Small Field Of View Research Articles

Refraction Correction for Spectrally Derived Bathymetry Using UAS Imagery

Spectrally derived bathymetry (SDB) algorithms are rapidly gaining in acceptance and widespread use for nearshore bathymetric mapping. In the past, refraction correction could generally be ignored in SDB, due to the relatively small fields of view (FOVs) of satellite sensors, and the fact that such corrections were typically small in relation to the uncertainties in the output bathymetry. However, the validity of ignoring refraction correction in SDB is now called into question, due to the ever-improving accuracies of SDB, the desire to use the data in nautical charting workflows, and the application of SDB algorithms to airborne cameras with wide FOVs. This study tests the hypothesis that refraction correction leads to a statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of SDB using uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) imagery. A straightforward procedure for SDB refraction correction, implemented as a modification to the well-known Stumpf algorithm, is presented and applied to imagery collected from a commercially available UAS in two study sites in the Florida Keys, U.S.A. The results show that the refraction correction produces a statistically significant improvement in accuracy, with a reduction in bias of 46–75%, a reduction in RMSE of 3–11 cm, and error distributions closer to Gaussian.

Influence of Windowing and Evaluation of Metal Artifact Reduction Algorithm on Five Different Restorative Materials by Using Different Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Scanners: A CBCT Study.

To assess the influence of windowing, and to evaluate, and compare the effect of the metal artifact reduction (MAR) and non-metal artifact reduction (non-MAR) algorithms on different high-density restorative dental materials using different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices. Height and diameter of all cylindrical shape metals including amalgam, cobalt-chromium, composite, gutta-percha, and titanium were measured using a digital caliper device. Polymethylmethacrylate block and arch phantom with a cylindrical-shaped perforation containing five different metals were submitted to tomographic acquisition with six different cone beam computed tomographic devices in small fields of view with their MAR enabled and disabled. Windowing was done using ITK-SNAP software (3.8.2) which was used as a contrast medial tool for window level and window width. The data was analyzed for probability distribution using theKolmogorov-Smirnov test, where a p-value of <0.05 indicated that the data were not normally distributed. The comparison of length and width was done using the Wilcoxon sign rank test. Comparison of categorical variables was done using theChi-square test where a p-value of <0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant. Length and width of all these metals measured using MAR and non-MAR CBCT were found to be statistically non-significant (p-value of >0.05). MAR algorithm significantly reduces metals artifact produced by high-density restorative materials (p-value of <0.05). Amalgam and cobalt-chromium produced more artifacts while composite and gutta-percha did not produce enough artifacts to be reduced by the MAR algorithm. Large window width and high window level would be beneficial to reduce the metal artifact.

An end-to-end approach to predict physical properties of heterogeneous porous media: Coupling deep learning and physics-based features

Digital rock physics (DRP) has become an effective tool to predict the petrophysical properties of rocks and reveal the mass transport mechanisms in porous media. Accurate prediction of the physical properties of heterogeneous rocks based on DRP requires 3D high-resolution (HR) and large-view images. It is, however, extremely challenging to acquire such images since the current imaging technologies cannot resolve the dilemma between the high resolution and large field of view and we often end up with low-resolution (LR) images but with a large field of view or HR images with a small field of view. Moreover, available HR images are limited and always unpaired with accessible LR images, so it is of great difficulty to train a deep learning model based on the limited unpaired images. To address these issues, we used a fast and stabilized generative adversarial network (FastGAN) to synthesize thousands of plausible LR and HR images based on ∼100 unpaired images. Taking the synthetic images as training images, we then utilized a cycle-consistent GAN (CycleGAN) to reconstruct the 3D HR large-scale digital rocks by assimilating the fine-scale structures from 2D HR images into 3D LR images. The accuracy of the proposed method (FastGAN-CycleGAN) is validated by comparing the porosity, pore size distribution, multiple-point correlation, and permeability of the reconstructed digital rocks of shale and carbonate samples with laboratory measurements. The proposed unsupervised approach does not require prior image processing knowledge. Furthermore, it can be also applied to other types of images such as magnetic resonance and fluorescence microscopy images in the future.

The identification of possible reference planes on a CBCT scan taken with a small FOV—an observational analytical study

Abstract Objectives Unlike a CBCT scan which has a large field of view (FOV), a scan with a small FOV may not involve the base of the skull. Therefore, routinely used reference planes may not be available to evaluate treatment outcome. The present study was undertaken to determine if the palatal plane and a molar occlusal plane may be used as reference planes to measure the change in the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first permanent molar towards the end of orthodontic treatment on a CBCT scan captured with a small FOV. Materials and methods A lateral cephalogram and a CBCT scan with a small FOV were taken for fifteen young adults prior to, and six months after, mini-implant supported, distal movement of the maxillary arch. CBCT multi-planar slices were sequentially viewed to obtain an image that contained the entire length of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first permanent molar in the tangential view. The axial inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first permanent molar was measured from the palatal plane and the molar occlusal plane on both sides. The same parameters were evaluated on the lateral cephalogram using the palatal plane as a reference. An independent t test (p = 0.05) was conducted to compare the results. A Bland–Altman plot with linear regression was constructed to measure accuracy, method agreement and reliability. Results There was no statistically significant difference when a change in the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first permanent molar was measured using the two reference planes. The change in axial inclination of the maxillary central incisor and maxillary first permanent molar had a 95% confidence interval of -1.82 to 4.19 and -4.48 to 3.05 and a p-value of 0.425 and 0.701 on the right side, respectively, and a 95% confidence interval of -1.76 to 4.79 and -4.41 to 2.79 and p-value of 0.350 and 0.650 on the left side. Conclusions The molar occlusal plane and the palatal plane may be used as reference planes for measuring change in the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the first permanent molar in a CBCT scan taken with a small FOV.

IMPI: portable human-sized magnetic particle imaging scanner for real-time endovascular interventions

Minimally invasive endovascular interventions have become an important tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke. X-ray fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography are used to precisely guide these procedures, but they are associated with radiation exposure for patients and clinical staff. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging imaging technology using time-varying magnetic fields combined with magnetic nanoparticle tracers for fast and highly sensitive imaging. In recent years, basic experiments have shown that MPI has great potential for cardiovascular applications. However, commercially available MPI scanners were too large and expensive and had a small field of view (FOV) designed for rodents, which limited further translational research. The first human-sized MPI scanner designed specifically for brain imaging showed promising results but had limitations in gradient strength, acquisition time and portability. Here, we present a portable interventional MPI (iMPI) system dedicated for real-time endovascular interventions free of ionizing radiation. It uses a novel field generator approach with a very large FOV and an application-oriented open design enabling hybrid approaches with conventional X-ray-based angiography. The feasibility of a real-time iMPI-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is shown in a realistic dynamic human-sized leg model.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Accuracy for Morphological and Morphometric Evaluation of Mandibular Condyles Using Small FOV and Small Voxel Size

&#x0D; The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in determining and visualizing the morphology and morphometry of the mandibular condyle. Narrative reviews with article searches were carried out through NCBI's PubMed database and Scopus from September 2021–October 2021, with the inclusion criteria articles published in 2011–2021. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a crucial role and is closely related to the masticatory system. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is not easy and is complex enough to require a comprehensive clinical and radiographic examination. Pathological changes such as erosion of the condyle, fracture, ankylosis, dislocation, and osteophyte can be well seen using CBCT imaging. CBCT images obtained with smaller field of view (FOV) have smaller a voxel size and a higher image resolution. FOV or scan volume refers to the anatomical area that will be included in the data volume or the area of the patient that will be irradiated. The dimension of FOV depends on the detector size and shape, the beam projection geometry, and the ability to collimate the beam. Voxel size is an important component of image quality, related to both the pixel size and the image matrix. Selection of small FOV and small voxel size is recommended because they provide better visualization and detail for the evaluation of morphology and morphometry of the condyle, especially the detection of erosion and defects on the condyle surface.

Efficiency and Accuracy Evaluation of Multiple Diffusion-Weighted MRI Techniques Across Different Scanners.

The choice between different diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) techniques is difficult as each comes with tradeoffs for efficient clinical routine imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) accuracy. To quantify signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) efficiency, ADC accuracy, artifacts, and distortions for different DWI acquisition techniques, coils, and scanners. Phantom, in vivo intraindividual biomarker accuracy between DWI techniques and independent ratings. NIST diffusion phantom. 51 Patients: 40 with prostate cancer and 11 with head-and-neck cancer at 1.5 T FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Echo planar imaging (EPI): 1.5 T and 3 T Siemens; 3 T Philips. Distortion-reducing: RESOLVE (1.5 and 3 T Siemens); Turbo Spin Echo (TSE)-SPLICE (3 T Philips). Small field-of-view (FOV): ZoomitPro (1.5 T Siemens); IRIS (3 T Philips). Head-and-neck and flexible coils. SNR Efficiency, geometrical distortions, and susceptibility artifacts were quantified for different b-values in a phantom. ADC accuracy/agreement was quantified in phantom and for 51 patients. In vivo image quality was independently rated by four experts. QIBA methodology for accuracy: trueness, repeatability, reproducibility, Bland-Altman 95% Limits-of-Agreement (LOA) for ADC. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and student tests on P < 0.05 level. The ZoomitPro small FOV sequence improved b-image efficiency by 8%-14%, reduced artifacts and observer scoring for most raters at the cost of smaller FOV compared to EPI. The TSE-SPLICE technique reduced artifacts almost completely at a 24% efficiency cost compared to EPI for b-values ≤500 sec/mm2 . Phantom ADC 95% LOA trueness were within ±0.03 × 10-3 mm2 /sec except for small FOV IRIS. The in vivo ADC agreement between techniques, however, resulted in 95% LOAs in the order of ±0.3 × 10-3 mm2 /sec with up to 0.2 × 10-3 mm2 /sec of bias. ZoomitPro for Siemens and TSE SPLICE for Philips resulted in a trade-off between efficiency and artifacts. Phantom ADC quality control largely underestimated in vivo accuracy: significant ADC bias and variability was found between techniques in vivo. 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

Spectrum-optimized direct image reconstruction of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy

Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) has become a widely used nanoscopy technique for rapid, long-term, and multi-color imaging of live cells. Precise but troublesome determination of the illumination pattern parameters is a prerequisite for Wiener-deconvolution-based SR-SIM image reconstruction. Here, we present a direct reconstruction SIM algorithm (direct-SIM) with an initial spatial-domain reconstruction followed by frequency-domain spectrum optimization. Without any prior knowledge of illumination patterns and bypassing the artifact-sensitive Wiener deconvolution procedures, resolution-doubled SR images could be reconstructed by direct-SIM free of common artifacts, even for the raw images with large pattern variance in the field of view (FOV). Direct-SIM can be applied to previously difficult scenarios such as very sparse samples, periodic samples, very small FOV imaging, and stitched large FOV imaging.

Inverse characterization of a material model using an ensemble-based four-dimensional variational method

The identification accuracy of material model parameters is essential for accurately predicting the deformation behavior of metallic materials (e.g., metal forming) using a finite element (FE) simulation. Numerous researchers have studied inverse material model characterization, where parameters are determined by minimizing a cost function that quantifies the difference between experimental data and mechanical test simulation results. However, sensitivity analysis in the optimization process hinders the extensibility of inverse methods due to issues like computational cost and complex numerical implementation. In this study, we developed a novel inverse methodology for material model characterization that improves extensibility by applying an ensemble-based four-dimensional variational method (En4DVar), which has the potential to address the challenges associated with conventional FE-based inverse material model characterization. The developed method was verified through numerical experiments in which En4DVar was applied to an elastoplastic FE simulation of the deformation of an aluminum alloy during a uniaxial tensile test, including diffuse necking. We investigated the estimation accuracy of the strain-hardening parameters in Swift’s hardening law and evaluated the simulation results under various conditions through numerical experiments. We focused on the effect of time and location to incorporate synthetic experimental data into the simulation to examine the quantities of synthetic experimental data required for parameter estimation. The results of the numerical experiments showed that En4DVar is a powerful approach for estimating the parameters and characterizing the deformation behavior of a material. Moreover, it was shown that accurate estimation results can be obtained even using synthetic experimental data with a relatively low temporal resolution or a small field of view. The proposed method's ease of extensibility using En4DVar expands the range of problems solvable in the field of material model characterization.

Effect of the Small Field of View and Imaging Parameters to Image Quality and Dose Calculation in Adaptive Radiotherapy

Abstract Background The use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for dose calculation in adaptive radiotherapy has been investigated in many studies. Proper acquisition and reconstruction of preset parameters could improve the accuracy of dose calculation based on CBCT images. This study evaluated the impact of the modified image acquisition and preset reconstruction parameter available in X-Ray Volumetric Imaging (XVI) to improve CBCT image quality and dose calculation accuracy. Materials and methods Calibration curves were generated by scanning the CIRS phantom using CBCT XVI Elekta 5.0.4 and Computed Tomography (CT) Simulator Somatom, which served as CT image reference. Rando and Catphan 503 phantoms were scanned with various acquisition and reconstruction parameters for dose accuracy and image quality tests. The image quality test is uniformity, low contrast visibility, spatial resolution, and geometrical scale test for each image by following the XVI image quality test module. Results Acquisition and reconstruction parameters have an impact on the Hounsfield Unit (HU) value that is used as the HU-Relative Electron Density (RED) calibration curve. The dose difference for all the calibration curves was within 1% and passed the gamma passing rate. Images acquired using 120 kVp, F1 (with Bowtie Filter), and 50 mA (F1-120-50-10) scored the highest Gamma Index (GI) of 98.5%. For the image quality test, it scored 1.20% on the uniformity test, 2.14% on the low contrast visibility test, and 11 lp/cm on the spatial resolution test. However, F1-120-50-10 reconstructed with different reconstructions scored 3.83% and 4 lp/cm in contrast and spatial resolution test, respectively. Conclusion CBCT reconstruction parameters work as a scatter correction. It could improve the dose accuracy and image quality. Nevertheless, without adequate CBCT acquisition protocols, it would produce an image with high uncertainty and cannot be fixed with reconstruction protocols. The F1-120-50-10 protocols generate the highest dose accuracy and image quality.

Combining atrial activation maps for the big picture of simulated atrial fibrillation mechanisms

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by PersonalizeAF project. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860974. Background Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone is not sufficient for all persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Ablation of localized AF drivers might be a promising adjunctive ablation strategy but detecting such drivers is limited by the small field of view of current mapping catheters. Purpose We propose a technique to detect localized AF drivers that combines sequential mapping of repetitive activation patterns into a larger composite map. The performance of this technique was evaluated in several simulated scenarios of known mechanisms during AF. Methods Representative repetitive conduction patterns that may occur in AF were simulated in a detailed volumetric 3D model of the atria: a large peripheral wave, stable and meandering re-entries, and single and multiple ectopic foci. Endocardial electrograms were sequentially generated from overlapping regions in the left posterior wall (4x4 grid, 3mm spacing, 0.5-1.5 seconds), and repetitive activation patterns were detected. Overlapping areas between sequential maps were used to align the repetitive patterns. Local patterns were then combined into larger composite maps (Fig. 1A). Reconstruction performance was quantified by the average local activation time (LAT) difference between original and reconstructed activation patterns. The relation between electrode overlaps and the quality of reconstructions were assessed at different degrees of spatial overlap (approximately 10% to 25% of the grid area, corresponding to 1.6 ± 0.6 and 4.1 ± 1.2 overlapping electrodes, respectively). Results All simulated patterns could be reconstructed from sequential recordings (Fig. 1B). LAT errors in recordings with 25% overlap were low in all cases: 5±2 msec for the peripheral wave, 5±2 and 3±1 msec for focal and multifocal activities and 6±2 and 11±2 &amp; 17±3 msec for stable, meandering and highly meandering re-entries respectively (Fig. 2). Composite maps of meandering and highly meandering re-entries presented significantly higher reconstruction errors than other more stable patterns (p&amp;lt;0.01). Reducing spatial overlap to 10% did not significantly increase the errors, except for the highly meandering re-entrant activity (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion We developed a novel methodology to combine high-density sequential recordings with limited coverage into larger composite activation maps. Using this method, we reconstructed highly accurate activation maps for multiple simulated AF mechanism scenarios. Results were promising even with a small overlap between sequential recording sites and relatively unstable patterns, providing a proof of principle to apply this approach in clinical recordings of human AF.

Prioritizing Cyclists at Signalized Intersections Using Observations from Connected Autonomous Vehicles

When making trips in urban environments, cyclists lose time as they stop and idle at signalized intersections. The main objective of this study was to show how augmenting the situational awareness of traffic signal controllers, using observations from moving sensor platforms, can enable prioritization of cyclists and reduce lost time within the control cycle in an effective way. We investigated the potential of using observations from connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) as a source of new information, using a revised vehicle-actuated controller. This controller exploits CAV-generated observations of cyclists to optimize the control for cyclists. The results from a simulation study indicated that with a low CAV penetration rate, prioritizing cyclists by tracking reduced cyclist delays and stops, even with a small field of view. As the delay of car directions were not taken into account in this study, the average car delay increased considerably with an increasing number of cyclists. Future work is needed to optimize the control that balances the delays and stops of cyclists and cars.

Micro-relief characterization of benign and malignant skin lesions by polarization speckle analysis in vivo.

A recent direction in skin disease classification is to develop quantitative diagnostic techniques. Skin relief, colloquially known as roughness, is an important clinical feature. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a novel polarization speckle technique to quantitatively measure roughness on skin lesions in vivo. We then calculate the average roughness of different types of skin lesions to determine the extent to which polarization speckle roughness measurements can be used to identify skin cancer. The experimental conditions were set to target the fine relief structure on the order of ten microns within a small field of view of 3 mm. The device was tested in a clinical study on patients with malignant and benign skin lesions that resemble cancer. The cancer group includes 37 malignant melanomas (MM), 43 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), all categories confirmed by gold standard biopsy. The benign group includes 109 seborrheic keratoses (SK), 79 nevi, and 11 actinic keratoses (AK). Normal skin roughness was obtained for the same patients (301 different body sites proximal to the lesion). The average root mean squared (rms) roughness ± standard error of the mean for MM and nevus was equal to 19 ± 5 μm and 21 ± 3 μm, respectively. Normal skin has rms roughness of 31 ± 3 μm, other lesions have roughness of 35 ± 10 μm (AK), 35 ± 7 μm (SCC), 31 ± 4 μm (SK), and 30 ± 5 μm (BCC). An independent-samples Kruskal-Wallis test indicates that MM and nevus can be separated from each of the tested types of lesions, except each other. These results quantify clinical knowledge of lesion roughness and could be useful for optical cancer detection.

Polarization-intensity joint imaging for marine target automatic recognition

The performance of sole optical imaging device for marine target recognition is degraded by sea fog, sea-glint, and many other disturbing factors. To enhance the ability of target recognition in marine environment, we propose a polarization-intensity joint imaging method and the corresponding processing method. We combine fine imaging of polarization in a small field of view with wide-field imaging of visible light intensity, using visible light intensity information for large-scale target surveys. After locking onto areas of interest, we utilize high-resolution polarization cameras with small fields of view for detailed inspection. We enhance and fuse the information from areas of interest using the proposed matching information processing method. Meanwhile, to deal with problems existing in the marine environment polarization-intensity joint imaging, such as details loss in DoP (degree of polarization) image, low target resolution in the large field of view intensity image, and insufficient information in a single image, etc., we extract the details of raw image from DoFP (division-of-focal-plane) polarization camera as residual compensation for DoP image super-resolution and cooperate with the RealSR algorithm to super-resolve the local target details of the intensity image in a large field of view. On the premise that PIQE (Perception-based Image Quality Evaluator) reaches the excellent score range, the images with the same resolution are fused. The automatic recognition comparison before and after processing proves that the accuracy of target recognition can be effectively improved after processing.

Mathematical aspects of distortion calibration for digital cameras

Nowadays, most human processes are automated by means of computerization. This process has not spared the automotive industry. The latest developments in this field give promise that in the near future, cars will be completely autonomous. However, before that, there is an urgent need to address a number of issues, such as increasing the angle of view for greater coverage of the road with minimal space curvature. It is known that when the angle of view increases, so does the distortion (a mismatch in geometric similarity between an object and its image). This mismatch significantly reduces the accuracy of recognition algorithms. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a calibration method for cameras. The paper deals with mathematical aspects of distortion and the method of calibration of automobile chambers, and calibration errors. The method of static calibration without the use of points at infinity using static templates is proposed. A conventional camera has a small field of view (about 80 degrees). Such angle of view does not provide full scanning of the space; as a result, some of the necessary information remains outside the field of view, which is crucial for automotive industry because road signs, pedestrians, traffic lights might be missed. Therefore, in case of car cameras, the angle of view is increased by introducing distortion aberration. In this case, the field of view increases, yet the geometric similarity between the object and its image is affected. This, in turn, can affect the accuracy of computer vision algorithms. In order to keep the field of view angle large and the similarity between the subject and the object, it is necessary to calibrate the camera. In this paper, a calibration method for wide-angle car cameras is proposed and considered.

High-energy synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray micro-tomography enables non-destructive and micro-scale palaeohistological assessment of macro-scale fossil dinosaur bones.

Palaeohistological analysis has numerous applications in understanding the palaeobiology of extinct dinosaurs. Recent developments of synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray micro-tomography (SXMT) have allowed the non-destructive assessment of palaeohistological features in fossil skeletons. Yet, the application of the technique has been limited to specimens on the millimetre to micrometre scale because its high-resolution capacity has been obtained at the expense of a small field of view and low X-ray energy. Here, SXMT analyses of dinosaur bones with widths measuring ∼3 cm under a voxel size of ∼4 µm at beamline BL28B2 at SPring-8 (Hyogo, Japan) are reported, and the advantages of virtual-palaeohistological analyses with large field of view and high X-ray energy are explored. The analyses provide virtual thin-sections visualizing palaeohistological features comparable with those obtained by traditional palaeohistology. Namely, vascular canals, secondary osteons and lines of arrested growth are visible in the tomography images, while osteocyte lacunae are unobservable due to their micrometre-scale diameter. Virtual palaeohistology at BL28B2 is advantageous in being non-destructive, allowing multiple sampling within and across skeletal elements to exhaustively test the skeletal maturity of an animal. Continued SXMT experiments at SPring-8 should facilitate the development of SXMT experimental procedures and aid in understanding the paleobiology of extinct dinosaurs.

A Review of Daytime Atmospheric Optical Turbulence Profile Detection Technology

Atmospheric turbulence has been confirmed as the primary source affecting the quality of ground-based telescope image. To reduce the effect of atmosphere, a good site should be selected, and adaptive optics (AO) should be installed for the telescope. In general, the daytime atmospheric turbulence is more intense than that at night under the effect of solar radiation. Numerous solar telescopes have built AO systems worldwide. Conventional AO is only capable of improving the image quality in a small field of view, whereas it cannot satisfy the needs of a large field of view. The novel wide field adaptive optical system is capable of achieving a large field of view and high-resolution images, whereas the atmospheric turbulence profile should be accurately detected, which is the prerequisite and key parameter of the novel AO system. Moreover, the astronomical high-resolution technology in accordance with the turbulence imaging theory requires more detailed detection of turbulence. Accordingly, a brief review about the latest detection technology of the daytime optical turbulence profile is valuable for astronomical observations. Besides, the parameters of atmospheric turbulence are briefly introduced. Subsequently, SNODAR, SHABAR, MOSP, DIMM+, A-MASP, and other detection technologies of the stratified atmospheric turbulence for daytime are primarily presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies are summarized.

MP72-07 TIME EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE OF DISPOSABLE VERSUS REUSABLE CYSTOSCOPES: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED BENCHTOP COMPARISON

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP72-07 TIME EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE OF DISPOSABLE VERSUS REUSABLE CYSTOSCOPES: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED BENCHTOP COMPARISON Catalina Baas, Ricky Chen, Daniel R. Peverini, John Hartman, Akin S. Amasyali, Rose Leu, Aviram Assidon, Joshua D Belle, Elizabeth Baldwin, and D. Duane Baldwin Catalina BaasCatalina Baas More articles by this author , Ricky ChenRicky Chen More articles by this author , Daniel R. PeveriniDaniel R. Peverini More articles by this author , John HartmanJohn Hartman More articles by this author , Akin S. AmasyaliAkin S. Amasyali More articles by this author , Rose LeuRose Leu More articles by this author , Aviram AssidonAviram Assidon More articles by this author , Joshua D BelleJoshua D Belle More articles by this author , Elizabeth BaldwinElizabeth Baldwin More articles by this author , and D. Duane BaldwinD. Duane Baldwin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003340.07AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: While reusable cystoscopes (RCs) are commonly used for urologic procedures, bulky equipment and lengthy sterilization times can impact efficiency. Disposable cystoscopes (DCs) may offer advantages including increased availability, greater portability, and faster setup times. The aim of this study is to compare procedure times, cystoscope specifications, and physician satisfaction between RCs and DCs. METHODS: Ten urologists performed simulated bedside cystoscopies using a prospective, randomized, crossover study design. A 3D-printed bladder model with 22 target letters was positioned within a female mannequin pelvis. Each subject used both a new disposable Ambu aScope 4 Cysto and a reusable Olympus CYF-5 flexible cystoscope to identify the targets. Afterward, participants completed a satisfaction survey. Times required for supply-gathering, setup, cystoscopy, and cleanup were compared. Image definition, field of view, deflection angle, force required for deflection, irrigation rate, weight, and working length were also compared. RESULTS: The DCs required less time for supply-gathering (187.5 vs 289.4 s, p<0.05), setup (203.3 vs 327.5 s, p<0.01), and cleanup (183.7 vs 356.2 s, p<0.05) while cystoscopy times were similar (230.4 vs 274.1 s, p=0.58). Optical testing showed higher image definition for the DCs (6.30 vs 2.00 line pairs/mm, p<0.01), but a smaller field of view (67° vs 108°, p<0.01) and no adjustable optical settings. The DCs had increased deflection (214° up/182° down vs 198° up/109° down, p<0.01) but required more force to deflect 180° up (6.86 vs 4.46 N, p<0.01) and 90° down (4.66 vs 3.55 N, p<0.01). The RC was heavier (325 vs 159 g), had a shorter working length (37.5 vs 39.0 cm), and a faster irrigation rate at 200 cm H2O (494.1 vs 387.4 mL/min, p<0.01). Post-testing, deflection was reduced for two DCs, but optical qualities remained unchanged. Survey results showed higher ratings in time-efficiency (9.5/10 vs 6.2/10, p<0.01) and overall satisfaction (9.3/10 vs 7.9/10, p<0.01) for the DCs. No subjective difference was found in maneuverability or image quality. CONCLUSIONS: While DCs had better image quality, greater deflection, and were faster to assemble and disassemble, RCs had greater durability, more optical settings, wider field of view, faster irrigation rates, and required less force for deflection. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each device could assist surgeons in optimizing cystoscope utilization in specific clinical scenarios. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e1026 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Catalina Baas More articles by this author Ricky Chen More articles by this author Daniel R. Peverini More articles by this author John Hartman More articles by this author Akin S. Amasyali More articles by this author Rose Leu More articles by this author Aviram Assidon More articles by this author Joshua D Belle More articles by this author Elizabeth Baldwin More articles by this author D. Duane Baldwin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

High-throughput single-molecule localization microscopy: Potential clinical applications.

High-throughput single-molecule localization microscopy: Potential clinical applications.

MesoTIRF: A prism-based Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence illuminator for high resolution, high contrast imaging of large cell populations

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) illumination bypasses the axial diffraction limit of light by using an evanescent field to excite fluorophores close to a sample substrate. However, standard TIRF imaging through the objective requires a high numerical aperture (NA) to generate the evanescent wave. Available lenses have a high magnification with a correspondingly small field of view—ranging from ∼50 μm to 1 mm in diameter. Switching to the older prism-TIRF configuration introduced by Axelrod in the 1980s might seem to remove the requirement for high objective NA and allow the use of existing large-field objectives. Unfortunately, these lenses are unsuitable because their throughput of light is too low for TIRF imaging. As such, high sensitivity TIRF imaging over a much larger mesoscopic field has yet to be demonstrated. We have developed a prism-based TIRF illuminator for the Mesolens—a highly corrected objective lens with an unparalleled ratio of NA to magnification. The imaging field of the Mesolens is 204 times larger than that of the TIRF objectives previously described, increasing the optical throughput of the optical system by a factor of 25 compared to an off-the-shelf microscope objective of the same magnification. We demonstrate MesoTIRF imaging of cell specimens and show the multi-wavelength capability of the modality across more than 700 cells in a single image.