Small Settlements Research Articles

Technoheraldry of Donetsk region

The "Third Heraldic Reform" in the Donbass was purely commercial. The craze for collecting badges with coats of arms caused the development of "rural heraldry" in Donbass. At the end of 1995, all the cities of the Donetsk region already had coats of arms, each of them had a technical symbol. Villages, districts, urban-type settlements remained without coats of arms. During the "Second Heraldic Reform", the principles of building coats of arms were constantly violated. The emerging literature on heraldry led to the desire of novice heraldists to use classical heraldic techniques: division of the shield, enamel), heraldic figures, allegories, and historical roots. The implementation of the acquired knowledge was embodied in the creation of coats of arms of small settlements, taking into account the history, directions of economic development, and the search for symbols. reflecting these directions, etc. The problems associated with the lack of legislation allowing a city, town, village to have its coat of arms and the desire to preserve Soviet symbols were quickly overcome. In the industrial region, even villages are involved in industry - mining, energy, and this is reflected in the work of heraldists. The stories about some episodes, stages of this work have become the main content of this article.

Электрификация валдайского сельского поселения за счет применения альтернативных возобновляемых источников энергии

Purpose: To conduct a study on the electrification of a remote small village in the frames of energy decarbonization with renewable energy sources. Methods: Analysis of small village current electrification, normative documents and statistics, pursuing economic calculations on the made analysis basis. Results: The choice from the most spread options of alternative electrification in favor of solar-wind power plants was made. Economic assessment of electrification proposed option was made in the frames of energetics decarbonization which as result of, the value of necessary investments as well as project payback period which basis on, it is possible to judge on the project economic efficiency. Practical significance: The effectiveness of alternative energy introduction in small settlements, remote from unified energetic system, is shown.

Models of residential buildings with affordable housing for settlements of different sizes

The importance of creating high-quality housing units with affordable housing in the resettlement system is highlighted. Some examples of affordable housing in world practice are analyzed. The importance of the location of a residential unit with affordable housing on the quality of living in it and on some characteristics of such housing, such as price and number of floors, is described.
 A number of authors who studied the formation of the urban environment and their problems are cited.
 The article proposes several universal models of residential formation with affordable housing for a large city (model of residential formation with affordable housing in the structure of a residential group) and for a small settlement (model of residential formation of blocked buildings), which are based on the principles of multi-comfort and sustainable development, taking into account the development in time.
 The main areas of residential formation have been determined. The need for integration of different types of housing in the residential formation is indicated, such as: commercial housing of various comforts, affordable housing, social housing, rental housing, affordable rental housing. The importance of determining the appropriate percentage of integration of different typologies of housing is highlighted, and its schematic marking on general plans of territories is proposed.
 The necessity of designing a residential building with the integration of public service premises and places of employment is indicated. Insert blocks with public, communication and social significance in a residential structure for block or individual construction in small settlements are proposed.
 A number of important tasks that must be solved by the development of urban planning documentation (establishing the territories or plots of the location of affordable housing; the planned percentage of such housing in a district, quarter or building; determining the required number and calculation of types of apartments, etc.) are given.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И ТИПОЛОГИЗАЦИЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ КЛАДБИЩ В XVII-XX ВВ. НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ОБЩЕЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ

Cemeteries have always accompanied humanity. The appearance and scale of the cemeteries has changed over the course of the historical process, but one thing remains unchanged - they are adjacent to human settlements in one form or another. The accelerated process of urbanization with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution led to the rapid growth of cities. This led to the absorption of cemeteries by cities and smaller settlements. Cemeteries are surrounded by an urban environment and are excluded from it. They are silent witnesses of the past, who have lost the functions of burial places. This article analyzes the history of the development of public cemeteries in St. Petersburg in the 17th-20th centuries in the context of a single cultural European space. The analysis of the evolution of the imagery perception of the cemetery over time and in relation to the territorial development of the city is carried out. The types of cemeteries that are formed and existed during this period are identified; the relationship between the types is established, as well as the influence of social and cultural trends on the formation of these types. Based on the study, conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of using the derived typology as a basis for the revitalization of historical cemeteries in Russia. In addition, the possibility of using European experience when working with this type of territory is established.

Bacterial communities on Fucus sp. harvested in tidal zones with or without exposure to human sewage in Greenland

Seaweed from Greenland has potential as a food source. However, human sewage is discharged directly to the sea in the vicinity of the communities, a practice which could lead to the seaweed becoming contaminated by human pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of wastewater discharge on the bacterial communities of wild populations of Fucus sp. sampled in the tidal zones in the vicinity of Sarfannguit, a smaller settlement (∼110 inhabitants) with limited discharge, and Sisimiut, Greenland’s second biggest town (∼5500 inhabitants). Fecal indicator bacteria (coliforms, Escherichia coli and the human fecal molecular marker HF183 [Fucus sp. only]) were consistently detected on Fucus sp. and in seawater from Sisimiut. In contrast, coliforms and E. coli were only detected once in samples collected close to the waste dump site in Sarfannguit. Presence of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater and on Fucus sp. coincided, indicating the utility of surveying seawater. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of bacterial isolates identified fish and human pathogens on seaweed from Sisimiut while >80% of isolates from Sarfannguit could not be identified using existing data bases. Amplicon sequence variants belonging to Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae were dominant families in all Fucus sp. samples. However, wastewater discharge effected major changes in the overall composition of the seaweed microbiota as evidenced by analysis of the beta diversity. In conclusion, the microbiota on Fucus sp. harvested in the intertidal zones in a small, relatively unimpacted community, and close to the wastewater discharge of a larger community showed marked differences and the presence of human pathogens on sewage impacted Fucus sp. from the large community. It is recommended that microbiological criteria and guidelines regarding suitable seaweed harvest and cultivation sites be established, especially considering potential sources of anthropogenic impact on the local marine environment.

Development of a new design of deironing granulated filter for joint removal of iron and ammonium nitrogen from underground water

ABSTRACT Providing the population with high-quality drinking water is one of the main state tasks. Rural water supply systems and water supply systems of small settlements in the region require special attention, namely, the development of technologies for individual, small-sized water treatment equipment, as well as equipment for collective use, designed to purify groundwater for drinking purposes. In many areas, there are groundwaters containing excess levels of several pollutants, which makes their purification much more difficult. Elimination of shortcomings in the known methods of water iron removal is possible by reconstructing existing water supply systems from underground sources in small settlements. A rational solution is to search for groundwater treatment technologies that make it possible to provide the population with high-quality drinking water at a lower cost. The result of increasing the concentration of oxygen in water was obtained in the process of modifying the filter by changing the excess air exhaust system, which was made in the form of a perforated pipeline located in the lower half of the granular filter layer connected to the upper branch pipe. At the same time, high-quality groundwater treatment, sufficient simplicity and reliability in operation are ensured, local conditions and the inaccessibility of many objects and settlements in the region are taken into account as much as possible. After the filter was upgraded, the concentration of iron decreased from 4.4 to 0.27 mg/L and ammonium nitrogen from 3.5 to 1.5 mg/L.

Urban Outshopping in Rural Slovakia

Abstract Outshopping is consumption behaviour where a consumer leaves the local economy and procures products and services in other local economies. While rural outshopping has been studied in the scientific literature for decades, the consumption structure of urban dwellers in smaller rural settlements has never been precisely mapped. The aim of this study is to understand the basic patterns of urban residents' spending on goods and services in the local economies of small rural settlements, using descriptive methods, comparison and content analysis. Based on the results, we put forward hypotheses that rural outshopping takes place within the nodal region of the city rather than in the wider urban-rural interface, may have a potentially selective character, and the frequency of short-term movement on the city-rural axis may be additional to other dominant intentions for traveling to a rural settlement.

SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET TRANSFORMATIONS OF URBAN SYSTEM: CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM 1979 TO 2022

This study analyzes the transformation of the urban system in Kazakhstan from 1979 to 2022 by studying the interrelationship between population change in large cities and demographic trends in nearby towns and rural areas. The findings suggest that the collapse of the USSR triggered a large-scale spatial realignment of the population leading to dramatic changes in the population size of urban settlements. The estimations largely failed to confirm relationships between the growth of large cities vs population change in mid-size and small urban settlements that would hold throughout the entire sample period. However, the analysis of district-level data showed that remote and rural areas were more prone to depopulation while districts around rapidly growing large cities had significantly higher rates of population growth. The population in large cities and regional centers was found to be growing much faster than in periphery areas, which is very much in line with findings from studies done on other former Soviet states.

Mulighederne for udviklingen af en fungibel tværkulturel psykologi

To make modern psychology more useful to people in developmental countries or in different subcultural and etnich groups, it is necessary to evolve a cross-cultural psychology on the basis of systematical interventions in changes (i.e. developmental processes) in those groups in question. In this article theoretical and methodical prerequisites for such a model are considered. The basis of the model is intervention. Thus the model is a mean of conceptualizing specific situational and contextual conditions and processes. Further more the model focus on ressources of actual and future development. The complexity of the context demands a model consisting of a multiple of theoretical approaches. The topic of the model are changes in society, on the group level and on the individual level. Changes mean alterations of particularly elements (i.e. processes) of interpersonel interaction - for instance specificparts of sign systems, of activity concerning labour or other social practices, specific institutionalized forms of communication (schools, trade, political debate etc.). The model, i.e. this sort of psychological interventionsindifferent cultural contexts, isused on material concerning the cognitive style of children in small Greenlandic settlements. It is shown how cognition in faet is the way, the children use their cognitive skills in interpersonel interactions. Tue essential point is how the children cope with demands from teachers and parents. Using the model on a case concerning a young Greenlandic man, it is shown that no simple connection is to be found between personal symptoms and biculturalism. The symptoms may of different courses incorporate biculturalism - and then on the conscious level falsely perceive biculturalism as the main course of the problems. The aim ofthe articel is to evolve a usable cross-cultural psychology- and thus overcome and integrate the criticism concerning the current cross-cultural psychology in the above outlined model of systematical interventions in changes.

Design Method of Primary Structures of a Cost-Effective Cable-Supported Photovoltaic System

Cable-supported photovoltaic systems (CSPSs) are a new technology for supporting structures that have broad application prospects owing to their cost-effectiveness, light weight, large span, high headroom, few pile foundations, short construction period, and symbiosis with fisheries and farms. Recently, a new CSPS with a much smaller settlement and stronger wind resistance was proposed. The new CSPS, with a 10% lower cost compared with traditional fix-tilted PV support, is a better alternative to traditional photovoltaic (PV) support systems. In this study, the failure models and bearing capacity of the primary structures of the new CSPS were investigated in detail using the FEM method, and a design method for the new structure was proposed based on the limit state design method. The results showed that the structure had a strong load-bearing capacity. Failure of the cables and triangular brackets are the two main types of failure of the primary structure. The cross-sectional area of the cables is the most important factor affecting the load-bearing capacity of the structure and directly affecting the failure modes of the CSPS. The numerical case verified that the proposed design method works well and that the designed structure has sufficient loading capacity and is cost-effective.

The Socio-Economic Status of Neighbourhoods and Access to Early Childhood Education

Good-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) has been shown to benefit children from low socio-economic backgrounds the most, starting from a very early age. Yet in many countries ECEC usage by such children is lower than that of their more fortunate peers. We study inequalities in the availability and affordability of local ECEC services in Hungary across neighbourhoods of different socio-economic status because these factors have been found to be key for ECEC uptake in many settings. Hungary is an interesting case because the potential to reduce child poverty is high. We find that publicly-funded ECEC availability for children under age 3 is lower in poorer areas in Hungary even after controlling for proxies of demand, regional effects and the known issue of low ECEC density in smaller settlements. Formal ECEC through the private sector is also scarcer in poorer areas but we do not find evidence that it is less affordable than in richer areas using a stylised family affordability metric. Our study not only expands the geographical dimension of the literature but also adds particular value by studying the private-sector pricing of ECEC services in the context of demand unsatisfied by the public sector.

The Historic Landscape & Typologies of Ancient Structures at Ambala Tank, Ramtek, Maharashtra

Ambala, a small settlement located near the town of Ramtek, is known for its landscape. The landscape of Ambala comprises an ensemble of the physical and human environment with tangible and intangible qualities is paid from Ramtek due to the geographical setting. The historical settlement of Ambala has a water tank surrounded by the typology of Ghats, temples, Chhatries, Kunds, Gate, etc. The ensemble is the center of human interaction through a medium of various ritualistic activities and performances. The development in the region of Ramtek began in the 5th century A.D. by the “Vakataka Dynasty” and continued till the 18th century A.D. ruled by the “Bhonsala Dynasty”. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommend the Historic Urban Landscape, defined as the urban area understood as a historical layering of cultural values and its geographical setting. The fieldwork involved a reconnaissance survey investigating the settlement and built structures within a km radius at Ambala tank, Ramtek. The basic methodology adopted was a reconnaissance survey that included the documentation work of sculptures and various built installations situated around the Ambala tank. The paper investigates the Ambala tank’s historical landscape and contextual study in Ramtek, Maharashtra, India. The context of the study would include topography, natural features, built environment, land use, spatial organization, open spaces, practices and values, tangible and intangible dimensions of the heritage.

House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) escape behavior is triggered faster in smaller settlements

A recurrent behavioral trait model to study adaptation to urban environments is the flight initiation distance (FID), measured as the distance at which animals flee from an approaching threat. It has previously been shown that urban birds display shorter FID than their non-urban (rural) counterparts. However, discerning whether this is the result of habituation to human presence and frequentation, or of ecological factors related to the size of the city (considered as “systemic habituation”), has not yet been addressed. In this study, we analyzed House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) FIDs in a network of 26 small towns and villages within the same region in northeastern Spain. Our aim was to relate FID to human population density and settlement size. If the habituation to human presence hypothesis was supported, we should expect FIDs to decrease with the density of the human population across the human settlements, since this type of habituation is related to the rate of human exposure and this is proportional to human density. However, if the systemic habituation hypothesis was supported, FIDs should instead relate to the size of the human settlements, as the abundance of predators, similarly to other ecological variables, is often proportional to the size of towns. Results showed House Sparrows to be bolder in larger human settlements, but not necessarily the ones with a higher density of human population. This supports the idea that the fact that urban birds display shorter FIDs than their rural counterparts is the result of systemic ecological factors rather than the results of a simple habituation to humans.

Homeland :: hostland – An 11th century micro geography southeast of Arlanda Airport.

This case study is a dolly shot that eventually stops and zooms in on the small settlement area defined by the adjacent settlements Torsholma and Rolsta in the 11th century. It starts with an overview of the larger string of settlements of which Torsholma-Rolsta represents the eastern end. Secondly, it discusses the entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (E-version) for the year 1025 and this analysis corroborates Bo Gräslund’s 1986 identification of Helgå in Frösunda as the sacred river referred to in medieval sources on the war between Olav den helige (Saint Olaf), Anund Jakob and Knut den store (Canute the Great). However, in this micro-geography case study, only the possible bridgehead is in focus. The relation between Knut’s army and the local families is understood to reflect an interaction between a homeland and a hostland. Originally, Frösunda and Orkesta made up the homeland. Finally, the post-1025 runic inscriptions related to this interaction are seen as fragments of a rhetorical historiography of a near past.

Features of joint development of specially protected natural areas and adjacent settlements of the Leningrad region

The article is devoted to the issues of joint development of specially protected natural areas and adjacent small settlements of the Leningrad region. The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to find tools and solutions for urban planning regulation of such settlements for joint balanced coexistence and development with specially protected natural areas. The object of the study is small settlements located in the immediate vicinity of specially protected natural areas of the Leningrad region and under their direct influence. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the legal regulation of such settlements and their mutual location relative to specially protected natural areas. The study examines the main stages of the development of the network of specially protected natural areas of the Leningrad region, identifies seven types of mutual arrangement of specially protected natural areas and settlements of the Leningrad region: included, excluded, surrounding, overlapping, partially superimposed, adjacent (with a common border), separate. The features of the legal regulation of settlements adjacent to protected areas are analyzed and a number of problems of their joint development are formulated. The types of mutual location of settlements whose urban planning problems are not solved by the existing legislation are identified; possible tools are proposed that contribute to the consolidation of aesthetic and urban-environmental principles for the development of such neighboring territories.

Considering the Revolution

Considering the Revolution

Method for Prevention of Liquefaction Caused by Earthquakes Using Grouting Applicable to Existing Structures

Ground liquefaction is causing great damage to the structure of land during earthquakes. Accordingly, various liquefaction damage reduction methods have been studied and developed. However, most of the ground liquefaction prevention methods have limitations in their application to existing structures. Therefore, in this study, a ground liquefaction damage reduction method, applicable to existing structures, was studied using the grouting method. A 1-G shaking table test was performed, and the ground was created with Jumunjin standard sand. A two-story model structure was manufactured by applying the similarity law, and an input wave applied a sinusoidal motion with an acceleration level of 0.6 g and a frequency of 10 Hz. The grouting chemical was produced by mixing water and cement, and the effect of reducing structural damage was analyzed according to various mixing ratios; in addition, the separation distance between the grouting chemical injection point and the structure was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, when the ground was reinforced by applying the grouting method, the settlement of the structure was about 84% smaller than when the ground was not reinforced, and the mixing ratio with the smallest settlement was 0.45. In addition, when there was no separation distance between the structure and the grouting chemical injection point, it was confirmed that the effect of reducing structural damage was the greatest. These research results will be used as basic data for developing a grouting method applicable to existing structures in the future.

Study on Stratified Settlement and Weak Reflectivity Fiber Grating Monitoring of Shield Tunnel Crossing Composite Strata

This paper proposes a set of field test technology system for layered settlement of composite strata based on weak reflectivity fiber Bragg grating sensing technology based on the shield project of “Keyuan Station ~ Shenzhen University Station” section of Shenzhen Metro Line 13, and through the comparison and verification of three-dimensional numerical simulation and field monitoring, the law and distribution characteristics of disturbance settlement of ground surface and overlying strata during shield tunneling are systematically analyzed, and the vertical and horizontal zoning (layer) system for the spatial and temporal evolution of layered settlement of composite strata during shield tunneling is constructed. On this basis, the targeted settlement control technical measures and recommendations are proposed. The findings show that the weak reflectivity fiber grating sensing technology can better perceive the evolution law and distribution characteristics of vertical and horizontal settlement of composite strata caused by shield tunneling, which is in good agreement with the numerical simulation results, and has the advantages of automation and high precision, it can be used as a supplement and alternative method for traditional measurement methods. The stratum deformation is small and layered settlement is not obvious in shield approaching stage (−5D~0), after shield crossing and shield tail falling (0~3D), the stratum is the longitudinal main deformation zone of shield tunneling disturbance, and the influence range of the whole tunneling disturbance is about (−1D~3D). Meanwhile, according to the influence degree of shield tunneling disturbance, the overlying strata of the tunnel can be divided into main disturbance layer and secondary disturbance layer, and the main disturbance layer is located in the range of 0.5D above the tunnel. In addition, based on the different stages of shield tunneling and the vertical and horizontal zoning (layers) of existing structures such as buildings (structures), the settlement control measures and suggestions are proposed. The research results demonstrate the feasibility of weak reflectivity fiber grating for distributed and continuous strata monitoring. It has important guiding value for improving the understanding of settlement law produced from shield construction in composite strata and analyzing and predicting potential risks resulting from shield construction. It also provides reference value for future subway design and construction.

Spatial Analysis of Changes in the Demographic Characteristics of the Cres-Lošinj Area Using the GIS Model

The paper aims to carry out a spatial analysis of the changes in selected demographic characteristics of the Cres-Lošinj area using the GIS model. For this purpose, data from all censuses carried out so far (1857−2021) were used, which were primarily analyzed cartographically by using Mean Center and the Standard Deviational Ellipse (Directional Distribution) spatial analysis methods, which are an integral part of the basic software package ArcGIS Desktop version 10.0 produced by ESRI. Tabular and graphical appendices were used to additionally complement the analyses. The analyses were carried out on three levels: the level of the Cres-Lošinj area as a whole, the individual level of the Town of Cres and the Town of Mali Lošinj, and the level of settlements. For the area of Cres-Lošinj as a whole, the results showed a tendency of the mean center of the population moving towards the north in the 1857−1948 period, then towards the southwest in the 1948−1991 period, while in subsequent censuses the tendency was again towards the north. Among the local self-government units, a common feature of the movement of the mean center of the population is that in the observed period (1857−2021), and particularly the last observed year (2021), the mean centers of the population are very close to the center of the town/municipality. Using the standard deviational ellipse (directional distribution) method, it was determined that larger settlements (Mali Lošinj, Cres and Veli Lošinj) have an increasing influence on the population direction, and it was determined that the population is concentrated closer to the larger settlements, i.e. to the centers of local self-government, while at the same time the influence on the directional distribution of the population of a large number of small settlements in the northern part of the research area decreased due to an increasing reduction in the number of inhabitants. The GIS model used in this study is suitable for researching the complexity of the demographic dynamics of the so-called of small populations because it enables an analysis at multiple spatial levels and contains methods of spatial analysis that use absolute numbers.

EASTERN MONASTICISM FROM ITS INCEPTION UNTIL THE 10TH CENTURY

In the East, monasticism took three main forms, which appeared in Egypt around 350, and are still found in the Eastern Church. From Egypt, which is considered the homeland of monasticism, these forms of monasticism spread very quickly in Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Bithynia, but also in the West. The first form of monasticism is that of hermits, ascetics, who lived a contemplative life practicing the most rigorous asceticism, living isolated (in caves, huts, or in individual cells), and St. Anthony the Great (250-350) is considered the founder of the Christian monasticism. The second form of monasticism is that of community life (or chinovial), where monks live together, following the same rules, in a monastery. The most representative was St. Pachomius the Great (292-346), followed by St. Basil the Great (330-379). The third form of monasticism falls between the two, with a life of semi-isolation, a kind of "middle way", where instead of a single superior organized community, we have a group of small settlements, composed of two or six members, living together, under the guidance of an older monk. After the beginnings of monasticism, monasteries for women were soon established, and over the centuries monks and nuns have played a very important role in the history of the Church. Monasticism spread to almost all regions of the East and West, and between the 5th and 9th centuries its development reached its peak.