Small Fishing Boats Research Articles

Human Reliability Analysis for Fishing Vessels in Korea Using Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)

In this paper, we introduce a model designed to predict human error probability (HEP) in the context of fishing boat operations utilizing the cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM). We conducted an analysis of potential accidents on fishing boats and calculated the cognitive failure probability (CFP) for each identified accident. The common performance conditions (CPCs) from the original CREAM were adapted to better reflect the conditions on fishing boats, with the adapted CPCs’ validity confirmed through expert consultations. To apply CREAM, data were gathered via a survey of fishermen, with the uncertainty in the collected data addressed through the application of fuzzy set theory (FST). We then established a Bayesian network (BN) model to elucidate the relationship between the fuzzy data and HEP, utilizing a weighted sum algorithm to determine conditional probabilities within the BN. Both basic and extended versions of CREAM were applied to analyze the most common accidents among fishermen, calculating the CFP for each type of accident. According to our analysis, the poorer the dynamic CPC, the higher the probability that a fall accident will occur inside the boat due to human error, necessitating a countermeasure. The paper proposes safety enhancements for small fishing boats and illustrates the increased precision of human reliability analysis (HRA) models in forecasting human error by incorporating quantitative methods. It calls for further data collection and refinement of the model for more accurate operational risk assessments.

A novel multi-degree of freedom kinetic energy harvester for self-powered low-power applications in ships

The utilization of kinetic energy from the motion of small fishing boats to energize ship-borne wireless sensors offers a promising solution to address the power supply challenges of these sensors in the maritime environment. Nonetheless, the constrained scope of retrievable kinetic energy in the prevailing ship-borne kinetic energy harvester has evolved into a hindrance, curbing its progression. Hence, this paper proposed a novel multi-degree of freedom kinetic energy harvester for low-power applications in ships, where the harvester is harnessed by combining a ball rod, sliding bearing, and slider body. Relying on this mechanical device, the ship's kinetic energy in the surge, roll, sway, and pitch directions is transformed into the swinging motion of the mass ball, subsequently converted into the movement of the slider body. Under the influence of the magnetic force between the slider body and the piezoelectric beam, the piezoelectric beam experiences frequent oscillations, ultimately translating mechanical motion into electrical energy. The experimental results show that the harvester can charge capacitors with capacities of 220 μF, 470 μF, and 1000 μF to 1 V within time intervals of 15 s, 24 s, and 36 s. The prototype has been effectively deployed on a ship in an artificial lake, achieving an impressive maximum average power output of 173.10 μW. This study serves as compelling evidence that the harvesting of kinetic energy from ships presents a promising solution for self-powering low-energy applications onboard while also introducing a novel design concept for applying kinetic energy harvesters on fishing vessels.

Documenting Maritime Accidents of Recreational Vessels in the Republic of Croatia

Nautical tourism in the Republic of Croatia represents an important segment of Croatian tourism. Due to the natural conditions that Croatia possesses, it is recognized as one of the most desirable European and world destinations for boaters. The increase of nautical tourism activities in the Adriatic in recent years also increases the possibility of accidents at sea. In order to reduce the risk of accidents, analyses of available data on accidents from the National Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) were carried out. In the aforementioned database, recreational vessels were selected and analyzed. The compiled data refers to sailing vessels, yachts, small fishing vessels, boats, and inflatable boats regardless of their flag state. Based on the research conducted, suggestions were made to optimize the existing way of filling out reports in order to better manage statistical data, and potentially identify the causes of recreational vessel accidents.

Water quality pollution indices to assess the heavy metal contamination: A case study of the estuarine waters in Cirebon City (West Java, Indonesia) Pre- and post- CARE COVID-19

The outbreak of Covid-19 has hindered societal activities, leading the government to implement lockdown measures aimed at minimizing transmission. The reduction in human activities, particularly among communities residing in estuarine areas, has the potential to impact the water quality of estuaries based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the coastal and marine environment is also evident in Cirebon, a port city renowned for trade and industry situated on the northern coast of Java Island.This study aims to analyse the water quality of three river estuaries in Cirebon before, during, and after the Covid-19 lockdown, specifically during the implementation of Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement (CARE) in Indonesia. Water samples from the Kesenden, Sukalila, and Kalijaga estuaries were collected in 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2023. These three stations were chosen because they are the three major river estuaries in the city of Cirebon, and each station is located in close proximity to coastal communities. These estuaries are adjacent to residential areas and serve as parking areas for small fishing boats owned by coastal communities residing around the estuaries. The river estuaries were selected as they represent transitional areas and the final discharge point of community activities that ultimately flow into the sea. Each parameter will be compared against the water quality standards of Class II as per Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) method will be employed to classify the heavy metal index.The assessment of the heavy metal pollution index in 2019 ranged between 34.138 and 34.140, in 2020 the range was from 34.137 to 34.139, in 2022 it ranged from 29.561 to 31.86, and in 2023, the values for the heavy metal index were approximately ±34.116. Consequently, the water quality at the three observation stations exhibited improvement during the pandemic but regressed after the conclusion of the lockdown period.

'군속선원명표'를 통해서 본 전시체제기 일본 육군의 조선인 선원 강제동원

During the wartime regime (1937~1945), the Japanese Empire forcibly mobilized Koreans in various forms, including laborers, soldiers, Civilian in Military Employment, and Japanese Military Sexual Slaverys, to carry out the invasion war. The registers is an important data to inform the fact, and one of them is The Register of the Sailor in Employment in Military Seas Transportation Head Office. The Register is a one-page card that records individual personal information. The personal information of the forced Korean crew, their company and unit, the name of the ship on board, the timing of mobilization, and salary are described in this statement, and whether the ship on board the crew was sunk and whether the crew died. The purpose of this paper is to understand the status of forced mobilization of Korean sailors, which is not yet known. As a result of this study, it was found that Korean sailors who were forcibly mobilized could be classified into two main types: those of large merchant ships and those of small fishing boats. First of all, they differed from the items listed on The Register, and it was found that the sailors of the large merchant ship worked as “military sailors” no later than July 1943. On the other hand, it was not known through The Register how the sailors of the small fishing boat were treated. In the case of sailors of small fishing boats, the reality of forced mobilization can be grasped through oral work on the testimony of survivors. I want to leave this part as a after task.

Proposal of Restrictions on the Departure of Korea Small Fishing Vessel according to Wave Height

The Korean government imposes departure restrictions on fishing vessels of a gross tonnage of less than 15 tons under adverse weather conditions when significant wave heights exceed 3 m. However, an analysis of small fishing vessels indicates that frequent capsizing accidents occur even under the current departure restrictions of permission when significant wave heights are below 3 m. In this study, we propose new guidelines for regulating the departure of Korean small fishing vessels based on adverse weather conditions. To achieve this, we compare departure restrictions under weather deterioration for small fishing vessels in different countries worldwide with those in Korea. Additionally, by incorporating experimental research conducted in the United Kingdom on the capsizing of fishing vessels, we present a new departure restriction equation considering the ship characteristics (a narrow beam-to-length ratio) of Korean fishing vessels measuring 24 m or less. Through this analysis, we provide detailed guidelines for departure restrictions on Korean small fishing boats based on their length and wave height. To validate the proposed guidelines, we analyze fishing vessel capsizing accidents that occurred near the Korean coast over the past 23 years and demonstrate the utility of the new guidelines by applying them to past capsizing incidents.

Aluminum Applications in Marine Transportation

Abstract Beyond weight savings, aluminum products offer corrosion resistance, weldability, and ease of maintenance for a wide range of marine vessels. Aluminum was recognized as a promising material for marine construction from the early days of the industry. The development of 5xxx alloys and large production capacity made aluminum use more technically and economically possible beginning in the 1950s. The variety of aluminum vessels ranges from small fishing boats and fast ferry catamarans to cruise ships and military vessels. All benefit from aluminum's relatively light weight, low maintenance costs, and easy repairability. Other benefits of using aluminum in marine applications include formability, corrosion resistance, and availability in various product forms.

How to Plug In the Fishing Fleet: Connectors in charging infrastructure for small fishing boats

Fishing fleets are targeted for electrification in many parts of the world. These vessels represent a large potential for emission reductions by transitioning from fossil to hybrid and electric propulsion. However, a massive electrification of such vessels requires a disruptive green shift, introducing safe and reliable battery charging infrastructure along the coastline. Up to now, electric energy has been supplied only, if supplied at all, for auxiliary loads, such as lighting, heating, and ventilation, when fishing boats are in a harbor. The standard connection method has been through industrial connectors. In other sectors, such as automotive, other connector types are used. When batteries are installed on fishing vessels, high charging powers and currents are deployed, calling for robust connector solutions.

해양 수색구조 정보전달체계 개선 방안

From after the sinking of the Sewol ferry in 2014, ship accidents such as the sinking of small fishing boats have continued, leading to casualties. If the information delivery system is strengthened during the maritime search and rescue process after a ship accident, the loss of life will be reduced. The first way to strengthen maritime search and rescue information delivery systems is to use drones. When using drones, the search video can be shared in real time, and command-and-rescue operations can be effective. The second is the placement of VHF radio facilities. When the VHF radio station is installed in the general situation room in the Regional Headquarters of Korea Coast Guard, direct communication with the ship will be possible if necessary. Finally, it is suggested that the control of coastal passenger ships be expanded during the entire voyage from departure to arrival. Currently, however, passenger ships are controlled only within the vessel traffic service control area. If this information delivery system is improved, large-scale human casualties can be prevented.

Characterization of the underwater noise produced by recreational and small fishing boats (<14 m) in the shallow-water of the Cres-Lošinj Natura 2000 SCI

Recreational boats are a dominant source of underwater noise in coastal areas, but reliable boat noise assessment is generally lacking. Here the Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) of seven recreational and small fishing boats moving at two different speeds was measured in the shallow waters of the Cres-Lošinj Natura 2000 SCI (Croatia). Measurements were undertaken considering the internationally recognized standards and published guidelines for shallow waters. URN was provided in 1/3 octave band spectra and in narrow band spectra, to highlight the tonal components. Engine power and type rather than the boat length and design result to be more predictive of URN. Highest speeds induce highest noise levels only in a very limited frequency range and different boats with similar speed but different engines show a shift in the spectra. Relevance of the achieved results for the tested area is further discussed.

Operability analysis of traditional small fishing boats in Indonesia with different loading conditions

ABSTRACT Many ship accidents are experienced by small boats. With a large number of small fishing boats in Indonesia, the risk of potential ship accidents is high. Therefore, an operability analysis must be conducted for various loading conditions to address any safety issues due to severe vessel motion. The net cargo of a fishing boat will change during its operation at sea and then will affect the vessel’s seakeeping characteristics. This study aims to determine the effect of changes in load and their effect on a traditional fishing boat’s operability in Indonesia, considering the ship’s intact stability. In addition, this study also highlights the response of the ship roll motion to prevent stability failure. The stability curve is used to relate ship stability analysis to seakeeping analysis. Percentage operability and Operability Robustness Index are used to assess the root mean square (RMS) roll response and the ship's expected maximum roll motion.

어선검사 방법 및 법규 개선에 관한 연구 - 소형어선 전복사고 사례를 중심으로 -

In the event of capsized accident of fishing boats, life accidents such as death, disappearance, and injury of sailors occur during the ship capsized process, and ship owners suffer enormous economic losses from the capsized accident. Therefore, in order to prevent the same capsized accident, it is necessary to expand to small fishing boats with a total tonnage of less than 20 tons in consideration of the type of fishing permitted and the type of fishing gear that are currently applied only to fishing boats with a length of 24 meters or more. In addition, practical and effective inspection regulations are needed, such as marking additional stability inspection and load lines depending on the installation of heavy fishing equipment used for fishing such as cranes, and strengthening temporary inspection regulations to prevent the same accident from occurring again. Therefore, based on the recent five-year decision by the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal from 2017 to 2021, a study on the causes of small fishing boat capsized accidents with a length of less than 24 meters and problems with small fishing boat inspection regulations was sought

On-site measured emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for different types of marine vessels

A portable emission sampling system was used to perform on-site measurements of the emission factors (EFs; quantities of pollutants emitted per unit of energy consumed) of 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for five types of marine vessels using light diesel in Hainan Province, China. Both gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs from vessel emissions were sampled and measured using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the PAH EFs were calculated based on the carbon mass balance method. The average EFs of gaseous- and particulate-phase PAHs were 6.2 ± 7.8 and 17 ± 26 mg/kg, with naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) dominating the gaseous- and particulate-phase PAH emissions, respectively. Among the five types of vessels, the EFs for small fishing boats were significantly higher than those for other types of vessels, and the lowest EFs were found for tug boats. Composition profiles and typical isomer ratios of PAHs were calculated for five types of vessels. Particulate-phase PAHs accounted for 63 ± 16% of the total emissions of 29 PAH species, and the particulate/gaseous-phase partitioning of PAHs was dominated by organic carbon (OC) absorption rather than black carbon (BC) adsorption. Emission factors of PAHs under different activity conditions were measured and calculated, and relatively higher EFs were found in the maneuvering mode for medium fishing boats and in the operating mode for engineering vessels. No significant differences were found among the PAH composition profiles under different activity conditions.

Underwater noise of commercial vessels in Nusakambangan Strait and the relationship with distance

The existence of shipping activities can produce noise with certain characteristics as a main source of noise pollution in the waters. This research aimed to study the sound characteristics (frequency and sound pressure levels) of various type of commercial vessels crossing the Nusakambangan Strait, its relationship to the distance, and their potential impact to the marine biota. Noise frequency and sound pressure level were determined by spectral and envelope analysis from sound recording by hydrophone, while the type of vessel that produces noise and the distance from receiver were analyzed based on video recording. Relationship between frequency and sound pressure level to the distance were analyzed using simple linear regression. Results showed that frequency of noise is varied more clearly compared to the sound pressure level (1,7 – 20 kHz and 93.8 -117.8 dB re 1 μPa respectively) for each type of vessel (ro-ro ferry, small fishing boat, small ferry, tug boat and pilot boat) based on the size of the ship, engines type and power, loading capacity and vessels speed. Sound characteristics changed based on distance, where the frequency of sound increases (0.04 – 34.28 Hz.m-1) and different things for sound pressure level (0.04 – 0.11 dB dB re 1 μPa m-1). Estimated source level also differ from one ship to another (105 – 128 dB dB re 1 μPa). The existence of ship noise has the potential impacts on the presence of marine biota in these waters.

The Paleo topography of Neungheodae and its Surrounding Areas Using 3D Terrain Analysis

능허대는 백제시대 외국 사신의 출항과 입항이 이루어지던 장소로 알려져 있다. 하지만 능허대와 그 주변은 대규모 도시 개발로 인해 현재는 원지형을 거의 살필 수 없다. 따라서 선박 장소로서의 능허대를 정확히 파악하기가 쉽지 않다. 이의 해결을 위해 고지형분석 방법을 이용한 능허대와 주변의 지형을 살핌으로써 선박장소로서 능허대의 가능성을 파악하고자 하였다. 고지형분석은 미시적이고 거시적 관점에서 지형의 3차원 판독을 진행하였으며, 이와 함께3차원 지형 모델링 복원하여 해수면의 변동 분석을 같이 실시함으로써 능허대와 주변 일대의선박장소로서의 적합한 지형을 파악하고자 하였다. 그러한 방법을 바탕으로 고지형 분석을 실시한 결과 능허대와 그 주변은 구릉지와 야트막한 미고지성 지형으로 이루어진 모습을 살펴볼수 있었으며, 동쪽의 청량산에서부터 발원한 구유로가 동에서 서쪽으로 흐르는 것을 확인하였다. 더불어 능허대의 동쪽 사면에 접한 곳으로는 선박의 정박이 이루어질 수 있는 넓은 집수지성지대와 함께 작은 어선의 입출항이 가능할 수 있는 갯골 등의 흔적도 파악하였다. 이러한 분석결과를 통해 능허대는 배의 정박 장소보다는 주변 경관을 조망하기 좋은 장소로서의 기능이 우선하였던 것으로 이해되었고, 오히려 선착장으로서의 지형은 능허대의 동쪽, 고지도에 표시된 한진의 지명이 있는 지형이 유력할 가능성을 제시하였다. 물론 능허대와 주변의 지형들은 항만의 자연 입지 조건에 부합하는 모습이 명확하고 물자와 인력이 이동하기에 좋은 자연지형을 갖추고 있어 경제적 조건의 항만 입지와도 일치한다. 이러한 입지조건 파악을 통해 백제및 중국 사신들의 사행 이동로의 지형도 같이 파악할 수 있었으며 나아가 이동의 방향 등도살펴볼 수 있었다.Neungheodae is known to be the location where the port entry and exit of foreign envoys occurred during the Baekjae period. However, the original topography of Neungheodae and its surrounding areas is almost impossible to find due to large-scale urban development. Therefore, it is not easy to accurately pinpoint Neungheodae as a docking location. That is why I aimed to determine the possibility of the ferry landing as a docking place by examining the paleotopography of Neungheodae and its surrounding areas using 3D terrain analysis. The 3D terrain analysis is a paleotopography method that deciphers terrain from microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. By conducting a sea level change analysis using the 3D terrain analysis together with the 3D terrain modeling reconstruction, I attempted to identify the terrain at Neungheodae and its surrounding areas that were found to be suitable for docks. The results of the terrain analysis based on that methodology showed that Neungheodae and its surrounding areas were composed of hills and low minute hilly terrain (slightly raised ground), and I also found that the old Gokbu river, which originates from Mt. Cheongnyang in the east, flowed from the east to the west. In addition, I also discovered that there was a large receiving basin area where boats could anchor next to the eastern slope of Neungheodae, as well as the traces of tidal channels where small fishing boats could enter and exit the dock. Through these analysis results, I proposed that the main function of Neungheodae was prioritized as a location to afford a view of the surrounding landscape rather than as a location for boats, and that the possibility that the slightly raised ground to the east of Neungheodae, the location noted as Hanjin in old maps, was rather more suitable as a dock. Above all, the topography of the ferry landing and its surrounding areas have natural geographical conditions that clearly made it suitable as a dock, and it has economically advantageous geographical conditions as it has terrain that is naturally suited for the movement of goods and people. By understanding these geographical conditions, I could examine the routes that Baekjae and Chinese envoys took, as well as the direction of their routes.

Towards sustainable small-scale fisheries in China: A case study of Hainan

China is one of the most important marine fishery countries, yet little is known about its small-scale fisheries (SSFs). This paper uses Hainan Province of China as a case study to examine the present situation, predicaments, and future changes of the country's SSFs during a process of transition from extensive to green development. In doing so, we follow the social-ecological system (SES) framework to present Hainan's SSF-related settings, and study its resource systems, governance systems and actors through reviewing national and local policies, surveying and interviewing SSF stakeholders. Marine fisheries in Hainan is SSF-dominated, experienced dramatic increase in terms of yield and jobs since 1978, and became the main source of most fishermen's livelihood. Fish community structure and fishing targets have shifted from a mix of large-bodied demersals and pelagics to smaller-bodied pelagics with high growth rates and fecundity levels. This degradation puts stress on China's central and local governments to enhance the preservation of marine ecosystems. Effort controls failed to reduce fishing power due to subsidies, a series of measures were introduced in 2015 to correct these problems, including obligatory targets with accountability, subsidy reductions, buyback program, and further reductions of fishing vessels and allowable catch implemented in 2017. Hainan has explored different development directions for SSFs. First, providing policies and funds to reduce small fishing boats and construct larger vessels to support offshore and distant-water fisheries. Second, enhancing fishery value by integrating the development of fishery-related primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. Third, developing existing SSFs in a sustainable manner through standardizing SSF vessel types, delineating operating areas, developing fishing port economy, and building beautiful fishing villages. These practices illustrate that China's centralized government can likely command transformational changes in ecological and socio-economic outcomes according to policy objectives. Also, a broadened perspective that considers the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of SSFs as whole is also crucial. Moreover, the integration of fishery policies with other related socioeconomic policies, and the interdepartmental cooperation is needed to achieve policy consistency across local governments.

Environmental monitoring using small fishing boats in Ise Bay for fishery management

It is important to understand and predict fish behavior to assess the impacts of coastal development on ecosystems and to conduct appropriate fishery management. Fish dynamics models have been developed to consider the migration, growth, and population change for conger eel, etc. These models calculate fish behavior based on environmental factors (e.g., water temperature and dissolved oxygen). Meanwhile, since the responses to environmental factors are mainly determined by qualitative information or laboratory experiments, a more detailed investigation is required on the fish behavior in the actual sea. In the present study, in order to collect information for behavioral modeling of fish, we measured the environmental factors and the distribution of fish simultaneously by using fishing boats. The sensors were attached to the fishing gear of the small trawling boats in Ise Bay, Japan, through which the water temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured along with positional information by using a global positioning system. At the same time, the fish catch of each haul by trawling was recorded, to grasp the fish distribution. The obtained data provided more information for temporal and spatial distribution of water qualities than conventional monitoring. The relationship between the fish density, indicated by Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), and environmental factors also were analyzed. The CPUE of the conger eel increased at water temperatures of 18–20 °C and dissolved oxygen values around 2 mg L−1. These results explained the location of fishing grounds based on the fishermen's experiences that the conger eel tends to gather in marginal areas of hypoxia in the summer. These results will be useful to determine the parameters for the fish behavior model.

Geospatial Technology Application on Sustainable Wetland Management & Monitoring: A Case of Ansupa Lake, Odisha

Ansupa, the largest freshwater lake and a wetland of Odisha lie between 20 0 25’ to 20 0 30’ N latitude and 85 0 35’ to 85 0 37’ E longitude in the Banki Subdivision of Cuttack district. Ansupa, the so-called sister lake of Chilika once was looking like a heavenly picture gallery with small fishing boat on the blue waters and hills on the banks, birds of different colors and above all lotus and lilies. The lake is bounded by Saranda hills on its western side, Bishnupur hills on its northeast side and surrounded by villages like Subarnapur, Kadalibadi, etc. Previously during the high floods, the flood water of the river Mahanadi used to pass through the lake from its southeastern side driving away from the weeds through the south – western side. So, it was a process of natural deweeding. But, when the water enters into the lake, cannot be discharged due to the erection of embankment, silting up of the lake, etc. The Chilika Development Authority, which is under the Department of Forest and environment of Odisha has taken a very vital step to clear the weed from the lake for sustain the livelihood of the community by using an instrument Weed cuter under the project Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Odisha. Geospatial Technology has used for regular monitoring the successful management as a case study during the year 1999 to 2019. Keywords: Coastal Zone, embankment, freshwater, geospatial, heavenly Cite this Article Jajnaseni Rout, Adikanda Ojha. Geospatial Technology Application on Sustainable Wetland Management & Monitoring: A Case of Ansupa Lake, Odisha. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS. 2019; 10(2): 13–18p.

Design Analysis of Overhead Crane for Maintenance Workshop

This research aimed to study the design of the overhead crane of a small fishing boat maintenance factory according to the building and functional requirements of the project based on the ASME B30.2-2005 Standard. The results of the study showed that the design of the runway with steel structure BS: 5950: 2000 grade s460 provided vertical and horizontal deflection values of 4.96 and 16.62 respectively that did not exceed the allowed deflection. It is strong enough for use in construction when the stresses on the beam bridge were analysed by the finite element program compared with the strength of the reinforced steel providing a safety value of 1.83.

Small boats as vectors of marine invasion: experimental test of velocity and desiccation as limits

Secondary transport of introduced species can be important in dispersing potentially invasive species, and vectors of transport are often the fouled hulls of small fishing and recreational boats. Likelihood of transport depends on many factors, including resistance of the species to drag forces due to boat velocity and resistance to desiccation. To experimentally test the importance of drag on transport, we attached plates with a preexisting, 4 months old, assemblage of species, on a boat hull that was then subjected to one of three speeds (5, 15 and 20 knots) for 20 min. We experimentally tested desiccation tolerance with colonized plates that were exposed to the air for 3–132 h, after which they were examined for living organisms. A total of 35 taxa were identified, including introduced species, in southern Brazil: the barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. reticulatus and the octocoral Stragulum bicolor. In the drag experiment, all species survived transport. In the desiccation experiment, most species survived more than 6 h (fewer species much longer) of exposure to the air. Our results illustrate that a variety of taxa and growth forms can be transported over regional scales at speeds and travel conditions typical of small boats. They can also survive desiccation conditions typical of overland transportation of small boats. Thus, we recommend that additional management mechanisms must be put in place to reduce the probability of invasion due to secondary transport.