Smart Antenna Research Articles

An efficient reconfigurable optimal source detection and beam allocation algorithm for signal subspace factorization

<span lang="EN-US">Now a <span>days, huge amount of data is communicated through channels in wireless network. It requires an efficient parallel operation for the optimal utilization of frequency, time allocation and coding model for signal subspace factorization in smart antenna. In view of this requirement, an efficient reconfigurable optimal source detection and beam allocation algorithm (RoSDBA) is proposed. The proposed algorithm is able to allocate desired signal to the user space to reduce the noise and also for efficient allocation of subspace to remove disturbance in all directions. The proposed method efficiently utilizes the antenna array elements by accurate identification and allocation of antenna array elements such as individual radiators, radiation beam, signal strength, and disturbance factor. With respect to simulation analysis, the proposed method shows better performance for the resolution, radiation beam allocations, identification bias, distribution factor and time taken for the detection of various</span> array arrangements and source numbers.</span>

Call for Papers: IEEE AWPL Special Cluster 2024 on “Smart Surfaces, Antennas and Propagation for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)”

Call for Papers: IEEE AWPL Special Cluster 2024 on “Smart Surfaces, Antennas and Propagation for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)”

Design an Efficient Communication Routing of Smart Antenna Using Optimized Algorithm

In the last few years, mobile communication and satellite communications have rapidly increased the services. Nevertheless, there is no proportionate enhancement in the distributed spectrum efficiency. Moreover, smart antennas are very essential for mobile and satellite communications since they can improve the coverage range capacity, channel capacity, etc. but the existing antenna designs are not achieving efficient communication because they all are low performance. To address these issues a novel adaptive array-based smart antenna is designed in this research. Moreover, the designing process is done with HFSS software. In this research, a novel hybrid African buffalo-based Grey Wolf (HAB-GW) is designed to enhance the performance. Thus the developed technique is implemented in MATLAB and, the fitness function is used for efficient communication. Finally, the calculated parameters are validated with other existing works to identify the effectiveness of the developed antenna model.

Designing Smart Antennas Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Smart antenna technologies improve spectral efficiency, security, energy efficiency, and overall service quality in cellular networks by utilizing signal processing algorithms that provide radiation beams to users while producing nulls for interferers. In this paper, the performance of such ML solutions as the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, the artificial neural network (ANN), the ensemble algorithm (EA), and the decision tree (DT) algorithm used for forming the beam of smart antennas are compared. A smart antenna array made up of 10 half-wave dipoles is considered. The ANN method is better than the remaining approaches when it comes to achieving beam and null directions, whereas EA offers better performance in terms of reducing the side lobe level (SLL). The maximum SLL is achieved using EA for all the user directions. The performance of the ANN algorithm in terms of forming the beam of a smart antenna is also compared with that of the variable-step size adaptive algorithm.

The effect of lamppost scatterers on direction finding by cylindrical arrays of dipoles intended for smart antenna application in wireless communications

Smart antennas are widely used to enhance the capacity of the wireless communication systems in urban areas. To enhance the capacity by increasing the signal to noise ratio, one should estimate the angle of arrival precisely. In urban areas, the scattering from the lampposts in a boulevard or a highway is not negligible and its effect should be considered in direction finding algorithms. In this paper the lampposts are modelled by thick and long cylindrical scatterers and the scattered electric field is computed in terms of the cylindrical harmonics analytically. Then the total electric field is evaluated to estimate the angle of arrival by MUSIC direction finding algorithm. The computed total electric field with the proposed method shows a good agreement with precise HFSS simulation results for different incident angles. Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the RMS error values using cylindrical array of dipole antennas for direction finding and the results show that the proposed method can model the effects of the finite number of the lampposts in a wireless propagation scenario adequately, with reduced burden of computations. This fact contributes to a better planning of the beamforming in smart antennas with corresponding resolution.

Performance analysis of smart optimization antenna for wireless networks

<p>Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1<sup>st</sup> generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.</p>

Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antenna

Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antenna

Optimization of Coverage and Capacity Using Smart Antennae

In the rural and geographically remote regions of Taiwan, the high cost of establishing information infrastructure has resulted in significantly lower internet penetration and usage rates compared with urban areas. To address the network demands in such remote mountainous areas, the deployment of multiple mobile base stations has become essential. However, the wireless implementation of base stations can lead to signal interference issues. This research aims to enhance the signal reception capabilities of end-user devices by utilizing intelligent directional antennas. This study employs five directional smart antennas, each of which can be independently adjusted to be active or inactive. Unlike traditional omnidirectional antennas that cause interference in overlapping coverage areas for end-user devices, our proposed adaptive directional antenna algorithm optimizes energy consumption by selectively activating directional antennas and concurrently reduces signal interference problems for end-user devices. The results of this research offer valuable insights for improving network connectivity and efficiency in remote and underserved areas. Through experimental simulations conducted in an environment with 10 base stations per square kilometer, the utilization of smart antennas, as opposed to omnidirectional antennas, results in a significant improvement of 33.8% in signal coverage.

A microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communications

The advantages of microstrip patch antennas include small size, adaptable surface, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology. Numerous experiments have been done over the past few decades to enhance the performance of this antenna, and both military and commercial sectors have found many uses for it. This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna with an operating frequency of 28GHz for 5G mobile communication. This research designed and simulated a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with 3.494 mm * 5.3 mm * 0.003 mm. The proposed antenna resonates at 28 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, a bandwidth of 280 MHz, and a gain of 2.2 dBi. The inset feed technique matches the 50 Ω transmission line impedance. In the design, Rogers RT5880 substrate and copper ground are used. The antenna’s geometry was calculated, and simulated results were analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. In conclusion, the proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, VSWR of 1.24, an input impedance of 51.6Ω, and a gain of 2.2 dBi at operating frequency with a compact geometry can be used in 5G mobile communications. The future shift in resonance frequencies and beams can be considered to make the antenna operate as a smart antenna.

Smart Antenna Optimization Techniques for Wireless Applications

In recent years, antenna design has received a lot of attention [...]

Circularly polarized multimode smart antenna system for micro base station application

Abstract A smart antenna system suitable for micro base stations is proposed, which consists of three left-handed circularly polarized designs operating at 3.5 GHz. The first one is an eight-port cylindrical conformal antenna with both omnidirectional and directional modes. Its maximum omnidirectional realized gain is 5.0 dBic, and its maximum single/dual beam realized gain under the directional mode on the horizontal plane is 9.4/6.9 dBic. In addition, it can achieve elevational scan from 70° to 110°. The second one is based on the first one with a feeding network, therefore reducing the number of ports to four, achieving a maximum omnidirectional and directional realized gain of 4.2 and 7.9 dBic. The third one is also based on the first one, but with two additional omnidirectional antennas added, making it a hybrid system with enhanced omnidirectional radiation. It has a maximum omnidirectional and directional realized gain of 6.4 and 8.2 dBic. To validate the proposed concept, three prototype arrays are designed, fabricated, and measured, showing that the proposed antenna system can achieve the desired radiation patterns according to different targeted applications.

Developing and Verifying A 3.5ghz Smart Antenna for Wideband 5G Communication

Nowadays, 5G technology plays a crucial role in various aspects of human life, such as communication, business, education, and transportation. The 5G technology utilizes frequency bandwidths that can be categorized into low, medium, and high bandwidths. This study aims to design a 3.5GHz smart antenna using FR-4 substrate and microstrip feeding line for wideband 5G communication in large open areas. The designed antenna is suitable for 5G applications in the 3.5GHz frequency range. The output of the fabrication is measured using a Vector Network Analyzer, which is connected to the microstrip feeding line through a subminiature version A connector. The FR-4 substrate used in this project has a dimension of 40mm x 32mm and a thickness of 1.6mm. Initially, the antenna is simulated using CST software, and then it is fabricated for measurement to validate the simulation result. The simulation result shows a return loss of -42.287dB and a VSWR of 1.016, which is approximately equal to 1.00 of the VSWR.

Integration of Small Cells with Smart Antennas in Macrocells for Improving the Performance of Mobile Telephone Networks

In macrocellular networks, there are areas where it is difficult to have satisfactory connectivity. In practice, the delays for sending or downloading multimedia applications, or even consulting web applications can become quite long.
 
 One solution is to deploy cells with smaller ranges called small cells inside the macrocell, closer to subscribers in order to boost network capacity. Only, with the instability of electrical energy, the small cells may not be powered properly. A way should therefore be found to further reduce the energy consumption of small cells in order to facilitate their deployment in Cameroon. To do this, we opted for the solution of smart antennas to be integrated into the small cells; antennas that transmit at the request of users and according to their needs.
 
 In this work, we design and build an application that illustrates the performance of small cells with three key innovations:
 
 
 Smart antennas make it possible to estimate users’ directions and deliver a maximum radiation pattern in those directions, while minimizing interference.
 The capacity of a heterogeneous network is boosted compared to that of a homogeneous network.
 The signal attenuation in free space in a micro cell is a function of the user-small cell distance. The application that we propose is therefore a relevant decision-making tool for the engineering and planning of mobile networks.

Direction of arrival estimation for BLE: Antenna array design and evaluation

The use of smart antenna arrays in wireless communication systems is becoming increasingly popular, as they improve the performance of the radio link and allow the integration of communication and sensing functions. In this paper, we present the design and performance evaluation of a uniform circular antenna array (UCAA) with 12 monopole antennas and RF switches to select the active antenna for the signal direction of arrival (DoA) estimation. The antenna configuration was optimized through simulations for a different number of antennas and antenna array radius. The frequency tuning of the antennas considered the coupling of the active antenna with adjacent antennas. The performance of the antenna array was evaluated by (1) simulations that examined the proximity of the antenna to the edge of the antenna array and the influence of adjacent antennas on the performance of the active antenna, and (2) measurements in outdoor and indoor environments. The results of the simulations show that antenna coupling can cause nulls in the radiation pattern, which affects the DoA estimation by reducing the signal-to-noise ratio. In a semi-controlled environment, we achieved a DoA estimation error of less than 1 degree by using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Angle of Arrival feature.

Design of digital beamforming for 5G access point applications

AbstractSince the software‐defined radio digital beamforming (DBF) system is the newest tendency in fifth‐generation (5G) development and based on its flexibility applied to antenna arrays, this research paper presents a smart antenna array architecture operating in C‐band (3.48 GHz). In developing DBF for 5G access points with beamforming capacities, it is first necessary to perform an accurate approach that identifies the position of the desired user and affects the beamforming processing. In this article, a feasible approach is represented to evaluate and test three angle‐of‐arrival algorithms. To ensure the robustness of the system, the system structure with its four main components, the transmit subsystem, the synchronization subsystem, the receive subsystem, and data processing are described in detail. This article presents a reasonably inexpensive prototype DBF in conjunction with a Universal Software Radio Peripheral B210 board. Experimental measurements and results confirm the suggested methodology.

Phase and Polarization Digitally Modulated Array Using Reconfigurable DR Element: Proposal, Design, and Verification

The proposal, design, and verification of a phase and polarization digitally reconfigurable / modulated array using the reconfigurable dielectric resonator (DR) elements are developed in this paper. Different from the conventional phased arrays and reconfigurable antennas, the radiated electromagnetic (EM) wave can be flexibly controlled by simultaneously modulating its phase and polarization. To realize phase switching, a clever 1-bit phase shifter (0° / 180°) is introduced in the element design. The polarization states are controlled by integrating the switch-loaded feeding structure. And a compact 2-bit polarization tuner (0°-LP, 90°-LP, RHCP, and LHCP) is finally realized. Since every element can realize 1-bit phase and 2-bit polarization switching, the far-field beams and polarization types of the array format can be arbitrarily modulated by designing the coding sequence. To verify the proposed working principle, a compact reconfigurable metasurface-loaded DR element, and a four-element digitally reconfigurable linear array are implemented, respectively. The overlapped -10 dB impedance and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 2.35-2.55 GHz (12.5 %) and 2.42-2.48 GHz (2.4 %), respectively (Covering 2.40 GHz WIFI / BT band). More importantly, it can achieve 16 different beam & polarization modes. The proposed antennas exhibit a low-cost, compact size, good bandwidth, and flexible radiation modulation capacity. They are promising candidates for future smart antennas to manipulate and control electromagnetic (EM) waves.

Design of Microstrip Smart Antenna with DENLMS Beam Steering Algorithm for Millimetre-Wave Frequency Application

Design of Microstrip Smart Antenna with DENLMS Beam Steering Algorithm for Millimetre-Wave Frequency Application

Real Time Cloud based Fault Detection and Alert for Antenna Array Using CNN

The rise of smart antennas made it imperative to use adaptive beam forming, but single-element failure in array antenna disturbs the radiation pattern. Hence, to achieve adaptive beam forming, detecting and locating faults in an antenna array is a must for correction in the radiation pattern. The presented work in this paper provides real-time monitoring and alert for fault occurrence in antenna arrays. Fault detection is performed by an optimized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and the Thingspeak web service is utilized to store fault detection information on the cloud to get the visualization of faults. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Application programming interface (API) provides an alert in real-time once the fault is detected. The filter kernel parameters, number of convolutional layers, and dense layers of the fully connected neural network are tuned to minimize the mean square error (MSE). 16 element (4 × 4) planar microstrip array antenna is simulated on Ansys HFSS, and by introducing discontinuity, i.e. one type of defect in the corporate feed network, a training and testing set of 374 samples considering single element fault are used to train the CNN Model with a 0.3 validation split. Further performance of the same model by changing the last layer of a fully connected layer is evaluated to check the effectiveness of model when two elements are faulty.

Design of NULLMAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Adaptive Antenna Array

Usually, omnidirectional radiation pattern antenna is used in the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which causes neighbor node interference, consumes more power, and supports only limited range of transmission. To overcome these problems, smart antennas are used. A lot of medium access control (MAC) protocols are proposed using smart antennas. Existing works addressed various problems such as hidden terminal problem, hidden beam problem, deafness of nodes, and head of line blocking problem. However, certain factors including determination of weight vector and conveying it to the neighbor nodes for distortion-free transmission are not considered. In this study, nullifying MAC (NULLMAC) framework is proposed using an adaptive antenna array (AAA) for improving network performance in MANET. NULLMAC framework uses channel information for achieving high throughput and spatial reuse through integrated physical and MAC layer. Before the transfer of data packets, the receiver initially determines its weight vector and conveys it to the transmitter through control packets. Then, the transmitter computes its weight to nullify the dynamic receivers present in the neighborhood region to find the desired receiver. Beamformer weights are determined through channel coefficients between a transmitter-receiver pair to establish distortion-free transmission. Extensive simulations are performed using OPNET integrated with MATLAB. NULLMAC framework achieves 27.22% more throughput and 40.46% increase in signal-to-noise ratio.

A New Generation of Fast and Low-Memory Smart Digital/Geometrical Beamforming MIMO Antenna

Smart multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with advanced signal processing algorithms are necessary in future wireless networks, such as 6G and beyond, for accurate space division multiplexing and beamforming. Such a MIMO antenna will yield better network coverage and tracking. This paper presents a smart MIMO antenna configuration with a highly innovative beamforming technique using several nonlinear configurations of dipole arrays. Phase delay factors are optimized at the transmitter to form a single beam and then to steer the beam towards a particular direction. A number of phase shifters are added in order to obtain maximum directional gain. This configuration also significantly increases the power gain of the MIMO antenna at a low cost and with operational simplicity. The paper also demonstrates how the beam width and beamsteering can be effectively controlled. Wolfram Mathematica software was used to generate the three-dimensional radiated beam patterns of the transmitter antenna. There are two approaches to configure the receiver antenna. In the first approach, the received signal magnitude is maximized by aligning the contribution of all elements of the receiver antenna to the same phase. With this approach, the field gain of the proposed system is 25.52 (14.07 dBi). The signal processing gain at the receiver is 64 (18.06 dBi). Therefore, the overall power gain for this proposed new digital/geometrical smart MIMO system is 32.13 dBi. In the second approach, the receiver beam is directed towards the transmitter by optimizing the phase delay coefficients of the receiver. Here, the overall gain of the system is found to be 134.56 (21.28 dBi). Even though the system gain in the second approach is lower, it has the advantage of low interference at the receiver side.