Small Blocks Research Articles

Alternative Configuration and Comparative Analysis for Small Block Unit Development in the released Area of Newtown in Town Project - Focusing on the residential Block around 147-4 Jugyo-dong, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do -

Alternative Configuration and Comparative Analysis for Small Block Unit Development in the released Area of Newtown in Town Project - Focusing on the residential Block around 147-4 Jugyo-dong, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do -

A study on structural characteristics and metallurgical mechanism of carbides for 440 martensitic stainless steel with different melt refining processes

The melt refining process of Martensitic stainless steel smelting is closely related to the characteristics of the matrix; the formation mechanism and distribution of carbides, especially, influence the mechanical properties of steel. In this study, three different melt refining processes of 440 stainless steel were used for analysis: aluminum reduction process (440 M-Al), silicon reduction process (440 M-Si), and electro slag remelting (440 C-ESR). The results show the main carbides of 440 stainless steel after three different melt refining processes are M7C3 and M23C6. The carbides of 440 M-Al and 440 M-Si are fine particles; the carbide of 440 C-ESR is a small block. The 440 M-Al carbides are micron- and nanoscale-sized particles. The micron-sized carbides solidify and aggregate at the unit cell boundary, and the structure is Cr7C3. There are gaps between the carbide particles, and the solid solution carbon content of the adjacent matrix is high, which makes the hardness of the matrix greater than that of the carbide aggregation area. On the contrary, the matrix of 440 C-ESR solid dissolves many alloying elements, and the fine lump carbide is also Cr7C3. The carbide diffusion interface layer of 440 C-ESR can improve the bonding characteristics of the interface of the carbide and the matrix, thus enhancing the mechanical properties.

A generalization of group divisible t $t$‐designs

AbstractCameron defined the concept of generalized ‐designs, which generalized ‐designs, resolvable designs and orthogonal arrays. This paper introduces a new class of combinatorial designs which simultaneously provide a generalization of both generalized ‐designs and group divisible ‐designs. In certain cases, we derive necessary conditions for the existence of generalized group divisible ‐designs, and then point out close connections with various well‐known classes of designs, including mixed orthogonal arrays, factorizations of the complete multipartite graphs, large sets of group divisible designs, and group divisible designs with (orthogonal) resolvability. Moreover, we investigate constructions for generalized group divisible ‐designs and almost completely determine their existence for and small block sizes.

Chemically distinct particle-phase emissions from highly controlled pyrolysis of three wood types

Abstract. Wood pyrolysis is a distinct process that precedes combustion and contributes to biomass and biofuel burning gas-phase and particle-phase emissions. Pyrolysis is defined as the thermochemical degradation of wood, the products of which can be released directly or undergo further reaction during gas-phase combustion. To isolate and study the processes and emissions of pyrolysis, a custom-made reactor was used to uniformly heat small blocks of wood in a nitrogen atmosphere. Pieces of maple, Douglas fir, and oak wood (maximum of 155 cm3) were pyrolyzed in a temperature-controlled chamber set to 400, 500, or 600 ∘C. Real-time particle-phase emissions were measured with a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) and correlated with simultaneous gas-phase emission measurements of CO. Particle and gas emissions increased rapidly after inserting a wood sample, remained high for tens of minutes, and then dropped rapidly leaving behind char. The particulate mass-loading profiles varied with elapsed experiment time, wood type and size, and pyrolysis chamber temperature. The chemical composition of the emitted particles was organic (C, H, O), with negligible black carbon or nitrogen. The emitted particles displayed chemical signatures unique to pyrolysis and were notably different from flaming or smoldering wood combustion. The most abundant fragment ions in the mass spectrum were CO+ and CHO+, which together made up 23 % of the total aerosol mass on average, whereas CO2+ accounted for less than 4 %, in sharp contrast with ambient aerosol where CO2+ is often a dominant contributor. The mass spectra also showed signatures of levoglucosan and other anhydrous sugars. The fractional contribution of m/z 60, traditionally a tracer for anhydrous sugars including levoglucosan, to total loading (f60) was observed to be between 0.002 and 0.039, similar to previous observations from wildfires and controlled wood fires. Atomic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen to carbon, O:C and H:C as calculated from AMS mass spectra, varied between 0.41–0.81 and 1.06–1.57, respectively, with individual conditions lying within a continuum of O:C and H:C for wood's primary constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This work identifies the mass spectral signatures of particle emissions directly from pyrolysis, including f60 and the CO+/CO2+ ratio, through controlled laboratory experiments in order to help in understanding the importance of pyrolysis emissions in the broader context of wildfires and controlled wood fires.

BLENDED LEARNING IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO PHILOLOGY-SPECIALITY STUDENTS

The essence of the term «blended learning in the process of teaching English to philology-speciality students» is expressed and it is stated it is a purposeful interaction between the teacher and students of higher philological education, aiming at forming English-language professionally oriented competence, achieving the formulated educational tasks, taking into account the specifics of philological knowledge and involving a combination of effective aspects of traditional learning and interactive distance learning technologies, which is based on the principles of autonomy. The idea of blended learning (henceforth BL) high potential is associated not only with the technology and the way of learning, but also with its personalization. It has been postulated that teaching a foreign language in a BL setting involves the ideas of fragmentary presentation of learning material through computer visualization, creolized texts with the use of interactive teaching methods; presentation of educational material in small portions and blocks, each of which uses its own method and technical means, professionally oriented communication tasks. It has been inferred the woe is not what to «mix» in teaching English to students, but rather what is the optimal ratio of combining different teaching technologies, forms and methods.

Visual Intelligence in Precision Agriculture: Exploring Plant Disease Detection via Efficient Vision Transformers.

In order for a country's economy to grow, agricultural development is essential. Plant diseases, however, severely hamper crop growth rate and quality. In the absence of domain experts and with low contrast information, accurate identification of these diseases is very challenging and time-consuming. This leads to an agricultural management system in need of a method for automatically detecting disease at an early stage. As a consequence of dimensionality reduction, CNN-based models use pooling layers, which results in the loss of vital information, including the precise location of the most prominent features. In response to these challenges, we propose a fine-tuned technique, GreenViT, for detecting plant infections and diseases based on Vision Transformers (ViTs). Similar to word embedding, we divide the input image into smaller blocks or patches and feed these to the ViT sequentially. Our approach leverages the strengths of ViTs in order to overcome the problems associated with CNN-based models. Experiments on widely used benchmark datasets were conducted to evaluate the proposed GreenViT performance. Based on the obtained experimental outcomes, the proposed technique outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) CNN models for detecting plant diseases.

Adaptive Management With Request Granularity for DRAM Cache Inside nand-Based SSDs

Most flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) adopt an on-board Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) to buffer hot write data. Then, the write or overwrite operations can be absorbed by the DRAM cache, given that there is sufficient locality in the applications’ I/O access pattern, to consequently avoid flushing the write data onto underlying SSD cells. After analyzing typical real-world workloads over SSDs, we observed that the buffered data of small size requests are more likely to be re-accessed than those of large write requests. To efficiently utilize the limited space of DRAM cache, this paper proposes an adaptive request granularity-based cache management scheme for SSDs. First, we introduce a request block corresponding to a write request, as the cache management granularity, and propose a dynamic manner for classifying small and large request blocks. Next, we design three-level linked lists for supporting different routines of upgradation for small and large request blocks, once their data have been hit in the cache. At last, we present a scheme of evicting the request blocks having the minimum cost in cache replacement, by taking both factors of access hotness and time discounting into account. Experimental results show that our proposal can yield improvements on cache hits and the overall I/O latency by 21.8% and 14.7% on average, compared to state-of-the-art cache management schemes inside SSDs.

First report of rot disease in Prunus salicina var. taoxingli fruit caused by Fusarium lateritium in China.

Shengzhou nane (Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) as main cultivated plum in Zhejiang province, China, ripened in summer and was susceptible to microbial infection during the maturation stages because of high ambient temperature. In July 2022, Shengzhou nane fruits were found with symptoms of dark skin and grey-white lesions on surface, and an average incidence of approximate 16% (data obtained from investigation of ten trees in each orchard, and fifty fruits in each tree) in four orchards in Shengzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. To isolate the pathogen, four symptomatic partially rotted fruits (about 25%) from four orchards were collected. The plum tissue from the margin of lesions was excised into small blocks (4×4×3 mm). Eight blocks were disinfested with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 2% NaClO for 3 minutes, rinsed at least twice with distilled water, and incubated on PDA medium supplemented with 30.0 μg/mL Chloramphenicol at 25°C for 5 days in darkness until sporulation. Using single-spore isolation, four uniform isolates were obtained. The purified mycelium of isolates on PDA were milky white, the reverse on agar was dark pink. Colonies grew with a mean mycelium growth rate of 4.62 ± 0.38 mm per day on PDA. Macroconidia was shaped like a sickle and the size was 27.27 ± 3.43×4.54 ± 0.39 μm (n=50) with 2 to 3 septate. No microconidia and chlamydospores were observed. These morphological characteristics were consistent with previous descriptions of Fusarium lateritium (F. lateritium) species (Yun et al. 2013). Molecular identification was performed by sequencing nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) gene with ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) with EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn. 1999). The representative sequences were submitted to Genbank (Accession Nos. OP315081 for the ITS and OP394153 for the TEF-1α). Blastn result indicated that ITS and TEF-1a sequences shared 99.28% and 100% similarity with two strains of F. lateritium (GenBank Accession Nos. MK311296.1 and JF740854.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, the isolated F. lateritium (TXL-IT5) with a conidial suspension (1×106 spores per mL) was inoculated on ten fresh harvested healthy mature Shengzhou nane fruits (20 μL per fruits) after surface sterilization. The control fruits were inoculated with 20 μL distilled water. The experiment was repeated three times.Fruits were kept in a sealed plastic boxes at 25 °C with 90% relative humidity in dark. Four days after inoculation, all inoculated fruits were infected and appeared the same symptoms which were found in naturally infected fruits while those in the control group remained symptomless. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic rotten fruits using above-mentioned method and was identified asF. lateritiumbased on morphological characteristics as well asITS and TEFgene sequences. In addition, this pathogen was reported to infect Dalbergia tonkinensisin north Vietnam (Nhung et al. 2018), causing shoot dieback of Acer negundo in northeast Poland (Patejuk et al. 2022), and rot of Chinese cherry during postharvest storage (Wang et al. 2020). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. lateritium causing rot on Shenshou nane fruits. Our findings serve as a warning for scientists and growers who should pay attention to this disease and take effective control strategies to reduce epidemics of this disease in China and other regions.

Mechanical Properties of Refined A356 Alloy in Response to Continuous Rheological Extruded Al-5Ti-0.6C-1.0Ce Alloy Prepared at Different Temperatures

The microstructure is an important factor determining the mechanical properties of A356 alloy. In this experiment, the refiner Al-5Ti-0.6C-1.0Ce master alloys under different preparation temperatures were prepared, and the A356 alloy was refined. The effects of preparation temperature on the number and morphological distribution of each phase in Al-Ti-C-Ce master alloy and the effects of Al-Ti-C-Ce master alloy at different preparation temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were explored successively. Results showed that, as preparation temperature increased from 850 to 1150 °C, TiAl3 changed from large blocks to long strips and a needle-like phase, and Ti2Al20Ce changed from a bright white block to a broken small block phase. Al-5Ti-0.6C-1.0Ce prepared at 1050 °C can significantly refine the α-Al of A356 alloy and modify eutectic Si. The α-Al grain size was refined from about 1540 to 179.7 μm, and the eutectic Si length was refined from about 22.3 to 17.8 μm with the transition from a coarse needle-like to a short rod-like structure. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of A356 alloy changed non-monotonically, and the peak values were 282.216 MPa and 3.9% with the Al-Ti-C-Ce preparation temperature of 1050 °C and 950 °C, respectively.

Effect of different chromium contents on microstructure and two-body abrasive wear behavior of Fe-Mn-B surfacing alloys

In this study, the effects of different Cr content on the microstructure, impact properties, and wear resistance of Fe-Mn-B wear-resistant surfacing alloy layers were investigated using plasma powder surfacing technology. The results indicate that the addition of Cr does not alter the phase of the surfacing alloy layer. Cr is primarily found in solid solution within the primary phase, with a small amount in the eutectic structure. The primary phase transforms from (Mn,Fe)2B to (Mn,Fe,Cr)2B, and the eutectic structure shifts from small blocks to lamellar (Mn,Fe,Cr)2B + γ-Fe. The incorporation of Cr increases the impact energy of the surfacing alloy layer, with the highest impact energy of 44.8 J/cm2 observed in the sample containing high Mn content and Cr. The fracture mode transitions from brittle fracture to a combination of brittle and ductile fracture. The addition of Cr promotes the precipitation of the primary crystal phase, enhancing its microhardness and consequently improving the macrohardness of the surfacing alloy layer. The macrohardness increases from 59.5 HRC in the low Mn content sample without Cr to 63.8 HRC in the high Mn content sample with 6.36 wt% Cr. The increased toughness and hardness of the primary phase, along with the transformation of the eutectic structure to lamellar, allow the primary phase to better resist abrasive particle indentation. As a result, the wear resistance of the surfacing alloy layer under two loads is significantly improved.

An Improved Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Approach Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cross-Correlation.

Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) is the process of merging different modalities of medical images into a single output image (fused image) with a significant quantity of information to improve clinical applicability. It enables a better diagnosis and makes the diagnostic process easier. In medical image fusion (MIF), an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) plays a role in enhancing the quality of the image, which is useful for medical diagnosis. In this article, a new approach to intuitionistic fuzzy set-based MMIF has been proposed. Initially, the input medical images are fuzzified and then create intuitionistic fuzzy images (IFIs). Intuitionistic fuzzy entropy plays a major role in calculating the optimal value for three degrees, namely, membership, non-membership, and hesitation. After that, the IFIs are decomposed into small blocks and then perform the fusion rule. Finally, the enhanced fused image can be obtained by the defuzzification process. The proposed method is tested on various medical image datasets in terms of subjective and objective analysis. The proposed algorithm provides a better-quality fused image and is superior to other existing methods such as PCA, DWTPCA, contourlet transform (CONT), DWT with fuzzy logic, Sugeno's intuitionistic fuzzy set, Chaira's intuitionistic fuzzy set, and PC-NSCT. The assessment of the fused image is evaluated with various performance metrics such as average pixel intensity (API), standard deviation (SD), average gradient (AG), spatial frequency (SF), modified spatial frequency (MSF), cross-correlation (CC), mutual information (MI), and fusion symmetry (FS).

Frontispiece: Chalcogen‐Bond‐Induced Double Helix Based on Self‐Assembly of a Small Planar Building Block

Frontispiece: Chalcogen‐Bond‐Induced Double Helix Based on Self‐Assembly of a Small Planar Building Block

Multi‐objective digital circuit block optimisation based on cell mapping in an industrial electronic design automation flow

AbstractModern electronic design automation (EDA) tools can handle the complexity of state‐of‐the‐art electronic systems by decomposing them into smaller blocks or cells, introducing different levels of abstraction and staged design flows. However, throughout each independently optimised design step, overheads and inefficiencies can accumulate in the resulting overall design. Performing design‐specific optimisation from a more global viewpoint requires more time due to the larger search space but has the potential to provide solutions with improved performanc. In this work, a fully‐automated, multi‐objective (MO) EDA flow is introduced to address this issue. It specifically tunes drive strength mapping, prior to physical implementation, through MO population‐based search algorithms. Designs are evaluated with respect to their power, performance and area (PPA). The proposed approach is aimed at digital circuit optimisation at the block level, where it is capable of expanding the design space and offers a set of trade‐off solutions for different case‐specific utilisation. We have applied the proposed multi‐objective electronic design automation flow (MOEDA) framework to ISCAS‐85 and EPFL benchmark circuits by using a commercial 65 nm standard cell library. The experimental results demonstrate how the MOEDA flow enhances the solutions initially generated by the standard digital flow and how simultaneously a significant improvement in PPA metrics is achieved.

Cover Feature: Recent Advances in Catalytic Chemical Recycling of Polyolefins (ChemCatChem 13/2023)

The Cover Feature shows the desirable life-cycle for polyolefins, leading from the small building olefinic blocks to polymeric materials present everywhere in our daily life and the use of transition metal catalysis to cut and recycle the polymers back to smaller molecules or new building blocks. In their Review, M. Hapke and co-workers compiled the state-of-the-art for chemical recycling of polyethylenes and polypropylenes at rather low reaction temperatures up to 300 °C using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The cover image was made by Ella Maru Studio. More information can be found in the Review by M. Hapke and co-workers.

Collapsing the Tower - On the Complexity of Multistage Stochastic IPs

In this paper we study the computational complexity of solving a class of block structured integer programs (IPs) - so called multistage stochastic IPs. A multistage stochastic IP is an IP of the form min { c ⊺ x ∣ Ax = b , x ≥ 0 , x integral} where the constraint matrix A consists of small block matrices ordered on the diagonal line and for each stage there are larger blocks with few columns connecting the blocks in a tree like fashion. Over the last years there was enormous progress in the area of block structured IPs. For many of the known block IP classes - such as n -fold, tree-fold, and two-stage stochastic IPs, nearly matching upper and lower bounds are known concerning their computational complexity. One of the major gaps that remained however was the parameter dependency in the running time for an algorithm solving multistage stochastic IPs. Previous algorithms require a tower of t exponentials, where t is the number of stages. In contrast, only a double exponential lower bound was known based on the exponential time hypothesis. In this paper we show that the tower of t exponentials is actually not necessary. We show an improved running time of \(2^{(d\left\Vert A \right\Vert _\infty)^{\mathcal {O}(d^{3t+1})}} \cdot rn\log ^{\mathcal {O}(2^d)}(rn) \) for the algorithm solving multistage stochastic IPs, where d is the sum of columns in the connecting blocks and rn is the number of rows. Hence, we obtain the first bound by an elementary function for the running time of an algorithm solving multistage stochastic IPs. In contrast to previous works, our algorithm has only a triple exponential dependency on the parameters and only doubly exponential for every constant t . By this we come very close to the known double exponential bound that holds already for two-stage stochastic IPs, i.e. multistage stochastic IPs with two stages. The improved running time of the algorithm is based on new bounds for the proximity of multistage stochastic IPs. The idea behind the bound is based on generalization of a structural lemma originally used for two-stage stochastic IPs. While the structural lemma requires iteration to be applied to multistage stochastic IPs, our generalization directly applies to inherent combinatorial properties of multiple stages. Already a special case of our lemma yields an improved bound for the Graver complexity of multistage stochastic IPs.

Recent advances in exploring and exploiting soybean functional peptides-a review.

Soybeans are rich in proteins and phytochemicals such as isoflavones and phenolic compounds. It is an excellent source of peptides with numerous biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. Soy bioactive peptides are small building blocks of proteins that are released after fermentation or gastrointestinal digestion as well as by food processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, often in combination with novel food processing techniques (i.e., microwave, ultrasound, and high-pressure homogenization), which are associated with numerous health benefits. Various studies have reported the potential health benefits of soybean-derived functional peptides, which have made them a great substitute for many chemical-based functional elements in foods and pharmaceutical products for a healthy lifestyle. This review provides unprecedented and up-to-date insights into the role of soybean peptides in various diseases and metabolic disorders, ranging from diabetes and hypertension to neurodegenerative disorders and viral infections with mechanisms were discussed. In addition, we discuss all the known techniques, including conventional and emerging approaches, for the prediction of active soybean peptides. Finally, real-life applications of soybean peptides as functional entities in food and pharmaceutical products are discussed.

Chalkogenbindungs‐induzierte Doppelhelix basierend auf der Selbstassemblierung eines kleinen planaren Bausteins

AbstractHelikale Strukturen auf einer molekularen Ebene werden in der Regel aus nicht‐planaren Einheiten gebildet. Umso faszinierender ist es, Helices ausgehend von planaren Bausteinen durch Selbstorganisation zu generieren. Bislang ist dies jedoch nur selten gelungen, wobei stets Wasserstoff‐ und Halogenbindungen beteiligt waren. Hier zeigen wir, dass das Motiv der Carbonyl‐Tellur‐Wechselwirkung geeignet ist, selbst kleine planare Einheiten im Festkörper zu helikalen Strukturen zusammenzufügen. Wir haben je nach Substitutionsmuster zwei verschiedene Arten von Helices gefunden: sowohl Einzel‐ als auch Doppelhelices. Bei der Doppelhelix sind die Stränge durch zusätzliche Te⋅⋅⋅Te‐Chalkogenbindungen verbunden. Bei der Einzelhelix kommt es im Kristall zu einer spontanen Enantiomerentrennung. Dies zeigt das Potential der Carbonyl‐Tellur‐Chalkogenbindung komplexe dreidimensionale Muster zu erzeugen.

Chalcogen-Bond-Induced Double Helix Based on Self-Assembly of a Small Planar Building Block.

As a rule, helical structures at the molecular level are formed by non-planar units. This makes the design of helices, starting from planar building blocks via self-assembly, even more fascinating. Until now, however, this has only been achieved in rare cases, where hydrogen and halogen bonds were involved. Here, we show that the carbonyl-tellurium interaction motif is suitable to assemble even small planar units into helical structures in solid phase. We found two different types of helices: both single and double helices, depending on the substitution pattern. In the double helix, the strands are connected by additional Te⋅⋅⋅Te chalcogen bonds. In the case of the single helix, a spontaneous enantiomeric resolution occurs in the crystal. This underlines the potential of the carbonyl-tellurium chalcogen bond to generate complex three-dimensional patterns.

Differences in learning retention and experience of augmented reality notes compared to traditional paper notes in a chiropractic technique course: A randomized trial.

To investigate if a written guide or augmented reality (AR) guide improves free recall of diversified chiropractic adjusting technique and to capture participants' impressions of the study in a poststudy questionnaire. Thirty-eight chiropractic students were evaluated for diversified listing (a nomenclature denoting vertebral malposition and correction) recall, pre-AR and post-AR, or written guide review. The vertebral segments used were C7 and T6. Two randomized groups reviewed an original course written guide (n = 18) or a new AR guide (n = 20). A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (C7) and t test (T6) compared group differences in reevaluation scores. A poststudy questionnaire was given to capture participants' impressions of the study. Both groups showed no significant differences in free recall scores after reviewing the guides for C7 or T6. The poststudy questionnaire suggested a number of strategies could be used to improve current teaching material such as more detail in the written guides and organizing content into smaller blocks. Use of an AR or written guide does not seem to change participants' free recall ability when used to review diversified technique listings. The poststudy questionnaire was useful to identify strategies to improve currently used teaching material.

Developing pedestrian cities: The contribution of land readjustment projects to street vitality in Seoul, South Korea

This study focuses on the relationship between the type of urban development and street vitality. It empirically analyzes how Land Readjustment (LR) and Housing Site Development (HSD) have generated different outcomes in the pedestrian volume in Seoul. LR is one of the most common urban development techniques in the world, and HSD has been predominant in developing new urban areas in South Korea since the 1980s. The results of an empirical analysis with 9588 pedestrian volume survey sites revealed that the LR areas had smaller blocks and lots, like those advocated by Jacobs (1961), and greater pedestrian volume compared to the sites developed by HSD that has created modernism built environments. Findings illustrate that LR has not only produced the desired design, density, and diversity for pedestrian volume but also possibly contributed to promoting street vitality. The development type for sites should be considered an important factor that will create urban tissues and vitality in the future.