Small Corporations Research Articles

한국과 일본의 청년실업 비교분석 및 시사점(Comparative Analysis of Youth Unemployment in Korea and Japan: Implications for Korea)

Korean Abstract: 본 논문은 OECD 30개국의 2000-2017년 데이터를 사용하여 20대 초 반과 후반 청년실업률의 결정요인을 분석하여 한국의 청년실업률이 일본에 비해 높은 이유를 규명하는 한편, 일본의 청년실업 대책이 한국 에 주는 시사점을 모색하였다. 전체 실업률, 각 연령대의 인구비중, GDP 성 장률, 임금근로자 비중, 고령화율, 파트타임근로자 비중 등이 청년실업에 유의한 영향을 주는 설명변수인 것으로 나타났으며, 20대 청년인구 비 중의 감소는 청년실업 해소에 도움을 주지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 한 국은 임금근로자 비중에서 일본에 비해 불리한 환경이었으며, 일본에 비해 부족한 대기업 일자리, 대기업과 중소기업 간의 과도한 임금 격차도 한국의 청년실업이 높은 이유를 설명하는 요인인 것으로 보인다. 따라서 장기적이고 구조적인 문제의 해소를 위해 지속적으로 노력하는 한편, 일본 의 정책사례 등을 참고하여 단기적인 청년일자리 미스매치(mismatch) 문제 를 해결하는 대책을 적극적으로 추진할 필요가 있겠다. English Abstract: This paper analyzes the determining factors in the unemployment rate among young people in their 20s by studying data from 30 OECD member countries between 2000 and 2017. Also, it identifies reasons why Korea has a higher youth unemployment rate than Japan, and assesses what implications Japan’s youth unemployment measures could have on Korea. The study highlights the variables that have meaningful impacts on youth unemployment. They include the unemployment rate among the working-age population, the percentage of each age bracket in the overall population, the GDP growth rate, the percentage of wage laborers in each age group, the percentage of elderly people, and the percentage of part-time workers. This paper also finds that a decline in the youth population, especially among people in their 20s, does not help to address the issue of youth unemployment. Secondly, this paper explains the additional factors behind Korea’s higher youth unemployment rates. One is Korea’s disadvantageous employment environment, compared to that in Japan, in terms of wage earning. Other factors include the existence of fewer decent corporate jobs than in Japan, and wide disparities in wages between large and small corporate jobs. Therefore, while making efforts to resolve long-term and structural problems, it is necessary to actively promote policy measures to solve short-term mismatch problems of youth employment by referring to Japanese policy examples.

The Use of Communication and Information Technology Innovation Among Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises

Innovation has significantly contributed to the transformation of organizations. The current research aims to determine the level innovation of communication and information technology that was employed by micro, small and medium sized corporations. The research respondents consisted of 100 micro, small and medium corporations, who were registered as active operated in the Industry, Trade and Cooperatives Office of Yogyakarta Municipality, Indonesia. The findings of this research demonstrated that micro, small and medium sized corporations innovated by employing communication and information technology in the operation of their businesses. The research discovered that 93% of the MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) promoted their products using the internet, while 86% viewed innovation to be an important facet of their business. Furthermore, the smartphone was utilized by 100% of the MSMEs, to support the operations of their businesses.

Brand Orientation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from Malaysian Government Perspective

The purpose of thisstudy isto develop a brand orientation model based on Malaysian SMEs context. Semistructured interviews were selected as the research method in order to get an expert opinion from Small and Medium Size Enterprise Corporation Malaysia (SME Corp) and Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE). Both agencies operate under Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to support SMEs and they were chosen for this study because they have long experience in promoting branding to SMEs. Four major levels of brand orientation have emerged from the data analysis: absent, low, medium, and high. This paper highlights the importance of branding for Malaysian SMEs and emphasizes the crucial issues related to the adoption of branding process and the solutions provided by Malaysian government to enhance brand development. This research is among the restricted works that have studied brand orientation from the governmental perspective and have proposed a related model. It suggests considering the proposed model and referring to SME Competitiveness Rating for Enhancement (SCORE) for future studies on branding in Malaysian SMEs.

Characteristics of Corporate Contributions to the Recovery of Regional Society from the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster

Municipalities in areas along the northeast coast of Japan were severely affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. It was difficult for these municipalities to provide support to all devastated areas. It is important for communities in devastated areas to be resilient in order to autonomously and efficiently recover from natural disasters. This study focused on corporations, since they have various resources that can support disaster recovery. A postal questionnaire was sent to 1,020 corporations that included various industry types and small corporations located in Iwanuma and Natori, which were damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The response rate was 39.22%. We analyzed the data using a logistic regression model. The study findings are as follows: (1) a total of 32.75% of corporations provided support for recovery after the disaster; (2) the ratio of corporations that provided actual support was lower than that of those that only had awareness of contributions; (3) the strongest characteristic was having not only awareness but also the opportunity to conduct support activities before the occurrence of disasters to enhance the efficient recovery of regional society; and (4) the characteristics of support differed according to industry type, location, and number of employees under certain conditions.

SECURING SMART HOMES USING FACE RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES

Smart Home Technology is advancing at an exponential rate. Smart homes are no different from a small corporate network, and as such, they need similar levels of security, especially when we consider the growing trend of working from home. Smart homes need a smart Security device. With the implementation of Biometric devices, one can secure their houses as long as ensure their devices are protected of intrusion by unknown sources. Facial recognition technology has many important applications in home automation as well as in other sectors. a. It plays a key role in home automation by keeping one’s home secure. An advanced facial recognition technology will be able to recognize the moment it spots one’s face.

Kajian Keputusan Badan Usaha terhadap Kepesertaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Kabupaten Jember (Corporations Decision on the Involvement in National Health Insurance in Jember)

Abstract
 National Health Insurance (NHI) is a part of the National System of Social Insurance which is estabilished by Social Agencies of Health. One of the problems in NHI is corporations membership. All employers such as State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN), large, medium or small scale corporations are the target member of NHI, at least by January 1st 2015, but this target has yet to be actualized. The number of corporation in Jember, by February 2017, has reached 2451 and only 954 corporations were registered (38,92%). The objectives of this study was to assess corporations decision on NHI membership. The study applied qualitative case study. Informant determination technique uses purposive sampling. The results showed that the components of input was not appropriate. Knowledge, perception on product characteristics and need of informants were low, reference group posed significant influence on the corporations decision making in taking part in NHI. The decision making process has yet optimal in the problem or needs analysis and alternative evaluation, corporations tended to be passive in searching information. The output was membership classification of corporations in NHI has yet to be actualized.
 Key Words : National Health Insurance, Corporation

An assessment of China’s ability to regulate its iron and steel industries

Taking the iron and steel industries as a case study, this paper examines China’s ability to implement policies and regulate its industry. The paper first explains that modern government regulation theories go beyond the relationship between government and markets, adding to them the role of civil societies, human behavior and other fields. The paper then sheds light on the specific characteristics of China’s regulatory system and identifies a few elements that make it unique, such as the complexity of central and local government relationships and the large role that State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) retain in China. Lastly, the paper identifies the Chinese policies for the iron and steel industries and then analyzes how SOEs, local government, civil societies, and small corporations behaved during the implementation process of these policies. While the previous literature mainly focuses on the role of Chinese experts in policy formulation, this study extends the previous analysis with the implementation process. Using the iron and steel industries as a case study, this paper examines the institutional responses to China’s central government regulations, assessing China’s ability to regulate the two industries serving as the basis for the case studies.

Are tax incentives beneficial to support corporate performance in digital TV industry?

The importance of digital TV in most countries has been acknowledged by wide usage of digital TV throughout the world. In order to support the development of this industry, it is a common practice that government provide tax incentives. While major prior research in tax incentives focus on the impact of tax incentives on economic development, this research focuses on the impact on corporate performance. This research studies digital TV tax incentives in Canada, Indonesia, and the United States of America (USA). Using EGARCH econometric model on the largest digital TV corporations in these three countries, this research finds that tax incentives are beneficial to support corporate performance with some exception. Tax incentives are found to be less effective in smaller corporations.

The Persistent Appeal of S Corporations: How Tax Cuts Might Not Help Small Corporations

This Note will first review the tax preferences for entity choice under the old tax regime for the sake of context. It will then compare the tax benefits of electing to C and S corporation status under the regime created by the Act. The Note will conclude with an analysis of the factors sustaining the tax appeal of pass-through firms for lower-earning businesses with special attention to the largely unaltered state of tax law and business entity choice. It proposes that the Act did not sufficiently reform the Internal Revenue Code to close up the tax advantage that high-earning corporations incur with a Subchapter S election.

The Causal Relation between Win-Win Growth Strategies of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses and Corporate Performance

The Causal Relation between Win-Win Growth Strategies of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses and Corporate Performance

Cloud computing system for small and medium corporations

Cloud computing provides services that allocate infrastructure resources using the Internet as a medium and data storage on an external server. Small and medium corporations are the foundation of any flourishing economy for a growing nation which seeks new and innovative methods to reduce the way they manage their resources. Over a couple of decades, Information technology (IT) has created a significant impact in improving the lives of people and alsoon the global economy due to tremendous digital transformation. With the growth of the Small and medium corporations, IT is creating some real impact in enabling these industries to undergo adigital transformation of their business processes while they continue to grow. Small and medium enterprises (SME’s) are usually identified as the dominant force for the growth of any country's economy. In the cloud computing environment, the SME's need not have the in-house infrastructure so they can give up on any initial expenditure for setting up and instead they can utilize the resources available on the cloud and pay as per their requirement and usage.This paper presents the results of a comprehensive interpretation to research some of the most commonly used SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) implementations in the domain of Cloud Computing firstly to identify the weaknesses of the traditional computing approach for SME’s, and secondly to identify the aspects of these weaknesses that can be overcome by implementing cloud computing.In this paper, we provided the overview of various cloud computing models and literature survey of these models. This study extends to create an own cloud computing system for small and medium corporations. We will be using Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) approach and see how small and medium corporations can leverage on this for their business operations.

The Commercial Ecology of Scavenger Capitalism: Monsanto, Fossil Fuels, and the Remaking of a Chemical Giant

Monsanto’s transformation from a chemical firm to a biotechnology business in the 1980s and 1990s reveals that an increasingly small corporate cartel gained dominion over petroleum refining byproducts and that this concentration of ownership had profound implications for the future solvency of Monsanto. As the price of petrochemical feedstocks rose, Monsanto, a company that made 80 percent of its products from fossil fuels, began to pursue an alternative path to profits. In short, concentrated corporate ownership of critical natural resources forced some companies in the chemical commodity production business to pursue radically new ways of generating cash flow. This was especially true for scavenger capitalists such as Monsanto, firms that had historically made their money by scavenging raw material stockpiles produced by booming commercial industries. For firms invested heavily in commodity production but lacking proprietary claims to critical natural resources, the key was finding new ways to make money without depending on fossil fuels. For Monsanto, biotechnology offered a way out.

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states.FindingsThe results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living.Research limitations/implicationsThe study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom.Practical implicationsIn general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand.Social implicationsThe findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate.Originality/valueThe authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

Burnt lime production and the Pre-Columbian Maya socio-economy: A case study from the northern Yucatán

Burnt lime has been crucial for architectural, dietary, and other purposes in Maya society since as far back as 1100 BCE. The recent identification of a series of pit-kilns used for lime production in the Puuc region of the northern Yucatán Peninsula allows for an unprecedented investigation of the socio-economic organization of the Pre-Columbian lime industry. This article reports on the importance of burnt lime to Maya society and presents the results of spatial analyses of the pit-kilns in relation to other archaeological and environmental features. The distribution of the lime production features indicate that the Pre-Columbian lime industry was decentralized and organized at the small corporate group level. Some of these groups likely incorporated limestone extraction and processing into a broader multi-crafting subsistence strategy. Those small corporate groups that did not produce their own lime would have had to acquire it from producing groups through an intra-community exchange system. Spatial analyses also indicate that lime production locations reflect a desire to limit both pre- and post-production material transportation efforts. The study provides a model for investigating the production and distribution of a perishable craft good that can be used for examining perishable goods in ancient societies beyond Mesoamerica. The small-scale, decentralized lime production organization identified in the northern Maya lowlands can now be compared with systems of production and exchange of perishable goods in other pre-modern societies around the world.

Tax Bunching by Owners of Small Corporations

We study the options for income shifting by owners of small corporations in the Netherlands using bunching techniques on individual tax records over the period 2007–2011. We find that the distribution of gross labour income strongly peaks at the minimum level of the reference wage, specified in the tax code. Next, taxable labour income bunches at the cut-offs of the tax brackets. The elasticity of taxable income at the top tax cut-off ranges from 0.06 to 0.11. Distributed profits strongly responded to the temporary tax cut from 25 to 22% in 2007, which doubled tax revenues on dividends. We reconfirm the importance of intertemporal income shifting for business owners.

The Relationship between Management Compensation and Firm Performance according to KOSDAQ-listed Small and Venture Firms Corporate Governance Structure

The Relationship between Management Compensation and Firm Performance according to KOSDAQ-listed Small and Venture Firms Corporate Governance Structure

Measure of Utilisation of Government Schemes & Support by Small and Medium Enterprises (SME): Service Providers Perspective

The small and medium enterprises (SME) play a vital role in improving the Indian economy. The central and various state governments announce various schemes directly and indirectly for the SMEs.Other SMEs are supported by Government service providers such as Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Small Industries development Corporation (SIDCO), and non-government service providers like Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) etc. Despite several support and facilities, the SMEs are still struggling to run the company. In this regard, authors have decided to study the effectiveness of utilization of various schemes by the SME in the service provider’s perspective. The schemes described in this paper lay emphasis exclusively on the manufacturing sector. Interviews were conducted with officials from different service providers and several flaws were detected in the implementation of these schemes, especially on the schemes reaching the industries. The analysis carried out in the research gives us several findings which elucidate the reason behind the flaws detected. The results of the article will also provide solutions to few critical research questions and provide recommendations which would further enhance the motive behind the schemes being established and reach the industries especially the small and medium-scale ones which would further stabilize the Indian economy.

Küresel Kültürün Üretimi ve Yerel Televizyon Yayıncılığı: Rize Yerel Televizyonlarında Program Oluşumu

Kuresellesme surecinde olusan sirket birlesmeleri ve tekellesme medya alaninda da kendini gostermektedir. Ulusal yayin yapan medya kuruluslari da buyuk sirketlerin bunyesindedir. Medyanin asil gorevlerinden olan bilgilendirme, gercek sorunlarla ilgili olarak gundem olusturma ve kamusal alan olusturma islevleri gunumuzde problemli olarak gorulmektedir. Kuresellesmenin ekonomik boyutunda sirketlerin urettigi urunlerin dunyaya yayilmasi ve yuksek karlarin elde edilmesi beklenir. Bu yayilim sirasinda kuresel kultur ve kulturel homojenlesme olusur. Gunumuzde kuresel kulturun ulastiginda donusturemedigi bir alan yoktur ancak bu degisime farkinda olmadan da olsa gec teslim olanlar vardir. Yerel bolgeler sahip olduklari cografi uzaklikla ve kulturel farkliliklarla kure-sellesmenin turdeslestiren etkisine daha uzak durabilmektedir. Ulusal yayin yapan televizyonlarin sorunlu gorunumune karsin yerel televizyonlar yapisal olarak kucuk sirketler olduklarindan programlarini daha ozgun bir bicimde olusturabilmektedir. Daha once yapilan doktora tezinin alan calismasindan sadece Rize yerel televizyonlarina ait derinlemesine gorusmeler alinarak hazirlanan bu calismada, kuresel/ulusal kulturel yayilima karsin yerel televizyonlarin farkli programcilik olusumunun ortaya cikarilmasi amaclanmistir. EXTENDED ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH The Production of Global Culture and Local Television Broadcasting: Program Formation of Local Televisions in Rize During the globalization process, integration of companies and monopolization manifest themselves also in media sphere. Media companies broadcasting nationally are under the big companies’ structures, too. The functions of informing, creating agenda about the real issues and creating public space, which are the basic duties of media, are seen as problematic at the present time. In the economical aspect of globalization, the spread of goods that the companies produced into the World and the generation of high profits are well-known and discussed. The other much-discussed subject is the spread of global culture and homogenization that it brought. Thanks to the constantly circulating cultural products, the differences disappear. Cultural dispersions and value transformations enhance demand for cultural products and together with the constant profits, culture industries get high revenues. Cultural homo-genization and cultural transformations are important for economic structure. There is no sphere that global culture couldn’t reach and transform. However, there are some spheres that accept this transformation late unwittingly and generated mixed cultures. These transformations occur in the areas that are far away from the center. Local regions are able to keep away from the homogenization effect of globalization by means of cultural differences they have. The target of media companies broadcasting nationally is to reach a large target group. While the programs are formed in accordance with this target, general viewers are taken into consideration. The advantage of local broad-castings compared to mainstream media is the recognition of targeted sphere and the fact that this sphere is limited. Since the companies broadcasting nationally have too much worry for rating and advertising, they don’t have any thoughts about restricting target group. This leads to the fact that programs are created for general viewers. Whereas televisions broadcasting nationally seem problematic, local televisions can be freer as they make program because they are small companies structurally. The influence of people making programs in local media into their programs are felt more compared to mainstream media. Since local media companies are small corporations, media employee can reflect himself/herself during the production process. The importance of local media employee in creating agenda is really recognized. The main theme of this study is to find out the differentiation among local televisions. This study is prepared by detailed interviews regarding only Rize local televisions from the previous doctorate study. It is aimed at revealing different programming formation by contrast with the understanding of programming in local televisions and global/national cultural dispersion.

Borrowing capacity and earnings management: An analysis of private loans in private firms

This empirical study investigates whether borrowers manage earnings to ameliorate their accounting portrait and to achieve a better borrowing capacity in the private loan market. We analyse the impact of borrowers’ earnings management activity on the amount and costs of their private loans both at the time of lending (ex post earnings management) and before a lending agreement is made (ex ante earnings management). We test our hypothesis on a panel sample of 465 small and medium-sized private corporations from the debt-dependent southern EU economies of Italy, Portugal and Spain over the 2002–2012 period. Using a generalized method of moments (GMM) model to control for endogeneity, we find that the discretionary earnings management activity of borrowers favours larger loan amounts, both ex post and ex ante. By contrast, we find no impact of borrowers’ earnings management activity on the costs of loans. Interestingly, we find that the relationship between earnings management and firms’ borrowing capacity is not significant before the enactment of the Basel II regulation; however, in the period following its enactment, we find a positive and systematic impact of earnings management (both ex post and ex ante) on the amount of bank loans, as well as some positive impact on the costs of bank loans. Our results indicate that borrowers manage earnings to signal better quality to lenders and to ameliorate their borrowing capacities, regardless of the excessive costs of doing so. In addition, we find that the introduction of the Basel II rules likely strengthened this tendency. The findings of this research should alert bank regulators to the feasibility of an unintended economic consequence of rigid discipline with respect to bank risk taking—namely, reducing borrowers’ transparency may lead to less prudent assessments of borrowers’ creditworthiness.

Aligning Corporate Governance with Enterprise Risk Management Adoption in the Nigerian Deposit Money Banks

The alarming rate of corporate failures as seen universally has necessitated this study apparently; the failures have known no boundary as it cuts across both the very big organizations and the very small corporate entities especially financial industries. The objective of this study is to align corporate governance (CG) with Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) adoption in the Nigeria Deposit Money banks (DMBs). The study adopted cross-sectional research design, survey method and questionnaire technique to collect data in 21 Nigerian DMBs. A total of 722 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 435 were found usable for further analysis. The research adopted Structural Equation Modeling in Stata for the data analysis. Empirical evidence suggests that internal audit effectiveness, human resource competency and top management commitment were positively significant. This implies that there is a significant positive relationship between CG and ERM adoption. Conclusively, the study has provided insightful results for the banking industry, regulators, practitioners and academia that will potentially assist in policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Thus, a clarion calls for all the stakeholders in the industry to guarantee broad implementation of ERM in all the banks in compliance with the CBN Code of corporate governance.