Small Handheld Devices Research Articles

A Novel RSRM Algorithm for Mining services for Better Enhancement in Small HandHeld Devices

This paper presents a case study on data mining services able to support decision makers in strategic planning for the enhancement of small handheld devices. The application provides e-Knowledge services for the analysis of territorial dynamics by processing and modeling huge amount of data, in order to discover rules and patterns in a distributed and heterogeneous content environment. For the analysis of structured data, the application covers the whole Knowledge Discovery process. The purpose of the paper is to show how to implement existing techniques in a flexible architecture for providing new added value services. Finally in our paper, we proposed a RSRM( Read Subset Removal Miner) algorithm for mining on mobile devices.

Effect of ambient illumination level on perceived autostereoscopic display quality and depth perception

Twenty participants viewed real-world videos and still images with a small hand-held autostereoscopic device in three ambient illuminations with three display luminance levels. Perceived depth, naturalness, overall image quality, and viewing discomfort were evaluated. The results show that illumination and luminance levels influence perceived quality parameters, but perceived depth is less sensitive to changes in ambient illumination than other viewing quality parameters associated with 3D viewing. Viewing 3D scenes lasting up to 40 min may cause some mild eyestrain symptoms, but symptoms of visually induced motion sickness are rare. The use of autostereoscopic hand-held devices therefore seems feasible in different contexts with different display luminance levels, and the overall viewing experience is relatively comfortable for most of the adult viewers.

A Survey on Mining services for Better Enhancement in Small HandHeld Devices

This paper presents a case study on data mining services able to support decision makers in strategic planning for the enhancement of small handheld devices. The application provides e-Knowledge services for the analysis of territorial dynamics by processing and modeling huge amount of data, in order to discover rules and patterns in a distributed and heterogeneous content environment. For the analysis of structured data, the application covers the whole Knowledge Discovery process. The purpose of the paper is to show how to implement existing techniques in a flexible architecture for providing new added value services. Finally in our paper, a case study of different data mining task is thrive under different category like in WWW, Mobile environment, PDA Devices, Web log techniques etc. We also use MIDP (Mobile Information device Profile) and CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration) of J2ME.

Expiratory Muscle Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Roth EJ, Stenson KW, Powley S, Oken J, Primack S, Nussbaum SB, Berkowitz M. Expiratory muscle training in spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Objective To assess the effectiveness of expiratory muscle training on the pulmonary function of spinal cord injured patients. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants Patients (N=29, 22 men and 7 women) with recent traumatic, motor complete, spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above level T1 consecutively admitted to an SCI rehabilitation service. Subjects were randomized to either resistance training (n=16) or sham training (n=13). Interventions The subjects completed either sham training or expiratory muscle resistive training with maximal expiratory force using a small handheld device, which is a tube with an aperture at the distal end, for 10 repetitions twice a day 5 days a week for a total of 6 weeks. Main Outcome Measures Pulmonary function tests were measured before and after the training program and included forced vital capacity (FVC); forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1); maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), which is often referred to as forced expiratory pressure; maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), which is often referred to as negative inspiratory force; inspiratory capacity (IC); expiratory reserve volume (ERV); total lung capacity (TLC); functional residual capacity (FRC); and residual volume (RV). Results FVC, FEV1, and ERV improved in both groups. Although exit values of MEP were improved in both groups compared with entry values, this increase was statistically significant only in the resistance training group. No significant improvements occurred in IC, TLC, FRC, or RV from entry to exit. MIP improved in both groups, but this increase was statistically significant only in the resistance training group. There was also a significant between-group difference in MEP exit values (98cmH 2O for the resistance training group and 59cmH 2O for the sham training group, t=3.45, P=.002). Multivariate analyses failed to reveal significant effects of treatment for any of the pulmonary function tests. Conclusions The resistance training group had significantly greater exit MEP values than the sham training group in univariate analysis only. However, improvements in pulmonary function were noted in both the resistance training and sham training groups. Although multivariate analysis failed to reveal a significant difference between groups, these findings offer some indication that expiratory training may benefit people with SCI.

Adaptive Power Saving Receiver for DVB-H Exploiting Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Broadcasting live digital TV to a small battery-powered handheld device is very challenging. One of the most promising technologies to provide such services is DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting over Handheld). Power consumption has always been one of the most crucial challenges for handheld devices. In this paper, a novel Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) framework is proposed for DVB-H systems to address the challenging problem of power consumption. The proposed power saving AMC framework operates by rearranging the transmitted frames in a pre-defined pattern. The adaptive receiver selects the appropriate modulation technique and/or code rate, one that achieves a target Bit Error Rate (BER), and then could be switched off and/or powered down resulting in significant potential for saving of reception and processing powers. Simulation of the DVB-H system under the proposed framework proved that the proposed power saving AMC framework is capable of achieving power saving up to 71.875% in COST207 Typical Urban 6-paths (TU6) channel. Furthermore, numerical analysis for the power saving potential and BER performance of the proposed framework is performed for both flat Rayleigh channel and multipath TU6 channel.

Improvement of therapeutic safety through standardized plasma calibration of blood glucose test systems at the point-of-care1 / Statement of the POCT Working Group of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL)

Abstract Blood glucose measurements are performed mainly at the point-of-care in out-patient settings and in hospitals as well as for patient self-monitoring mainly by small hand-held devices. Generally, capillary or venous blood is used as a sample but results are variably reported, depending on the different calibration procedures of the test strips by the manufacturers, as either whole blood or as plasma glucose, accounting for a difference of ca. 11%. This can result in therapeutic misjudgments. To avoid the risk of confusion of whole blood and plasma results, in 2005 the IFCC has proposed to report all results only as glucose concentration in plasma, irrespective of sample type or measurement technique. This recommendation should be followed in Germany as soon as possible.

Augmented reality and photogrammetry: A synergy to visualize physical and virtual city environments

Close-range photogrammetry is based on the acquisition of imagery to make accurate measurements and, eventually, three-dimensional (3D) photo-realistic models. These models are a photogrammetric product per se. They are usually integrated into virtual reality scenarios where additional data such as sound, text or video can be introduced, leading to multimedia virtual environments. These environments allow users both to navigate and interact on different platforms such as desktop PCs, laptops and small hand-held devices (mobile phones or PDAs). In very recent years, a new technology derived from virtual reality has emerged: Augmented Reality (AR), which is based on mixing real and virtual environments to boost human interactions and real-life navigations. The synergy of AR and photogrammetry opens up new possibilities in the field of 3D data visualization, navigation and interaction far beyond the traditional static navigation and interaction in front of a computer screen.In this paper we introduce a low-cost outdoor mobile AR application to integrate buildings of different urban spaces. High-accuracy 3D photo-models derived from close-range photogrammetry are integrated in real (physical) urban worlds. The augmented environment that is presented herein requires for visualization a see-through video head mounted display (HMD), whereas user’s movement navigation is achieved in the real world with the help of an inertial navigation sensor. After introducing the basics of AR technology, the paper will deal with real-time orientation and tracking in combined physical and virtual city environments, merging close-range photogrammetry and AR. There are, however, some software and complex issues, which are discussed in the paper.

Space-time voice activity detection

When speech-based interfaces are used for small handheld devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants in mobile environments with unknown noises and surrounding talkers, all signals except the legitimate users voice must be rejected as noise signals by the system. This paper proposes a new algorithm that detects the users voice in spatial and temporal domains using directional and spectral information. It rejects undesirable signals that originate from noise sources or surrounding talkers. Experimental results indicate the proposed algorithm reduces the voice activity detection error rate by 34.3% relative to the conventional methods.

S-WiMAX: adaptation of IEEE 802.16e for mobile satellite services

Mobile satellite services are attracting renewed attention stemming from the FCC ancillary terrestrial component ruling that allows satellite spectrum to be used for integrated terrestrial services in the footprint of the satellite. This attention is focused on the development of dual-mode satellite-terrestrial devices to facilitate hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks intended by the ATC order. The satellite component in these dual-mode devices is best adapted from the air interface chosen for the ATC to optimize form factor, especially for small hand-held devices, mobility management, power efficiency, and a common core network functionality. With the advent of WiMAX as a viable 4G technology, satellite adaptation of WiMAX has been considered for the satellite services coupled with WiMAX ATC. The main considerations for satellite adaptation of WiMAX, relative to its terrestrial counterpart, are reduced link margin and longer transmission delays - both absolute delay from the center of a spot beam to the satellite and differential delay between the beam edge and the beam center to the satellite. These considerations suggest adaptation of the sub-channelization schemes, the frame synchronization methods, and the ranging process in WiMAX to make it operable over satellite, while keeping the general framework of the WiMAX protocol stack intact, thereby facilitating the incorporation of S-WiMAX into a common baseband processor with terrestrial WiMAX; this allows S-WiMAX to be added to terrestrial WiMAX devices with minimal cost and form-factor impact. Methods for these adaptations are considered here.

Providing early resource allocation during emergencies: The mobile triage tag

Quick response is critical during an emergency situation. This paper describes a system based on mobile electronic triage tags that makes victim information available at the base of operations as soon as possible, thus allowing an early medical resource allocation and immediate action. The cornerstone of the system is mobile agent technology, which allows information to be transported asynchronously and reliably from terminal to terminal and not requiring any network infrastructure at all. This novel approach is ready to be used in the worst case scenario, where only small handheld devices carried by the emergency personnel are available, but also integrates well when synchronous connections are possible, for instance when a mesh network can be created. The system has been successfully implemented, showing the feasibility of the proposal. By using this low-budget system, the number of casualties during the triage stage of an emergency is expected to drop off.

Course 510: Spinal cord injury: Expiratory Muscle Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of expiratory muscle training on the pulmonary function of spinal cord injured patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants: 29 patients with recent traumatic, motor complete, spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above level T1 consecutively admitted for rehabilitation. Interventions: Subjects completed expiratory muscle training with either maximal or minimal expiratory force, using a small hand-held device, 10 repetitions twice a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks.

Power Dissipation of the Network-on-Chip in Multi-Processor System-on-Chip Dedicated for Video Coding Applications

In the near future, small electronic hand-held devices will be equipped with digital cameras capable of acquiring high resolution images (HDTV) at real-time rates, resulting in video streams of dozens of megabytes per second. The real-time video decoding and especially encoding of such streams with AVC/ H.264 or SVC standards require a huge amount of computing power that, in the case of a hand-held device, has to be delivered under the constraint of low power dissipation. In this paper we present a Multi-Processor System-on-Chip dedicated for high performance, low-power video coding applications using Network-on-Chip (NoC) as communication infrastructure. Extensive experiments have established the power dissipation models of individual NoC components, i.e. network interfaces, routers and wires. Based on these models and the NoC topology, we build the power model of the complete NoC. For three different implementation scenarios of the AVC/H.264 simple profile encoder we derive the power dissipation of the NoC for image resolutions up to HDTV at rate of 30 frames per second. The results obtained show that for the same application mapping scenario (worst case), moving from CIF to HDTV resolution will result in a 35% increase of the total power dissipation. Finally, for HDTV resolution, the difference in power dissipation between the worst (21 mW) and the best case application mapping scenario is 26%.

The diverse world of liquid crystals

Orientationally ordered soft matter is exceptionally responsive to a variety of excitations. That’s the basis for its great range of applications.

Threshold-based intrusion detection in ad hoc networks and secure AODV

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play an important role in connecting devices in pervasive environments. MANETs provide inexpensive and versatile communication, yet several challenges remain in addressing their security. So far, numerous schemes have been proposed for secure routing and intrusion detection, with only simulations to validate them; little work exists, in implementing such schemes on small handheld devices. In this paper, we present our approach of securing a MANET using a threshold-based intrusion detection system and a secure routing protocol. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of our IDS deployed on handheld devices and in a MANET testbed connected by a secure version of AODV over IPv6 – SecAODV. While the IDS helps detect attacks on data traffic, SecAODV incorporates security features of non-repudiation and authentication, without relying on the availability of a Certificate Authority (CA) or a Key Distribution Center (KDC). We present the design and implementation details of our system, the practical considerations involved, and how these mechanisms can be used to detect and thwart malicious attacks.

Video Adaptation for Small Display Based on Content Recomposition

The browsing of quality videos on small hand-held devices is a common scenario in pervasive media environments. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for video adaptation based on content recomposition. Our objective is to provide effective small size videos which emphasize the important aspects of a scene while faithfully retaining the background context. That is achieved by explicitly separating the manipulation of different video objects. A generic video attention model is developed to extract user-interest objects, in which a high-level combination strategy is proposed for fusing the adopted three types of visual attention features: intensity, color, and motion. Based on the knowledge of media aesthetics, a set of aesthetic criteria is presented. Accordingly, these objects are well reintegrated with the direct-resized background to optimally match the specific screen sizes. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach

Requirements, Implementation and Applications of Hand-held Virtual Reality

While hand-held computing devices are capable of rendering advanced 3D graphics and processing of multimedia data, they are not designed to provide and induce sufficient sense of immersion and presence for virtual reality. In this paper, we propose minimal requirements for realizing VR on a hand-held device. Furthermore, based on the proposed requirements, we have designed and implemented a low cost hand-held VR platform by adding multimodal sensors and display components to a hand-held PC. The platform enables a motion based interface, an essential part of realizing VR on a small hand-held device, and provides outputs in three modalities, visual, aural and tactile/haptic for a reasonable sensory experience. We showcase our platform and demonstrate the possibilities of hand-hand VR through three VR applications: a typical virtual walkthrough, a 3D multimedia contents browser, and a motion based racing game

A Fault-Tolerant Protocol for Energy-Efficient Permutation Routing in Wireless Networks

A wireless network (WN) is a distributed system where each node is a small hand-held commodity device called a station. Wireless sensor networks have received increasing interest in recent years due to their usage in monitoring and data collection in a wide variety of environments like remote geographic locations, industrial plants, toxic locations, or even office buildings. Two of the most important issues related to a WN are their energy constraints and their potential for developing faults. A station is usually powered by a battery which cannot be recharged while on a mission. Hence, any protocol run by a WN should be energy-efficient. Moreover, it is possible that all stations deployed as part of a WN may not work perfectly. Hence, any protocol designed for a WN should work well even when some of the stations are faulty. The permutation routing problem is an abstraction of many routing problems in a wireless network. In an instance of the permutation routing problem, each of the p-stations in the network is the sender and recipient of n/p packets. The task is to route the packets to their correct destinations. We consider the permutation routing problem in a single-hop wireless network, where each station is within the transmission range of all other stations. We design a protocol for permutation routing on a WN which is both energy efficient and fault tolerant. We present both theoretical estimates and extensive simulation results to show that our protocol is efficient in terms of energy expenditure at each node even when some of the nodes are faulty. Moreover, we show that our protocol is also efficient for the unbalanced permutation routing problem when each station is the sender and recipient of an unequal number of packets.

Multiple decoupled interaction: An interaction design approach for groupware interaction in co-located virtual environments

Interactive visualizations such as virtual environments and their associated input and interface techniques have traditionally focused on localized single-user interactions and have lacked co-present active collaboration mechanisms where two or more co-located users can share and actively cooperate and interact with the visual simulation. VR facilities such as CAVEs or PowerWalls, among many others, seem to promise such collaboration but due to the special requirements in terms of 3D input and output devices and the physical configuration and layout, they are generally designed to support an active controlling participant—the immersed user—and a passive viewing only audience. In this paper we explore the integration of different technologies, such as small handheld devices and wireless networks with VR/VEs in order to develop a technical and conceptual interaction approach that allows creation of a more ad hoc, interaction rich, multimodal and multi-device environment, where multiple users can access certain interactive capabilities of VE and support co-located collaboration.

Realistic antenna modeling for MIMO systems in microcell scenarios

Abstract. This paper shows the potential of MIMO in cellular systems, where small handheld devices are used for the terminals. A complete model of a MIMO communication link is used to integrate accurate antenna modelling into MIMO system simulations. All different effects of mutual coupling between closely spaced antennas are considered. The efficiency or power budget respectively of the antenna arrays in the terminals, which are influenced by mutual coupling effects, is taken into account. Capacity simulation results based on a channel obtained from ray-tracing simulations are shown with cellular phones with up to three Inverted-F antennas.

Will it be a capital letter: signalling case mode in mobile phones

While there are well established guidelines for interaction via mouse and keyboard, new forms of interaction being devised for small handheld devices have yet to be standardised. There is a case for re-visiting basic principles for user interface design such as how to signal mode. Two ways of signalling case mode when editing text into a small handheld device such as a mobile phone are considered in this paper. One is through the system prompt, e.g. ‘Entry:’, the other is through the case of the last letter displayed in response to a button push. Two unsupervised web-based experiments are described which show that users are sensitive to both these signals for case mode. The first experiment manipulated the prompt in a text entry task using a web simulation of a novel mobile device. The results showed that users' expectations were influenced by the case of the letters in the prompt. Users took many more trials to learn to expect a case inconsistent with the model provided by the prompt. The second experiment manipulated both the case of the letters in the prompt and the case of the last letter displayed. The results replicated the findings above and demonstrated a strong effect of the case of the last letter displayed. Guidelines for signalling case mode and a notation (Interaction Units) are suggested that might be used to reason about low level interaction design with handheld devices.