests. Repetitive elements such as REP, BOX and GTG5, found in the genome of these bacteria, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR) sequences were used for determination of genetic polymorphism. Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the presence of only two LAB species, Lactobacillus sakei (76%) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (24%). However, genetic polymorphism was detected using fingerprinting methods. In comparison with other primers, the profiles obtained with GTG5 showed the highest heterogeneity for most of the tested isolates, with sequencing results additionally confirming its discriminatory power. In addition, M13 RAPD primer also produced satisfactory separation of the tested isolates.

Sensitivity of prescribed burn weather windows to atmospheric dispersion parameters over southeastern USA

Prescribed burning is an essential tool for forest and rangeland management that requires specific weather conditions to enable the efficient and safe application of fire. Prescribed burning is often limited by the ability to find suitable burn-days that fit within the identified weather parameters that balance good smoke dispersion and erratic fire behaviour. We analysed the sensitivity of the occurrence of widely used weather windows in the southeastern USA to modest changes in how they are defined. This analysis identified the most limiting prescription components and assessed where small changes in the prescription window can yield the greatest gains in additional burn-days. In the growing season (April–September), adjustments to mixing height offered the greatest such opportunity: a 12.5% increase in the upper-limit yields ~25% more burn-days during this period. During the dormant season (November–January), a 12.5% change in the upper-limit of transport wind yields ~20% more burn-days. Performing this analysis on the ventilation index revealed that comparable increases in burn-days were available by changing its upper limits. These results help inform ongoing discussions on potential changes to regional prescribed burn weather parameters that might help meet smoke management and treatment objectives in the southeastern USA and more broadly.

Effects of Liquid Smoke on the Chemical Composition and Thermal Properties of Sago Fiber

The chemical composition and thermal properties of sago fiber, as processed via liquid smoke treatment, were analyzed in the current study, which is divided into two steps: fiber treatment and chemical property analysis. In the first stage, groups of sago fiber were immersed in the liquid smoke solution for one, two, three, four, and five hours prior to one-hour of drying, while untreated sago fiber was kept as the control specimen. After immersion, each group of sago fiber specimen was identified through SEM-EDS, which indicated that the effect of liquid smoke treatment resulted from escalated thermal stability as well as activation energy (from 213.4 °C and 67.02 kJ/mol to 220.6 °C and 73.43 kJ/mol, respectively). Additionally, a statistical approach depicted improved chemical properties of the treated sago fiber and confirmed the applicability of liquid smoke immersion as an appropriate treatment for sago fiber, prior to their application as reinforced composites.

Potential of Liquid Smoke as Botanical Insecticide to Control Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

<p><em>Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the main pest of coffee plants. This pest is difficult to control as it attacks coffee fruit on the tree, multiplies inside the fruit and stays till storage. The study aimed to determine the potential liquid smoke from plant waste to control CBB. The research was conducted at Plant Protection Laboratory (IIBCRI), from January to December 2016. The liquid smokes made from cacao pod husks, sawdust, coconut shells, and rice husks. Phytochemical content of liquid smokes was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using </em><em>gas cromatografy mass spectrometry</em> (<em>GCMS). Toxicity analysis was carried out by residual and contact methods at concentrations of 1%; 1.5%; 2%; 2.5%; controls (aquades), and chlorpyrifos insecticide (2 ml/l) as comparison. Each treatment used 15 H. hampei imagos, repeated 3 times. Mortality parameters were observed at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after treatment (HAT). To investigate antifeedance, 10 coffee fruits were infested with 20 imagos in plastic containers, repeated 3 times and parameters observed were the number of holes at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after infestation. The results showed that the largest component in liquid smoke presumably functioned as insecticides are Benzenesulfonic acid 4-hydroxy and Acetic acid. All liquid smokes tested were toxic to CBB imagos. The highest CBB mortalities occurred after liquid smoke treatment from coconut shell at concentrations of 2.5% by 48.87%, attack rate was only 20%, decreased 70%. Liquid smoke from coconut shell is the most potential as botanical insecticide to control CBB.</em></p>

Haze smoke impacts survival and development of butterflies

The Southeast Asian transboundary haze contains a mixture of gases and particles from forest fires and negatively impacts people’s health and local economies. However, the effect of the haze on organisms other than humans has not yet been sufficiently studied. Insects are important members of food webs and environmental disturbances that affect insects may impact whole ecosystems. Here we studied how haze directly and indirectly affects the survival, growth, and development of insects by rearing Bicyclus anynana butterflies under artificially generated smoke as well as reared in clean air but fed on plants previously exposed to smoke. Direct haze exposure significantly increased the mortality of caterpillars, increased larval development time, and decreased pupal weight, while indirect haze exposure, via ingestion of haze-exposed food plants, also affected development time and pupal weight. No smoke particles were found in the tracheae of subjects from the smoke treatment suggesting that the increase in development time and mortality of B. anynana under smoke conditions might be due to toxic smoke gases and toxic food, rather than particulate matter. These results document significant deleterious effect of haze smoke to the development, adult size, and survival of insects, key players in food-webs.

Keefektifan Asap Cair dan Elektroterapi untuk Mengeliminasi Infeksi Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pada Benih Padi

The Effectiveness of Liquid Smoke and Electrotherapy to Eliminate Infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice SeedBacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a seed-borne disease that can reduce the productivity of rice. Alternative treatments that have not been widely developed is application of liquid smoke and electrotherapy. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of liquid smoke and electrotherapy and their combinations to eliminate X. oryzae pv. oryzae without damaging seed quality. The study consisted of three experimental stages: (1) Liquid smoke treatment on the viability of the bacteria and rice seeds; (2) Electrotherapy treatment on the viability of bacteria and rice seeds; (3) Combination of liquid smoke and electrotherapy treatment in bacteria-infected rice seed. The results showed that liquid smoke concentration (5% for 30 minutes) was able to reduce 83.33% population of X. oryzae pv.oryzae on rice seeds with 94.33% seed vigor, 98.00% germination, and time required to achieve 50% of total seed emergence (T50) of 3.13 days. Electrotherapy treatment (400 mA for 20 minutes) was not only eliminated X. oryzae pv. oryzae on rice seeds up to 100% but also maintained seed vigor 81.67%, germination 89.33%, and T50 3.47 days. Electrotherapy treatment (400 mA for 20 minutes) followed by immersion of infected rice seeds in liquid smoke concentration (1% for 30 minutes) could reduce 94.59% bacteria population while maintaining 86.00% seed germination. Treatment of electrotherapy (400 mA for 20 minutes) followed by immersion seeds into liquid smoke concentration (5% for 30 minutes) could reduce bacterial population up to 100%, but caused phytotoxicity effect to the seedling.

Proteomic analysis of the effect of plant-derived smoke on soybean during recovery from flooding stress

Flooding negatively affects the growth of soybean, whereas the plant-derived smoke enhances seedling growth of crops. To clarify the mechanism underlying the recovery from flooding stress, proteomic analysis was performed based on morphological results. Growth of soybean seedlings was inhibited under flooding stress, but it recovered after water removal following treatment with plant-derived smoke. Sucrose/starch metabolism and glycolysis were suppressed in smoke-treated flooded soybean compared to flooded soybean. The protein abundance and gene expression of O-fucosyltransferase family proteins related to the cell wall were higher in smoke-treated flooded soybean than in flooded soybean. Protein abundance and gene expression of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and Bowman-Birk proteinase isoinhibitor D-II were lower in smoke-treated flooded soybean than in flooded soybean. Taken together, these results suggest that plant-derived smoke enhances soybean growth during recovery from flooding stress through the balance of sucrose/starch metabolism and glycolysis. Furthermore, the accumulation of cell-wall related protein might be an important factor contributing to recovery of soybean from flooding stress. Biological significanceFlooding negatively affects the growth of soybean, whereas the plant-derived smoke enhances the seedling growth of crops. To clarify the mechanism underlying the recovery from flooding stress, proteomic analysis of soybean with different treatments including normal conditions, flooding stress, and flooding stress in the presence of plant-derived smoke was performed in this study. Growth of soybean seedlings was inhibited under flooding stress, however, it recovered with plant-derived smoke treatment during recovery from flooding stress. Sucrose/starch metabolism and glycolysis were suppressed in smoke-treated flooded soybean compared to flooded soybean, which suggests altered sucrose/starch metabolism and glycolysis contribute to soybean growth recovery from flood stress. Furthermore, the protein abundance and gene expression of O-fucosyltransferase family proteins related to the cell wall was higher in smoke-treated flooded soybean than in flooded soybean, which might be an important factor contributing to the recovery of soybean from flooding stress.

Within population variation in germination response to smoke cues: convergent recruitment strategies and different dormancy types

Maintaining variation in germination response provides a selective advantage, by spreading risk during recruitment. In fire-prone regions, physically dormant (PY) species vary their response to dormancy-breaking fire-related heat cues at the intra-population level. However little is known about physiologically dormant (PD) species, which respond to smoke cues. These contrasting dormancy types reflect different evolutionary developmental pathways and we considered whether intra-population variation in germination of Boronia floribunda (PD) occurs in response to smoke. Seeds were collected from individual plants. We assessed germination magnitude and rate of seeds from each individual in response to a single aerosol smoke treatment, and three concentrations of smoke water, using replicate seed lots in temperature-controlled incubators. The magnitude and onset of germination differed significantly among individuals in response to the same smoke treatment. Seeds from different individuals varied in their sensitivity to smoke water concentration, with some responding to very low doses, and others obligated to high doses. Variation in germination response to smoke highlights a mechanism by which PD species spread risk, by allowing some seeds to emerge quickly, while others remain dormant in the soil seed bank. The similarity to heat-cued variation displayed by PY species suggests that this could represent a convergent functional response.