Smart Card Research Articles

Activity-based individual travel regularity exploring with entropy-space K-means clustering using smart card data

Travel activities influence individual travel location, time, and frequencies. Understanding individual travel regularity under different activities is crucial for individual mobility prediction and urban facilities planning. Existing studies need further improvement as they have not adequately taken into account the impact of activity factors on individual travel patterns. In this paper, we propose an innovative framework for exploring travel regularity and the correlation with urban region attributes at the individual level. The framework’s novelty and uniqueness lie in its three layers: (i) A trip pre-processing layer for extracting every complete public transit trip and trip purposes (e.g. commuting activity and non-commuting activity) by combining individual’s travel characteristics and public transport network. (ii) An entropy-based travel regularity measurement and K-means based multiple-view clustering layer to assess the extent of individual travel repetition over time for various travel activity and investigate the similarities and differences among users. (iii) A region dependence correlation analysis layer for exploring the correlation between individual travel regularity and regions attributes of two key locations: home and workplace More importantly, by employing the framework, we gained empirical insights based on a large-scale dataset (covering 0.64 million users) collected from public traffic smart cards. For instance, commuters can be categorized into four groups based on the regularity of their commuting activities: Regular Workers (24%), Flex-time Workers (21%), Overtime Workers (35%), and Other Workers (20%). The distribution of these four groups is associated with workplace’s administrative characteristics, with a Pearson correlation of 0.503. In addition, individuals can also be classified into two groups based on their travel regularity of non-commuting activities: Limited Visitors (37%) and Active Explorers (63%). The distribution of these individuals is correlated with the coverage ratio of public transit facility in their home locations, showing a Pearson correlation of 0.604.

OSL at elevated temperature of smart chip cards for retrospective dosimetry

Smart chip cards are a promising material in retrospective dosimetry due to their high collectability with low replacement cost. In this study, dose reconstruction using OSL at elevated temperatures for various chip cards was investigated. The approximate spectral emission of the chip cards was determined through a comparison of radiation-induced and intrinsic background TL signals using different detection filters. In the OSL decay curve, a fast component (0.0–0.4 s) was integrated to avoid high intrinsic background signals. To minimize sensitivity changes due to heat treatment, a protocol to measure OSL at 100 °C was developed and the data were compared with those from a similar protocol for OSL measured at room temperature. In the 0.1 - 5 Gy range, linear and power functions were fitted for room temperature and 100 °C OSL protocols, respectively. The minimum detectable dose was evaluated immediately after exposure, with values of 25 mGy for room temperature and 240 mGy for 100 °C OSL being determined. Signal fading was measured up to 30 days after irradiation for the investigated protocols. A dose recovery test was made 10 days after irradiation using various chip cards, and the 100 °C OSL protocol produced more reliable results than the room temperature OSL protocol. As a result, the study emphasizes the necessity of further investigation of OSL at high temperatures using chip cards.

Secure Transactions in a Chip: A Contemporary Review of Smart Card Innovations

Smart card technology has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of secure identification, authentication, and transaction processing. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of smart card technology, highlighting its key features, applications, and benefits. Smart cards, also known as integrated circuit cards, are portable devices that incorporate a microprocessor and memory to securely store and process information. These cards have revolutionized various industries by enabling secure access control, secure payment transactions, and secure storage of sensitive data. The abstract begins by exploring the fundamental components and architecture of smart cards. It delves into the different types of smart cards, such as contact-based and contactless cards, and explains the communication protocols employed in their operation. Furthermore, the abstract discusses the extensive range of applications where smart cards have found widespread adoption. These applications include identification cards, payment cards, healthcare cards, transportation cards, and more. The abstract highlights the advantages of using smart cards in each of these domains, such as enhanced security, convenience, and interoperability.

Investigating the potential of aggregated mobility indices for inferring public transport ridership changes.

Aggregated mobility indices (AMIs) derived from information and communications technologies have recently emerged as a new data source for transport planners, with particular value during periods of major disturbances or when other sources of mobility data are scarce. Particularly, indices estimated on the aggregate user concentration in public transport (PT) hubs based on GPS of smartphones, or the number of PT navigation queries in smartphone applications have been used as proxies for the temporal changes in PT aggregate demand levels. Despite the popularity of these indices, it remains largely untested whether they can provide a reasonable characterisation of actual PT ridership changes. This study aims to address this research gap by investigating the reliability of using AMIs for inferring PT ridership changes by offering the first rigorous benchmarking between them and ridership data derived from smart card validations and tickets. For the comparison, we use monthly and daily ridership data from 12 cities worldwide and two AMIs shared globally by Google and Apple during periods of major change in 2020-22. We also explore the complementary role of AMIs on traditional ridership data. The comparative analysis revealed that the index based on human mobility (Google) exhibited a notable alignment with the trends reported by ridership data and performed better than the one based on PT queries (Apple). Our results differ from previous studies by showing that AMIs performed considerably better for similar periods. This finding highlights the huge relevance of dealing with methodological differences in datasets before comparing. Moreover, we demonstrated that AMIs can also complement data from smart card records when ticketing is missing or of doubtful quality. The outcomes of this study are particularly relevant for cities of developing countries, which usually have limited data to analyse their PT ridership, and AMIs may offer an attractive alternative.

Anonymous and robust biometric authentication scheme for secure social IoT healthcare applications

In the era of rapid technological advancement, the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionised healthcare through systems like the Telecare Medicine Information System (TMIS), designed to streamline patient-doctor interactions and enhance medical treatment. However, the transmission of sensitive patient data over inherently insecure Internet channels exposes it to a spectrum of security risks. Protecting patient medical privacy and ensuring system reliability necessitate mutual authentication between both patients and medical servers. TMIS relies on robust authentication mechanisms, and combining passwords and smart cards has been a recognised approach for mutual authentication. This research introduces an innovative three-factor authentication technique with perfect forward secrecy by leveraging the power of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in tandem with smart cards. Additionally, we have incorporated biometric authentication with a Fuzzy Extractor technology to enhance the security and reliability of the system, setting a new standard for user authentication within the realm of Social IoT healthcare. The use of ECC in the method is justified due to its compact key size and robust security measures, making the solution both efficient and secure. The proposed method safeguards user privacy by permitting registered users to change their passwords without divulging their identity to the server. The Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (also known as the BAN logic) serves as a proof-of-concept for the proposed scheme’s security. Our system provides privacy protection along with mutual authentication and session key negotiation at a considerably low computation cost and communication cost of up to 71.03% compared to the other four relevant techniques, making it more useful in real-world scenarios.

Blind signature as a shield against backdoors in smart cards

The problem of signature forgery (including signature key recovery) in the presence of backdoors in the hardware or software of functional key carriers (smart cards) is considered. A new approach to solving the problem based on using blind signature schemes is proposed. It is shown that honest-signer blindness and honest-but-curious unforgeability of the blind signature schemes imply security against backdoors in smart cards. As a concrete example, we consider a blind version of the GOST signature scheme (the blind signature scheme proposed by Camenisch) and show that this scheme is resistant to backdoors under the single assumption that GOST is secure in the standard sense.

Hybrid QKD-based framework for secure enterprise communication system

This research paper proposes a hybrid quantum key distribution (QKD)-based framework for secure enterprise communication using post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and smart cards. The paper discusses the limitations of current PQC implementations and the need for a hybrid approach that combines classical non-PQC algorithms with quantum-resistant PQC algorithms to establish secure communication channels. The proposed framework utilizes point-to-point QKD links between quantum devices to establish a shared secret key, which is then used to encrypt and decrypt data using PQC algorithms. Smart cards are used for authentication and key synchronization to ensure the security of end-user devices. The paper also reviews relevant literature on QKD and PQC and discusses future work. The proposed framework offers a cost-effective and secure way for enterprises to communicate with each other.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF FINFET-BASED ENERGY RECOVERY ADDER CIRCUITS

The growing demand for secure devices (such as radio frequency identification tags, wireless sensor networks, and smart cards) and the widespread use of the Internet of Things (IoT) have necessitated the secure and energy-efficient design of IoT devices. To date, most of the previous investigations carried out regarding secure devices have focused on the implementation of adiabatic logic circuits for ultra-low power applications. However, to investigate various applications of adiabatic logic circuits, it is essential to analyze their performance characteristics. In this work, the performance of fin field-effect transistor (FinFET)-based adiabatic logic styles using the 4-bit Brent-Kung adder as a reference was evaluated and compared. The simulations performed using Berkeley short-channel insulated-gate common multi-gate FinFET models at 45 nm technology node indicated significant differences in energy consumption, area occupied, peak current pulses, operating frequencies, and temperature effects with respect to the various logic styles studied.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ПЛАТІЖНИХ СИСТЕМ В ЕЛЕКТРОННІЙ КОМЕРЦІЇ

The article examines the payment systems used in the world and in Ukraine, their features and components, existing varieties. It has been proven that payment systems based on electronic money include: payment systems based on smart cards; softwarebased payment systems operating on the Internet; payment systems based on mobile communication networks. The existing classifications of payment systems are given according to various characteristics: by the method of execution, by the type of operation, by the form of ownership, by the territory of operation, by the degree of residency of the participants, by the volume of payments made, etc. The article, based on its own long-term experience of working with various electronic payment systems, offers its own classification of payment systems by the scope of coverage: a) global payment systems; b) local (national) payment systems. The main global payment systems of the world and local payment systems of the United States, Canada, Great Britain, the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are indicated. A general scheme of the entire system of electronic payments has been built. The mechanism of making payments through LiqPay, WISE and PAYONEER payment services and the features of the functioning of these payment systems are described. The nuances of the acquiring payment transaction processing process, as well as the procedure for introducing an international bank account number (IBAN) in Ukraine, were traced and indicated. Facilitation of greater integration of the Ukrainian payment space with the European one due to savings on bank commissions and speed of operations was revealed. The dependence of the development of electronic commerce on the perfection, volume and convenience of payment systems is singled out.

Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA) for robust network access security

In a world that is becoming more and more digital, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is essential for making network access safer. The purpose of this study is to suggest a way to adopt MFA that will make network systems more resistant to cyber risks and illegal access. Adding different types of authentication, like passwords, fingerprints, smart cards, and one-time codes, is the first part of the suggested approach. By making users prove their identity in more than one way, the system adds more layers of protection, making it less likely that someone will get in without permission, even if one of the factors is broken. In addition, the application stresses how important it is to have a strong method for verifying identities. This includes making sure users are who they say they are by using personal data, like fingerprints or face recognition, which are hard to fake or copy. The system also has flexible authentication features that change the amount of authentication needed based on things like the user’s position, the device they’re using, and how they usually behave. This flexible method improves the user experience by reducing the hassle of identification while still meeting high security standards. Furthermore, the application includes full logs and tracking tools to quickly find and stop any shady actions. By constantly watching tries at authentication and how users act, the system can spot possible security holes and take steps to reduce risks.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ЛОГИСТИКО-ИНЖЕНЕРИНГОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ЦЕПОЧЕК ПОСТАВОК 4.0 (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРОЕКТА AGPP В АМУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

Intelligent logistics is a comprehensive tracking and processing system supported by modern information technology to realize system perception, overall analysis, real-time processing, optimization decision- making, system support, automatic correction, timely feedback and other functions. It is also through modern high-tech means such as smart chips, World Wide Web alliance, database, AI intelligence, etc. To realize the precision, visualization and standardized management of all links in the circulation 4.0 era, improve the intelligent decision-making and modular execution and operation ability of the supply chain system, and improve the global smart logistics operation efficiency. This paper analyzes the intelligent logistics + supply chain management and risk control of AMUR Gas Processing Plant project in Russia (hereinafter referred to as -A-Ti), and expounds the international logistics + intelligent supply chain management for EPC general contract projects in Russia and CIS countries and regions from the aspects of planning and design, transportation cost and risk control nodes. How to carry out the implementation of large-scale projects, safe transportation, cargo rights control, and enhance the international influence and competitiveness of Chinese state-owned enterprises in the world, as well as the living space in Russia and CIS countries and other important theories and practices. To explore the new model development and direction of China-Russia international intelligent logistics + supply chain in the context of the world political arena.

A practical key recovery attack on the lightweight WG-5 stream cipher

WG-5 is a lightweight stream cipher proposed for usage in the resource-constrained devices, e.g., passive RFID tags, industrial controllers, contactless smart cards and sensors. In this paper, a weakness called slide property of WG-5 which has not been discovered in previous works is for the first time explored and analyzed. The result shows that the probability that two related key-IV pairs of WG-5 generate the shifted keystreams can be up to 2−20, which is significantly high compared with an ideal stream cipher that generates the random keystreams. The correctness and accuracy of this theoretical probability is confirmed experimentally. Based on the slide property of WG-5, some key recovery attacks on WG-5 in the related key setting are proposed. The cryptanalytic result shows that the 80-bit secret key of WG-5 can be recovered with a time complexity of 225.615, requiring 6 related keys and 80 keystream bits for each of 224.585 chosen IVs. The experimental result validates our attack and shows that WG-5 can be broken within about 92.054 seconds on a common PC in the related key setting. These results imply that the design of WG-5 is far from optimal and needs to be strengthened to provide enough security for the lightweight constrained applications.

Incorporating mobile phone data-based travel mobility analysis of metro ridership in aboveground and underground layers

<p>Metro transit is the core of urban transportation, and the mobility analysis of metro ridership can contribute to enhance the overall service level of the metro transit. Researchers studying metro ridership are focused on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the ridership in the underground system of metro station by metro smart card data. However, limited by lack of travel mobility chain of ridership integrity, their activity patterns cannot be used to identify the heterogeneity of metro ridership's origin and transfer travel mode. In our research, we applied full spatiotemporal coverage of mobile phone data to identify the complete travel mobility of metro ridership in the perspective of ground and underground transit. First, the mobility of the boarding and alighting stations was extracted and the order of the transfer station was then extracted. Second, relying on the ridership flow identification method, the aboveground origin and destination of the ridership outside the metro system were extracted, and their transferred traffic mode was identified. The empirical results have shown that our proposed framework can accurately analyze the mobility patterns of metro ridership in an aboveground area and underground station.</p>

Yearly patterns of transit usage: a cumulative clustering approach using 7 years of smart card data

This paper presents results of the application of clustering methods to report on the yearly patterns of transit ridership, at metro stations and on bus lines, as observed using 7 years of smart card validations (2015-2021). Results from the k-means approach are presented in this paper while various methods were tested using the same vectors of data. The results confirm the ability of the proposed approach to understand the global changes in ridership patterns. The cumulative clustering approach used allowed to understand the evolution of both bus and metro across the seven years from a temporal and spatial perspective.

Serial powering characterisation for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

The CMS tracking system will be completely replaced in order to operate in the extreme conditions of the High Luminosity LHC. The new tracker will consist of two main subdetectors: the Inner Tracker, containing pixel modules, and the Outer Tracker, consisting of strip and macro-pixel modules. In the Inner Tracker, silicon sensors will be read out by the CMS Readout Chip (CROC). The chip, built in 65 nm CMOS technology, is able to withstand high radiation doses (500 Mrad) and hit rates (3 GHz/cm2 on the innermost tracking layer) during operation. Moreover, it must handle a fine sensor granularity (2500 µm2 pixels) and operate at low detection thresholds (1000 e-). The Inner Tracker will make use of the serial powering scheme to provide the ∼60 kW required by ∼4000 modular units. The Shunt-LDO (SLDO) regulator is the part of the CROC responsible for providing the power by draining a constant current in time, independently of the chip power consumption. Tests performed with Single Chip Cards (SCC) in serial configurations are reported in this paper.

ANALISIS KARTU ACCESS CONTROL PINTU MENGGUNAKAN METODE USER ACCEPTANCE TEST PADA MUSEUM BANK INDONESIA

Safety in the environment, whether at home, at work or in the open, is the hope that everyone wants in all their activities in public places. Security guarantees are also really needed in several business areas and workplaces to avoid interference from any party. In entrance access control, access control alludes to the act of restricting access to an office to approved persons only. When entering a room through an entrance that requires a manual key there are many restrictions. The aim is to find out the advantages or disadvantages of access control devices so that we can anticipate that the devices will not be easily damaged, and to find out the results of testing the level of acceptance of access control devices so as to prevent misuse of access cards. The method used is User Acceptance Test (UAT). The result is that based on the results of a questionnaire that has been carried out at the Bank Indonesia Museum, it is known that testing using UAT can help in knowing the advantages and disadvantages of access control devices so that they can anticipate that the devices will not be easily damaged. In this case, it was found that 27 respondents answered agree and 23 respondents answered strongly agree, stating that users felt that smart cards often did not function when they wanted to access the work space in the Bank Indonesia museum, and the level of acceptance of access control devices was 81% based on the assessment criteria above, namely very good, so it can prevent misuse of access cards at the Bank Indonesia Museum.

Electoral Malpractice and Card Reader System in Nigeria: A Study of the 2019 Presidential Election

The adoption of smart card technology in various parts of Africa has reduced electoral malpractices, resulting in election credibility and acceptability. However, its use in Nigeria’s electoral process is believed to have downsides. The paper investigates how adopting smart card technology reduced electoral malpractices during the 2019 presidential election, making it more transparent, credible, and reliable than the traditional technique. It uncovers the flaws of the technology in Nigeria, including card reader malfunction, delays in accreditation and voting, the inability of the INEC staff to operate the technology efficiently during voting, and election postponement, among others. It is therefore recommended that the INEC improve public awareness of the use of the technology and train its staff.

FOSTERING THE CHARACTER OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND THROUGH THE SMART CARD LEARNING MEDIA IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

The application of character in the school environment still needs to be developed further. This research tries to implement character values into the learning process. Learning is designed according to syntax containing the character of love for the homeland through smart card media. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The informants involved in this research were the principal, class V teacher, and class V students at Elementary School (ES) Baban I Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia. The data collection technique in this research is using questionnaires and observation. The data analysis technique used is a descriptive statistical analysis to obtain the percentage value of student activity toward character learning treatment. These findings show that student activity was 85% of Observer I and 88.5% of Observer II with very good criteria. The percentage of questionnaire scores obtained after character learning was 82.6%. Before character learning was carried out, the questionnaire score percentage was 72.4%. Developing the character of love for the homeland through smart card learning media can optimize a sense of courtesy, mutual respect between others, and mutual love and appreciation for the services of heroes.

The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Travel Behaviour in the Greater Copenhagen Area

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed the way of living for billions of people and severe restrictions were implemented by governments around the world, affecting the travel patterns of all citizens. This article investigates how travel patterns changed in the Greater Copenhagen area of Denmark during the full two-year period covering 2020 and 2021, thus allowing for an analysis of both the short-term and medium-term impacts as society gradually reopened and restrictions were lifted. The analysis covers large-scale travel survey data as well as a segmentation clustering analysis of public transport smart card data. The results showed that impacts were strongly linked to changes in trip purpose and were thus not uniformly distributed throughout the public transport system. User segmentation analysis revealed that most users changed to less intense travel use of public transport. The results highlight important policy implications in terms of how to adapt service provision within a public transport network more efficiently.

Retracted: Car Driving Record System Based on Ferroelectric Memory Reading Function and SD Card Chip

Retracted: Car Driving Record System Based on Ferroelectric Memory Reading Function and SD Card Chip