Small Ruminant Production Research Articles

The impact of the herd health interventions in small ruminants in low input production systems in Ethiopia

IntroductionDiseases have a negative impact on production and profitability of small ruminants. A good herd health program can decrease the number of sick animals and improve herd performance.MethodsIn a longitudinal study, small ruminant herd health interventions such as community-based strategic gastrointestinal (GI) parasite control, prevention and control of major respiratory diseases and capacity development activities were implemented. In four districts of Ethiopia, where the Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP) is implemented, morbidity and mortality data were collected from January 2018 to July 2021 in 1047 smallholder farms with the objective of evaluating the impact of herd health interventions. A total of 2,643 sick animals and 516 deaths of small ruminants were recorded during the study period. The disease cases were categorized into eight groups: gastrointestinal, neurological, reproductive, respiratory, skin, systemic, other diseases (eye disease, foot disease etc) and unknown diseases. Chi-square and proportions were used to analyze morbidity and mortality by district, agro-ecological zone and age of the animal.ResultsThe data showed that the general trend in the occurrence of cases and morbidity rate were decreasing from 2018 to 2021 in intervention villages. Overall, the morbidity rate in young animals (7.36%) was highier than in adults (3.49%) and the mortality rate difference between young and adult animals was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). The morbidity and mortality rates varied significantly (p < 0.001) among districts and among agro-ecologies. According to the data, treating and following up of infected animals reduced the mortality rate significantly. The relative risk of death in treated animals after the case reported was 0.135. Generally, the intervention impact analysis revealed that morbidity rate was significantly decreased (p = 0.009) in intervention years (6.31% in 2018 to 3.02% in 2021) and that herd health interventions provide an added value.ConclusionGenerally, herd health intervention had significant impact in reducing the morbidity rates in years and treatment and follow up of sick animals due to early reporting reduced mortality rate significantly. It is recommended that the herd health management should be the core activity under small ruminant production programs.

Partial Sequence Analysis of Commercial Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines Produced in Africa

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which is the only member of the Morbillivirus caprinae species and belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family, causes the highly contagious viral sickness “Peste des petits ruminants (PPR).” PPR is of serious economic significance for small ruminant production, particularly in Africa. Control of this critical disease depends highly on successful vaccination against the PPRV. An in-depth understanding of the genetic evolution of the live-attenuated PPR vaccine Nigeria 75/1 strain used in Africa is essential for the successful eradication of this disease by 2030. Therefore, this study investigated the possible genetic evolution of the PPR vaccine produced by various African laboratories compared with the master seed available at AU-PANVAC. RT-PCR was performed to amplify a segment of the hypervariable C-terminal part of the nucleoprotein (N) from commercial batches of PPR vaccine Nigeria 75/1 strain. The sequences were analyzed, and 100% nucleotide sequence identity was observed between the master seed and vaccines produced. The results of this study indicate the genetic stability of the PPR vaccine from the Nigeria 75/1 strain over decades and that the vaccine production process used by different manufacturers did not contribute to the emergence of mutations in the vaccine strain.

Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in selected districts of Borena zone, Ethiopia

BackgroundPeste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease poses a significant economic threat to small ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly to the striving pastoral production system. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. A total of 384 serum samples were collected randomly from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of PPRV antibodies using competition enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, a retrospective analysis of five years of outbreak data was performed to provide insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease.ResultsThe seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in nonvaccinated, vaccinated, and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants in this study was found to be 32.1%, 68.8%, and 45.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association between PPRV seropositivity and several factors, including age, animal origin, flock size, and veterinary services status. A retrospective analysis revealed 53 PPR outbreaks in the Borena Zone from 2018 to 2022, exacerbated by low vaccination coverage relative to the at-risk animal population.ConclusionThe study revealed significant gaps in current vaccination efforts, with herd immunity levels falling below the FAO-WOAH recommended threshold of 80%. Despite Ethiopia’s ambitious goal to eradicate PPR by 2027, the frequent outbreaks and insufficient herd immunity highlight the inadequacy of the existing strategies. To effectively move toward eradication, Ethiopia must align its approach with the global PPR eradication framework, which emphasizes a comprehensive strategy that includes diagnostics, surveillance, prevention, and the establishment of a robust veterinary regulatory system, rather than relying solely on vaccination. Overcoming logistical challenges, improving vaccination coverage, and optimizing the timing of vaccination campaigns, especially in hard-to-reach areas, will be crucial for reducing outbreaks and making progress toward eradication.

PSIII-20 The effects of vitamin E and/or C on parasite burden in hair sheep

Abstract Anthelmintic resistance in flocks is an occurring issue for small ruminant producers due to increasing gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. Prevalence of high virulence GINs decreases immunity and growth, therefore not making anthelmintics economically sustainable for producers. In this current research study, we examined the role of vitamins E and/or C supplemented to crossbred hair sheep (Dorper, Katahdin, Barbados crosses) on parasite burden over time. The hypothesis of this research was that supplementing vitamin E and/or C will work comparable to anthelmintic treatment to control GIN in hair sheep. Mature ewes (n = 30) were stratified based on FAMACHA score. Ewes were placed into one of five treatment groups: 1) no dewormer or vitamin treatment (CON; n = 6), 2) anthelmintic treatment (Levamed; 0.08mg/kg; Bimeda Animal Health, Schaumburg, IL; n = 6), 3) combination of vitamin E and vitamin C (Vitamin E300; 0.33IU/kg of body weight (BW) administered subcutaneously; Durvet Animal Health; Blue Springs, MI; Vitamin C; Orally drenched at 0.56 mL/kg of BW; Radix Laboratories; Eau Claire, WI; n = 6), 4) vitamin C (Vitamin C;0.56 ml/kg of BW; Radix Laboratories; Eau Claire, WI; n = 6), and 5) vitamin E (Vitamin E 300; 0.33 IU/kg of BW; Durvet Animal Health; n = 6). Growing lambs (n = 30) were also placed into the same treatment groups. Evaluation of vitamin supplementation was observed on individual time points from d 0, 14, 28, 56, and 77 from the sheep. Parameters collected include body condition score (BCS), FAMACHA score, packed cell volume (PCV), and fecal egg count (FEC). There was no effect (P > 0.05) on BCS in either lamb or mature groups on any of the days within the trial. However, on d 56, there was a tendency for the FAMACHA score to be improved in the vitamin E lambs compared with the control lambs. Additionally, on d 56 for the mature group, there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) that was observed within the Vit E+C group being less than the Dewormer and vitamin C groups. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) packed cell volume (PCV) throughout the trial in either lamb or mature ewes. On d 14 of the trial, lambs receiving vitamin E and C, or the anthelmintic treatment had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) strongyle FEC compared with the control lambs. The preliminary data analyzed suggests that vitamin E and/or C may work similarly to pharmaceutical anthelmintics in hair sheep to combat GIN. However, more research is essential to confirm the viability that vitamins may work as a sustainable alternative.

Seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and owners knowledge, attitude and practices in Chiro and Burka Dhintu Districts, West Hararghe, Ethiopia

Brucellosis is one of zoonotic bacterial diseases with significant veterinary and public health consequences in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was conducted with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis and assessing owners' knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on brucellosis in Chiro and Burka Dhintu Districts in Eastern Ethiopia. A total sample of 444 animals were taken using a cluster based multistage sampling technique. Screening for Brucella antibodies and confirmation of positive test results were conducted using Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (MRBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) respectively. For the questionnaire survey, 444 randomly selected sheep and goat owners were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire. The overall seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis was found to be 6.5 % (95 % CI: 4.6–9.3). The multivariable logistic regression analysis identified sex and age as potential risk factors (P < 0.05). More specifically, females were 3.4 times (AOR = 3.4, 95 % CI: 1.2–9.2) more likely to become seropositive than their counterparts, and the odds of seropositivity in adult sheep and goats was 5.6 times (AOR = 5.6, 95 % CI: 1.3–24.7) higher than that of young animals. The knowledge, attitude and practices of animal owners with regard to brucellosis were low, and the level of education was independently associated with the owners’ knowledge and attitude. Moderate seroprevalence, combined with inadequate knowledge, attitudes, and practices of animal owners, makes small ruminant brucellosis a threat to animals and the entire community. Hence, strengthening veterinary services and raising community awareness about the disease is essential to reduce the impact on small ruminant productivity and minimize the risks to public health.

An Insight into Practices Associated with the Control of Internal Parasites in the Dairy Goat Herds of Romania: A Questionnaire Survey.

The widespread and uncontrolled use of anthelmintic products has contributed to the emergence of anthelmintic resistance (AR). This phenomenon globally threatens the productivity and welfare of small ruminants. A questionnaire consisting of 34 questions was handed to 234 goat farmers across Romania to gain insight into control practices against internal parasites and the farmers' perception of the parasitic infections present in their herds and the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments. The majority of farmers (88.5%) admitted they had never submitted fecal samples for parasitological laboratory analysis, and 77.4% had treated the animals on their own. In general, the farmers dewormed their goats based on visual body weight estimation. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment was practiced by more than 85% of the farmers. A traditional control approach based on treating the entire herd at fixed time intervals is widespread among Romanian goat and sheep farmers. The most commonly used anthelmintic drugs in the previous 3 years (2021-2023) were benzimidazoles (85.5%) and macrocyclic lactones (81.6%). Poor anthelmintic efficacy was suspected by 14.5% of farmers, and the minority (18.0%) considered internal parasites as a problem in their herds. Regarding the farmers' perception of the presence of parasites, there was a significant level of uncertainty. This is the first survey carried out in Romanian goat herds, and it provides up-to-date information on practices aimed at controlling internal parasites.

Applying life cycle assessment to European high nature value farming systems: Environmental impacts and biodiversity

CONTEXTLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) remains a method of choice for assessing the environmental performance of agricultural systems. However, it is rarely applied to multifunctional extensive production systems, in which livestock use, apart from animal production, maintains a continuous disturbance that sustains the diversity of habitats and species. OBJECTIVEThis study aims to assess the environmental impact and biodiversity of extensive ruminant production on semi-natural grasslands (SNG), that is, High Nature Value (HNV) farming across Europe. We collected data from a total of 41 HNV farms in five countries (Finland, Estonia, Spain, Greece, and France) that produce beef, sheep, and goats, and that incorporate (to a varied degree) semi-natural and permanent pastures into production. METHODSWe used LCA to assess the potential environmental impact of HNV farms according to global warming potential (GWP100), fossil resource scarcity (FRS), water scarcity (WS) and land use (LU), by using the Solagro Carbon Calculator and OpenLCA software. We assessed biodiversity based on the expert scoring system of SALCA-BD. We compared impacts on per area and per product basis across the farms, and related them to the productivity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSResults revealed a considerable variation in all environmental impacts among HNV farms, explained mostly by the type of ruminants, main product (meat or milk) and the production level. GWP100 per unit in beef product in France was almost twice as high as that in boreal and 3 times more than in Spain, while sheep systems in Greece varied 7-fold for meat. Sheep systems consistently had the highest GWP100, while goat systems used the most land, fossil fuel and water. Small ruminant production in Spain had both the highest land occupation and biodiversity values. Biodiversity was at its highest on farms utilising only SNG for production, which, however, related negatively to the farms' production output. Enteric fermentation accounted for 32% of overall emissions. SIGNIFICANCEThis study makes a novel contribution towards a better understanding of the environmental performance and production capacity of HNV farming systems that are often used as examples of multifunctional and sustainable ruminant-based production.

Cryopreservation of goat spermatozoa in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam: evaluating cryoprotectant effectiveness

Conserving and improving the quality of breeds is crucial for enhancing small ruminant production in Vietnam. To support this purpose, cryopreservation was offered as a promising method for semen preservation and maintaining genetic diversity. Moreover, many small-scale farmers in Mekong Delta rely on goats for both income and nutrition, making them an important part of farming activities. This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol and identify the optimal cryoprotectant for goat sperm in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Semen samples were diluted with TCG-EggYolk freezing medium containing cryoprotectant agent (CPA) in a 1:1 ratio. The samples were then placed in 0.5 mL French straws, cooled to 15 °C and 5 °C, and subjected to nitrogen vapor before being immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. Experiment 1 utilized Glycerol as the CPA in concentrations of 0 %, 5 %, 8 %, and 11 %. Experiment 2 employed dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the CPA with the same concentrations. Thawed samples were evaluated for sperm quality. Results indicated that in Experiment 1, increasing the Glycerol concentration improved the overall motility, viability, and membrane integrity of sperm. The best outcomes were achieved with 8 % Glycerol, resulting in progressive motility of 57.5 % (P&lt;0.05). In Experiment 2, the extender containing 8 % DMSO demonstrated significantly better performance in terms of overall motility, viability, and membrane integrity compared to 5 % or 11 % DMSO. Progressive motility was 53.5 % (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the study determined that using 8 % Glycerol or 8 % DMSO is the optimal choice for freezing goat sperm in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Differential Age-Based Response Induced by a Commercial Probiotic Supplementation in Pastured Goats.

The potential benefit of probiotics in small ruminant production systems has largely been unexplored. We evaluated the effect of a goat commercial probiotic on health and performance indicators in pastured goats from birth until 10months. We randomly allocated 26 newborn nursing goat kids to two groups: a control group that received saline and a treatment group that received a commercial probiotic paste orally. We evaluated select observable health indicators (inappetence, diarrhea, coughing), weight, immunity (IgA, IgG, and innate immune response), total protein, hematocrit (HCT), total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total coliforms, and prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) primary virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae) during the experimental period. The results revealed no significant differences in the health indicators, LAB count, and total E. coli count. Prevalence of stx1 at 1week of age and both stx1 and stx2 genes 4months post-weaning was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in probiotic-supplemented goats. Probiotic supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the total protein and IgA 1month post-supplementation during the pre-weaning period and innate immune markers 2days post-weaning. The HCT in probiotic-supplemented goats was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 1 and 2months post-weaning. The growth rate was not affected by probiotic supplementation in pre- and peri-weaned goats but was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered in goats older than 4months in the supplemented group. In this pastured goat production study, there were mixed responses to a commercial probiotic in healthy goats based on age. The study suggests that early daily probiotic supplementation in pre-weaned pastured goats may have immune stimulation benefits, but in older healthy animals, post-weaning net benefits are unclear and further research is recommended.

Molecular prevalence and distribution of tick-borne bacterial and protozoan pathogens of sheep and goats in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are a major impediment to the health, welfare, and production of small ruminants across the world, including Africa. Comprehensive information about the epidemiology of TBPs infecting sheep and goats across Africa is lacking. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence through a meta-analysis of selected TBPs in blood DNA from domestic sheep and goats in Africa obtained using molecular-based methods. The literature review was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines using five English electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, and African Journals Online (AJOL). The search was performed with no restriction in time through to 18th January 2023. Of the 63 full-text articles subjected to eligibility, only 30 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The overall pooled prevalence of selected TBPs varied considerably between host species (sheep vs. goats), with Anaplasma ovis (44.50 vs. 48.40%), Ehrlichia ruminantium (5.50 vs. 2.00%), Coxiella burnetii (4.40 vs. 1.70%), Borrelia theileri in sheep (5.20%), Babesia ovis (1.70% vs. 1.90%), Theileria ovis (40.50% vs 10.00%), T. separata (1.00% vs 1.00%) and T. lestoquardi in sheep (8.40%). However, the prevalence of the selected TBPs was generally higher in sheep compared to goats. Several genetic loci were targeted in the characterization of tick-borne pathogens, such as 16S rDNA, groEL, and msp4 for Anaplasma ovis, pCS20 for Ehrlichia ruminantium, Insertion Sequence (IS1111) for Coxiella burnetii, flaB (flagellin) and 16S rRNA for Borrelia theileri, 5.8S rRNA and 18S rRNA for Babesia/Theileria, as well as the utilization of numerous PCR variants including conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested-PCR, qPCR, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and reverse line blotting (RLB). In conclusion, A. ovis was the most widely distributed and prevalent TBP affecting small ruminants within the continent. Hence, this warrants adequate attention towards early diagnosis and treatment of infected animals as well as the control of the tick vectors involved in their transmission.

Socio-Economic Structure, Production Practices, Observations and Suggestions in Nomadic Sheep Production in Ordu province located in Black-Sea Region of Türkiye

Products obtained from farm animals meet the need for animal protein, which has an important place in human nutrition. In recent years, the demand for the products of small ruminants has been increasing. Products obtained from small ruminants are important in meeting the nutritional needs of the world population. Especially in light of the effect of global warming, small ruminants production has become even more important. Especially considering the production conditions of small ruminants, the nutritional needs of animals are met by grazing in the existing highlands. This study was conducted in Ordu province, located in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. The Black Sea region, with its coasts and springs, is a region where breeders engage in nomadic animal husbandry. In the study, it was determined that 86.6% of the nomadic sheep breeders are producing Karayaka breed sheep while 13.4% are breeding Karayaka crossbreds. In the study, 47.9% of the breeders who participated in the survey live in the village and 45.1% live in the district. Percent 94.4 of the breeders were male and 5.6% were female. It was determined that 32.4% of the breeders were between the ages of 41-50 and 40.8% were primary school graduates. The rate of those who contribute to their livelihood through husbandry is 57.2%. The rate of those who want to continue small ruminant farming in the future is 82.9%. Additionally, it was determined that the majority of breeders attach importance to record keeping and animal health protection practices. In the enterprises where the study was conducted, difficulties were encountered in supplying feed and finding shepherds, and high feed prices and labor costs were stated as the most common problems. In nomadic sheep breeding, grazing and climate parameters in pastures and plateaus have a significant impact on the nutrition of the animals. Therefore, facilitating the transportation of sheep to pastures and plateaus and the sustainability of these areas will positively affect nomadic sheep breeding.

Willingness to vaccinate and willingness to pay for vaccination against peste des petits ruminants in northern Senegal.

This study was carried out in Linguere department, Louga region of Senegal. Its objective was to explore the socio-economic factors that influence small ruminant producers' decisions on vaccination against peste des petits ruminants. We carried out a willingness to vaccinate and willingness to pay for vaccination using a choice experiment approach with 200 small ruminant producers. Results showed that the key factors that influence willingness to vaccinate, include perceived benefits of vaccination (98, 95%CI: 96-100%), the type of vaccinator (91, 95%CI: 87-95%), the access to information (86, 95%CI: 81-91%), the vaccine availability (80, 95%CI: 74-86%), and the possession of a vaccination certificate by the producer (76, 95%CI: 70-82%). Preferences of producers leaned toward home vaccination (preference weight = 0.74, p = 1%), individual herd vaccination (preference weight = 0.45, p = 1%), elective participation to vaccination (preference weight = 0.33, p = 0.01), and low-cost services (preference weight = -0.004, p = 0.1). Producers expressed a willingness to pay for vaccination per animal of XOF 184 (USD 0.3), XOF 113 (USD 0.18), and XOF 82 (USD 0.13) for home, individual herd, and elective vaccination, respectively. The findings underscore the importance of targeted awareness campaigns and bringing vaccination services closer to the producers.

Identifying selection strategies based on the practices and preferences of small ruminant farmers to improve the sustainability of their breeding systems

Small ruminant farming is of socio-economic and environmental importance to many rural communities around the world. The SMARTER H2020 project aims to redefine genetic selection criteria to increase the sustainability of the sector. The objective of this study was to analyse the selection and breeding management practices of small ruminant producers and breeders, linked with socio-technical elements that shape them. The study is based on farm surveys using semi-structured interviews conducted in five countries (France, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Uruguay) across 272 producers and breeders of 13 sheep and goat breeds, and 15 breed × system combinations. The information was collected in four sections. The first and second sections dealt with general elements of structure and management of the system and the flock/herd. The third section focused on selection and breeding management practices: criteria for culling and replacement of females, selection criteria for males, use of estimated breeding values and global indexes, and preferences for indexing new traits to increase the sustainability of their system. The fourth section aimed to collect socio-technical information. We used a data abstraction method to standardise the representation of these data. A mixed data factor analysis followed by a hierarchical ascending classification allowed the characterisation of three profiles of selection and breeding management: (1) a profile of producers (n = 93) of small flocks/herds, with little knowledge or use of genetic selection and improvement tools (selection index, artificial insemination, performance recording); these farmers do not feel that new traits are needed to improve the sustainability of their system. (2) a profile of producers (n = 34) of multibreed flocks/herds that rely significantly on grazing; they are familiar with genetic tools, they currently use AI; they would like the indexes to include more health and robustness characteristics, to make their animals more resistant and to increase the sustainability of their system. And (3) a profile of producers or breeders (n = 145) of large flocks/herds, with specific culling criteria; these farmers are satisfied with the current indexes to maintain the sustainability of their system. These results are elements that can be used by private breeding companies and associations to support the evolution of selection objectives to increase the resilience of animals and to improve the sustainability of the small ruminant breeding systems.

Haemonchus contortus, an obligatory haematophagus worm infection in small ruminants: Population genetics and genetic diversity

Haemonchus contortus, a stomach worm, is prevalent in ruminants worldwide. They particularly hamper profitable small ruminant production. Here, we estimate the genetic variation of H. contortus collected from slaughtered goats and sheep from various geographic zones of Bangladesh using multiple genes. To perform this, adult parasites were isolated from the abomasum of slaughtered animals (sheep and goats). Among them, 79 male H. contortus were identified by microscopy. Following the extraction of DNA, ITS-2 and cox1 genes were amplified and subsequently considered for sequencing. After alignment and editing, sequences were analyzed to find out sequence variation, diversity pattern of genes, and population genetics of isolates. Among the sequence data, the analyses identified 19 genotypes of ITS-2 and 77 haplotypes of cox1 genes. The diversity of nucleotides was 0.0103 for ITS-2 and 0.029 for cox1 gene. The dendogram constructed by the genotype and haplotype sequences of H. contortus revealed that two populations were circulating in Bangladesh without any demarcation of host and geographic regions. Analysis of population genetics demonstrated a high flow of genes (89.2 %) within the population of the worm in Bangladesh. The Fst value showed very little amount of genetic difference among the worm populations of Bangladesh but marked genetic variation between different continents. The findings are expected to help explain the risks of anthelmintic resistance and the transmission pattern of the parasite, and also provide a control strategy against H. contortus.

Chemical composition and In Vitro Digestibility of five selected forages used for production and management of small ruminants in Odoragushin of Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State.

A large number of forages exist in Nigeria with varying adaptations pertaining to ecological zones. These forages are known for their acceptability and nutritive value by ruminants during dry season. Being different in structure and texture, physiochemical component may differ. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine chemical composition of five selected forage species (Mimosa pudica, Aspenlenum bulbiferum, Commelina benghalensis, Chamaecoustus cupidatus and Panicum maximum) used as feed resources in Odoragunshin, Epe Local Government Area, Lagos state. 500g sample of each plant was collected from different mature plants before flowering. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility parameters were measured. The result obtained showed variations (P&lt; 0 .05) in the proximate composition and invitro digestibility. The crude protein content was highest in Commelina benghalensis (21.46%) and was least in Chamaecoustus cupidatus (11.88%). Ether extract ranged from 7.70% - 15.38% in Mimosa pudica and Chamaecoustus cupidatus respectively. Higher ash value (15.38%) was recorded in Commelina benghalensis. The estimated organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were significantly different (P&lt; 0.05). The study showed that the selected forages could be used as part of feed for ruminants, especially during the period of scarcity without harmful effect to the animals. Un grand nombre de fourrages existent au Nigeria avec des adaptations variables selon les zones écologiques. Ces fourrages sont connus pour leur acceptabilité et leur valeur nutritive par les ruminants en saison sèche. Étant différents en termes de structure et de texture, les composants physicochimiques peuvent différer. Ainsi, cette étude a été entreprise pour déterminer la composition chimique de cinq espèces fourragères sélectionnées (Mimosa pudica, Aspenlenum bulbiferum, Commelina benghalensis, Chamaecoustus cupidatus et Panicum maximum) utilisées comme ressources alimentaires à Odoragunshin, dans la zone de gouvernement local d'Epe, dans l'État de Lagos. Un échantillon de 500 g de chaque plante a été collecté sur différentes plantes matures avant la floraison. La composition chimique etles paramètres de digestibilité in vitro ont été mesurés. Le résultat obtenu montre des variations (P&lt; 0,05) dans la composition immédiate et la digestibilité in vitro. La teneur en protéines brutes était la plus élevée chez Commelina benghalensis (21,46 %) et la plus faible chez Chamaecoustus cupidatus (11,88 %). L'extrait d'éther variait de 7,70 % à 15,38 % respectivement pour Mimosa pudica et Chamaecoustus cupidatus. Une valeur de cendres plus élevée (15,38 %) a été enregistrée chez Commelina benghalensis. La digestibilité estimée de la matière organique (DMO), l'énergie métabolisable (EM) et les acides gras à chaîne courte (AGCC) étaient significativement différents (P &lt; 0,05). L'étude a montré que les fourrages sélectionnés pouvaient être utilisés dans le cadre de l'alimentation des ruminants, notamment en période de disette, sans effet nocif sur les animaux.

Influence of dietary Salicornia europaea L. extract supplementation on feed efficiency of Altay sheep by modifying their gastrointestinal bacteria communities.

This experiment aimed to examine the impact of Salicornia europaea L. extract on sheep growth performance, rumen fermentation variables, nutrient apparent digestibility, and gastrointestinal microbial diversity. Forty-eight male Altay sheep, weighing 32.5 ± 2.8 kg and approximately 3.5 months old, were chosen. Four dietary treatments, each consisting of four replicates and three sheep per replicate, were distributed randomly to the sheep. The pelleted total mixed ration containing Salicornia europaea L. extract at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% DM was freely available to the sheep in the four treatment groups. The 56-day experiment consisted of 45 days of measurements followed by 11 days of adaptation. The growth performance was not affected by nutrition Salicornia europaea L. extract (p ≤ 0.05), but the feed-to-gain ratio was reduced when the extract was given at 0.4% DM (p ≤ 0.05). Compared to the 0 and 0.2% treatments, the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF was substantially greater in the 0.4, and 0.6% treatments. Furthermore, compared to sheep in the 0 and 0.2% groups, sheep in the 0.6% group had a noticeably higher apparent digestibility of CP. As the amount of Salicornia europaea L. extract added to the rumen fluid rose, the molar ratio of acetic acid increased. In contrast, the molar ratio of propionic acid gradually decreased, and the total volatile fatty acid content gradually reduced. Thus, adding a suitable quantity of Salicornia europaea L. extract to the sheep ration is natural and secure, which may improve the environmental sustainability of small ruminant production systems.

PCR-based Detection and Prevalence of Theileria Species in Sheep from Quetta District, Balochistan

Background: Theileriosis is a serious hemoparasitic illness that severely limits the production of small ruminants. The current study aims for early and accurate detection of theileriosis using polymerase chain reaction for treatment as conventional techniques are not specific. Blood samples were collected from sheep between July and October of the year 2020. A total of 100 samples were taken, 69 samples were from tick-infested sheep exhibiting illness signs, while 31 samples were from tick-free sheep. To detect Theileria species in sheep, DNA was extracted, and the PCR method was used. The prevalence of T. lestoquardi and T. ovis was 22.47% and 64.04%, respectively, with a 13.48% frequency of mixed infection with both species. T. ovis was detected in around 80% of tick-infested sheep, indicating a significant association (P&lt;0.01) with ticks. T. lestoquardi was found in 28.99% of tick-infested sheep, indicating a significant connection (P&lt;0.001) with ticks. The incidence of T. ovis was significantly related to the summer season but T. lestoquardi was non-significantly related to the summer season (P&gt;0.05). A high prevalence of Theileriosis is found in Quetta. The parameters studied were strongly correlated to the infection except for T. lestoquardi with the summer season. Early detection with the help of polymerase chain reaction can accelerate treatment and reduce transmission to increase livestock production in Pakistan.

استكشاف سلاسل القيمة في قطاع المجترات الصغيرة: مراجعة موجزة للأدبيات

The current study was conducted in order to deepen the understanding of how small ruminants fit into the economy and enhance the competitiveness of live animals and value-added products. This study focuses on previous efforts to understand what value chains mean in the small ruminant sector, what it really means to deliver value to customers, understand the links between production, marketing, etc. activities of products and services in an effective manner, and the role of value added in providing wealth to all stakeholders who participated. Previous literature was reviewed in detail especially for that included a case study and detailed analysis of the five value chain elements, identification of actors and promoters, horizontal and vertical links, flow mapping through the chain, identification of marketing channels, key challenges and opportunities and review the possible interventions within vertical and horizontal interactions and management structure according to this literature. It was found that strategies for good breeding, improving health care, providing credit, improving markets, improving pasture productivity and rehabilitating them, in addition to the involvement of potential actors and the coordinated efforts of all stakeholders; It will increase the productivity of small ruminants and improve product/market development and thus have sustainable value chains for small ruminants.

Economic impact of peste des petits ruminants on small ruminant production in Senegal: Gender considerations within a system dynamics modelling approach

CONTEXTPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) remains a persistent challenge for small ruminant production in Senegal, leading to economic losses for livestock keepers. Gender dynamics and socio-cultural factors influence production decisions at the household level. Despite its relevance, economic impact models of PPR have not incorporated gender dynamics. OBJECTIVEThis paper seeks to redress this gap by disaggregating the farm-level impacts of PPR based on the gender of the household head and implementers of routine and management activities in small ruminant production at the household level. METHODSTo quantify the gendered economic impacts of PPR, a system dynamics model was developed with four modules: integrated production-epidemiology, economics and profitability, disease control, and marketing. The model was parameterised based on survey data from 747 households in 49 agro-pastoral and pastoral villages in Senegal and augmented by secondary data. The model was validated (structurally and behaviourally) and simulated for 30 years with a weekly timestep. A set of disease scenarios were run for ten different farm household typologies based on the gender of the household head and household members who perform production management activities (like purchasing, selling, gifting, and vaccinating animals) and routine activities (like feeding, cleaning pens, and caring for sick animals). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSModel results estimated annual reductions in farm profitability of 51% to 61% with a hypothetical 25% incidence rate of PPR, corresponding to an average of $1051 to $1246 USD lost per household per year. In the two most impacted household typologies, management activities were performed by either men only or women only, and in the three least impacted household typologies, management activities were shared by men and women. The least impacted household typology with the highest gross margins without PPR ($2429 USD per year) and the lowest percentage of loss (51%) was female-headed households with men and women doing management tasks and primarily women or girls doing routine activities. SIGNIFICANCESHouseholds with both women and men engaged in management activities were less impacted by PPR, highlighting the crucial role of women's agency in management decisions taken in small ruminant production at the farm level. The findings further provide the empirical grounding for considering gender dynamics in interventions to control PPR and other livestock diseases in small ruminant production systems.

Epidemiology and field efficacy of anthelmintic drugs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Nejo district, Oromia, Ethiopia

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are major constraints to health and productivity of small ruminants. Methods of their control relies mainly on anthelmintic drugs; however, the indiscriminate use of these drugs could lead to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR). This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of GINs infection, and field evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy in sheep. The epidemiological data were collected using a cross-sectional study design while a farm-based field study design was employed for the evaluation of anthelminthic efficacy. Furthermore, standard parasitological techniques were employed for qualitative and quantitative worm identification. The overall prevalence indicated 50.3%. Six genera of GINs (Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum/Chabertia, Trichuris, Teladosargia/Ostertagia and Nematodirus) were identified. Among the identified genera, Haemonchus (25.4%) and Trichostrongylus (24.8%) were the dominant genera followed by mixed infection (21.8%), Oesophagostomum/Chabertia (10.4%), Trichuris (7.8%), Teladosargia (Ostertagia) (5.7%) and Nematodirus (4.1%). Mixed infections consisted either of double infections with Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus, or triple infections with Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Trichuris. The McMaster egg counting results showed that the mean EPG of infected sheep was 845.6. The results also showed 66 (34.2%), 101 (52.3%) and 26 (13.5%) sheep had low, moderate and heavy worm burden, respectively. Albendazole and Ivermectin showed low efficacy (percentage reductions = 90% and 92%; 95% lower confidence limit = 82.1% and 83.6% respectively) whereas Tetramisole was effective (FECR% = 96.8%; 95% LCL = 93.4%). Factors such as age, body condition, management system and past deworming history of sheep were found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on the occurrence and burden of the worms. This is further explained as the highest prevalence and worm burden was detected in sheep of young age (p = 0.008; OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.39–0.87), poor body condition (p = 0.001; OR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.04–0.16) and sheep kept under semi-intensive (p = 0.04; OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.02–2.29) with no deworming history for the last two months (p = 0.001; OR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.94–4.56). The study results revealed that nematode infections were among sheep health constraints that could hurt their productivity while low efficacy of Albendazole and Ivermectin were detected. Therefore, the appropriate management techniques of GIN infections should be designed and implemented. Moreover, a further study involving more sensitive techniques (e.g. Mini-FLOTAC, molecular, and serological techniques) should be conducted by considering different host and environmental risk factors such as production level and seasons.