Small End Research Articles

Hardwood Log Grading in the United States—Part III: An Assessment of the Current Status of Log Grading in the Hardwood Industry

Abstract This article documents how the hardwood industry, in the absence of a standardized, industry-wide log grading system, has gone about grading and scaling hardwood logs by surveying mills, primarily in the Appalachian region. In total, 135 surveys were completed by respondents and returned via mail, with only 110 of those surveys considered usable for further analysis, after a thorough review of the individual surveys. Survey responses were grouped around annual production level, with three defined levels; ≤2.5 million board feet (MMBF), >2.5 and ≤8.0 MMBF, and >8.0 MMBF. Responding mills used some variation of a log grading system based on the number of clear faces on the log and the small end diameter of the log. The most common log rule used by mills in this study was the Doyle log rule, with over 75 percent using Doyle for scaling logs. Nearly 90 percent of all mills sampled graded logs without rolling the log to examine all four sides/faces. Half of all the sawmills surveyed pay the same price per thousand board feet (MBF) for butt logs and uppers. When asked if they would support the development of a standard log grading system, about two-thirds of the respondents (66%) indicated they would indeed support a standardized system for Appalachian hardwoods. These findings can help guide the development of a set of log grading standards for buyers and sellers in the Appalachian region and other parts of the world where hardwood lumber is produced.

Incidence and Severity of End-Splitting in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in North Borneo

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. is currently the predominant tree species deployed for tree plantation establishment in some parts of Borneo, particularly Sabah state, Malaysia. Its low disease susceptibility, good growth and form, and desirable wood properties make E. pellita particularly suitable for plantation development in the wet tropical regions of south-east Asia. In spite the many positive traits, practical field observations indicate that the species is susceptible to end-splitting. There is some anecdotal evidence to suggest a genetic relationship with the incidence of end-split, although these observations were not statistically tested. This study evaluates the occurrence of end-splitting in five-year old plantation E. pellita in Sabah as affected by family and growth attributes. An existing progeny tree breeding trial, involving seeds that originated from Papua New Guinea, China, Vietnam, Australia, Sabah, and Sarawak with 106 families, was used to carry out the split assessment. Logs from the second thinning were cut into 2.2-m-long sections. The end splits were measured three days later; the incidence and severity of splitting were assessed at both the large and small ends of each log by using a designated split scoring system. The study shows that 99% of all log cross sections (per cut surface) experienced signs of splitting, with an average of 2.7 splits per cut surface. Overall, 54% of all splits were classed as ‘Three-Quarter Radial Splits’ while the occurrence of internal splits was negligible. Split severity showed a heritable and significant difference (h2 = 0.24 at p ≤ 0.05) among the family levels. Splitting was also significantly related to growth factors such as tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). The findings suggest that end-splitting is caused by family–environment interactions. This offers the opportunity to improve the wood resource of E. pellita via breeding strategies.

Exhaust non-volatile particle filtration characteristics of three-way catalyst and influencing factors in a gasoline direct injection engine compared to gasoline particulate filter

Three-way catalyst (TWC) integrated gasoline particulate filter (GPF) has become a standard configuration for the aftertreatment of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. Although filtration effects on particulate emissions of GPFs have been widely investigated, effects of TWCs on non-volatile particulate emissions are still ambiguous. In the present work, particle size distributions were measured by DMS500 with hot sampling at three locations: before TWC, after TWC and after GPF. The particle filtration characteristics of the TWC and GPF are compared, and the influencing factors and filtration mechanism are analyzed. The results show that the TWC have obvious filtration effects on exhaust particles, and the total filtration efficiency is 20–35% for the TWC compared to 70–85% for the GPF. The TWC exhibits high efficiency in the small and large particle size ends, indicating the particle collection process in the TWC may resemble the collection process in the GPF. Regarding the influencing factors, the filtration efficiency of the TWC is related to both the exhaust temperature and exhaust flow rate, while that of the GPF mainly depends on the exhaust flow rate. With high engine-out PN concentrations, the filtration efficiency of the TWC on AM particles largely decreases, while the filtration efficiency of the GPF on AM particles increases to >95%. It is believed that in TWCs firstly the small particles are collected by diffusion and the large particles by inertia or gravity collection on the washcoat, and then the collected particles get oxidized with the help of the catalyst.

Dynamic behavior of chloride ion-electrically charged open carbon nanocone oscillators: A molecular dynamics study

This paper is intended to study the dynamic oscillatory behavior of chloride ion inside electrically charged open carbon nanocones (CNCs) using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The small and wide ends of nanocone are assumed to be identically and uniformly charged with positive electric charges. In the simulation, the Tersoff-Brenner (TB) and the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential functions are employed to evaluate the interatomic interactions between carbon atoms and the van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the ion and the nanocone, respectively. The Coulomb potential is also adopted to evaluate the electrostatic interactions between the ion and the electric charges distributed at both ends of nanocone. Numerical results are presented to examine the effects of magnitude of electric charges, initial separation distance and initial velocity on the mechanical oscillatory behavior of system and the obtained results are also compared with the ones related to an uncharged nanocone. It is found that operating frequency as well as escape velocity enhance considerably as a result of electrostatic interactions. It is further found that regardless of the value of electric charges, optimal oscillation frequency is achievable when no initial velocity is imposed on the ion initially located inside of nanocone with an offset of 2 Å from its small end.

“Through the small end of the lorgnette”: optical accessories - glasses, lorgnettes, etc. in the Goncourt’ novels

Divers accessoires optiques (lorgnons, binocle, face-à-main, etc.) disséminés dans les romans des frères Goncourt sont analysés ici. Outre leur fonction pour corriger les déficiences de la vue, ces objets dévoilent l’intériorité des personnages – leur volonté intime d’être élégants, leurs désirs érotiques, l’affirmation de leur professionnalisme, leur curiosité, l’examen de leur entourage, etc. Ce sont également plusieurs systèmes sémiotiques qui émergent, tels ceux de la mode, de la virilité, de la sociabilité et d’autres encore. En faisant abstraction de sa connotation péjorative, l’expression « regarder par le petit bout de la lorgnette », devient un manifeste du projet goncourtien soucieux de faire toute sa place au détail, au petit objet significatif qui est vu et aide à voir.

An Integrated Unit for Hatching and Rearing Quail

This study was conducted to compare between the new integrated quail rearing unit with egg hatching sub-unit, and common egg incubator with traditional rearing system for (black Japanese quail and white jumbo quail) at two eggs hatching positions (vertical position with small end up and down). An integrated unit provided with upper egg incubator and furnished rearing battery cage located lower of it. The chicks were reared for 40 days of age in traditional litter floor and in furnished battery cage. The evaluation include the percentage of hatchability, chick weight, growth performance and mortality number of quail. The result indicated that the new incubation unit was able to maintain a high hatching percentage of 78.53 % for eggs of white jumbo quail with vertical egg position with small end down in average of hatching period 17 days. Chicks were growing in normal weight at 6.99 and 8.19 gram and did not suffer from any disability for black Japanese and white jumbo quail eggs, respectively and with vertical position with small end up. At different time intervals the growth performance of quail didn't show significant difference among the treatment viz. common commercial egg incubator and new incubation sub-unit. The mortality number at the first days increases for quails hatched in common commercial egg incubator. The same capacity attached egg incubator saved about 81.25 % of the total cost compared to the common commercial egg incubator, so it is recommended to use the integrated unit for incubating and rearing quail

FEA of NX-11 unigraphics modeled connecting rod using different materials

The present work focuses on modeling and FEA of connecting rod to predict the fatigue life of Hero Splendor Plus I.C. Engine made by four materials (AISI 4140 Cr-Mo High Tensile Steel, 42crMo4, Aluminium 7075 T6, Forged Steel). To begin with, the different materials are chosen for connecting rod. Analytical analysis is carried out to arrive at the design specifications for connecting rod. The Connecting rod has been modeled using NX 11 software and imported to ANSYS V15.0 workbench to assess the FEA. Tetrahedron meshing method is used and the boundary conditions to be immovable on big end and load applied at the small end. The applied force has been the maximum gas force 30.4 KN. Analytical computations are carried out with the different materials and at the end, comparison of numerical results, analytical results, cost for the different materials is carried for validation. From the static stress analysis and on comparison with four materials it is concluded that material 42CrMo4 has less deformation of 5.52296 * 10-8 mm and less Von Mises stress of 189.386 MPa than the other material comparatively. Results revealed that the material 42CrMo4 can be replaceable in place of conventional material for connecting rod of Hero Splendor Plus I.C. Engine.

The DNH 7 skull of Australopithecus robustus from Drimolen (Main Quarry), South Africa

Although the early hominin species Australopithecus robustus has been known for more than eight decades and is represented by hundreds of fossils from sites in South Africa, a complete, well-preserved skull has been elusive. DNH 7, an adult cranium and mandible from the Drimolen site, was identified, on the basis of its small size, as a presumptive female of A. robustus. Here, we provide a detailed comparative description of the specimen. In cranial, facial, and dental size, DNH 7 is confirmed to lie at the extreme small end of the A. robustus range of variation, along with a few fragmentary maxillofacial specimens from Swartkrans. In addition, relative to the classically derived craniofacial features of the Swartkrans+Kromdraai portions of the A. robustus hypodigm, primitive anatomy pervades the DNH 7 face, braincase, and cranial base. Taken together, these pieces of evidence place DNH 7 in a previously unfilled position on the robust Australopithecus morphocline, where the specimen highlights the morphological distinctions between southern and eastern African species of this group and epitomizes the anatomy expected of the group's last common ancestor.

Three-Dimensional Imaging Lidar for Characterizing Particle Fields and Organisms in the Mesopelagic Zone

The ocean’s mesopelagic zone is largely uncharacterized despite its vital role in sustaining ocean ecosystems. The composition, cycling, and fate of particle fields in the mesopelagic lacks an integrative multi-scale understanding of organism migration patterns, distribution, and diversity. This problem is addressed by combining complementary technologies with overlapping size spectra, including profiler mounted optical scattering sensors, profiler, and ship mounted acoustic devices, and a custom Unobtrusive Multi-Static Lidar Imager (UMSLI). This unique sensor suite can observe distributions of particles including organisms over a six order of magnitude dynamic size range, from microns to meters. Overlapping size ranges between different methods allows for cross-validation. This work focuses on the lidar imaging measurements and optical backscattering and attenuation, covering a combined particle size range of 0.1 mm to several cm. Particles at the small end of this range are sized using an existing backscattering time series inversion method after Briggs et al. (2013). Larger particles are resolved with UMSLI over an expanding volume using three-dimensional photo-realistic laser serial imaging. UMSLI’s image rectifying ability over time allows for derivation of particle concentration, size, and spatial distribution. Technical details on the development and post-processing methods for the novel UMSLI system are provided. Image resolved particle size distributions (PSDs) revealed a size shift from smaller to larger particles (>0.5 mm) as indicated by flatter slopes from dawn (slope = 2.6) to dusk (slope = 3.0). PSD trends are supported by an optical backscatter and transmissometer time series inversion analysis. Size shifts in the particle field are largely attributed to aggregation effects. Images support evidence of temporal variation between dusk and dawn stations through statistical analysis of particle concentrations for particle sizes 0.50–5.41 mm. Spatial analysis of the particle field revealed a dominantly uniform distributed marine snow background. The importance and potential of integrated approaches to studying particle and organism dynamics in ocean environments are discussed.

Experimental evaluation of self-remediation mechanism by groundwater flow in unconfined aquifers.

The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of soil properties such as permeability on the dispersion and movement of a water dissolved contaminant in three types of soil in saturated and 2D conditions. The experimental modeling was conducted using a constructed sand box. In order to evaluate the effect of soils particle size on the distribution and self-remediation of the contaminant, three types of soil, as coarse, medium, and fine-grained sand were used. Results of experiments showed that, at the first 25% of the test time, the contaminated area reduction rate in all three specimens varies significantly, so that for the medium and coarse sand, it is 2.2 and 3 times that of fine sand, respectively. The contaminant width reduction at the first 25% of the test time was 5%, 6%, and 35% for the fine, medium, and coarse sand, respectively, while the contaminant length reduction was 13%, 18%, and 37% for the fine, medium, and coarse sand, respectively. In addition, by comparing the contaminant movement in the saturated and semi-saturated areas, it was observed that the longitudinal and transverse movement of the contaminant under the water level are almost 2.5 times of the semi-saturated area. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Reduction rate of solution area in fine, medium and coarse-grained sample are nearly convex, linear and concave-shaped, respectively. The remediation process in saturated zones is implemented in both directions with higher intensity in a shorter time than unsaturated zones. In the strip formed plumes, the volume of the self-remediation is proportional to the time intervals during the test. In the elliptic masses the self-purification amount is lower at the beginning, due to the small cross-section ending of the contamination mass.

Vacuum Steam Treatment Effectiveness for Eradication of the Thousand Cankers Disease Vector and Pathogen in Logs From Diseased Walnut Trees

Logs of high-value eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) are commonly exported from the United States for production of veneer and lumber. Veneer logs are not debarked to minimize degradation of wood quality and reduce moisture loss. Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is caused by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) and the fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida M. Kolarik, E. Freeland, C. Utley and N. Tisserat sp. nov., which colonize the inner bark of Juglans species. Effective eradication of these organisms by heat or chemical fumigation treatment is required for walnut logs prior to export. Because vacuum steam is an effective and efficient means of heating round wood, its use in eliminating the TCD causal agents was evaluated using Juglans logs (12- to 44-cm small end diameter and 1.7- to 1.9-m length) from TCD-symptomatic trees in Oregon and Washington State. Five replicate trials with three logs per load were conducted in a portable vacuum chamber to test two treatment schedules: 60°C for 60 min and 56°C for 30 min. Complete elimination of P. juglandis and G. morbida was achieved when using a minimum of 56°C at 5-cm targeted depth from bottom of bark furrow into the sapwood and held for 30 min. Treatment cycle time ranged from 298 to 576 min depending on log diameter and initial log temperature. Artificial inoculation of J. nigra trees with G. morbida within the TCD range in Pennsylvania was minimally successful in producing adequately colonized logs for experimental trials.

Structural basis for the final steps of human 40S ribosome maturation.

Eukaryotic ribosomes consist of a small 40S and a large 60S subunit that are assembled in a highly coordinated manner. More than 200 factors ensure correct modification, processing and folding of ribosomal RNA and the timely incorporation of ribosomal proteins1,2. Small subunit maturation ends in the cytosol, when the final rRNA precursor, 18S-E, is cleaved at site 3 by the endonuclease NOB13. Previous structures of human 40S precursors have shown that NOB1 is kept in an inactive state by its partner PNO14. The final maturation events, including the activation of NOB1 for the decisive rRNA-cleavage step and the mechanisms driving the dissociation of thelast biogenesis factors have, however, remained unresolved. Here we report five cryo-electron microscopy structures of human 40S subunit precursors, which describe the compositional and conformational progression during the final steps of 40S assembly. Our structures explain the central role of RIOK1 in the displacement and dissociation of PNO1, which in turn allows conformational changes and activation of the endonuclease NOB1. In addition, we observe two factors, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A domain-containing protein (EIF1AD) and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 47 (LRRC47), which bind to late pre-40S particles near RIOK1 and the central rRNA helix 44. Finally, functional data shows that EIF1AD is required for efficient assembly factor recycling and 18S-E processing. Our results thus enable a detailed understanding of the last steps in 40S formation in human cells and, in addition, provide evidence for principal differences in small ribosomal subunit formation between humans and the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Relations of aortic stiffness with arterial damage beyond brachial pressure are both dependent and independent of central arterial pulsatile load.

We aimed to determine whether the impact of aortic stiffness on atherosclerotic or small vessel end organ damage beyond brachial blood pressure depends in-part on stiffness-induced increases in central arterial pressures produced by an enhanced resistance to flow (characteristic impedance, Zc). We studied 1021 participants, 287 with stroke or critical limb ischaemia, and 734 from a community sample with atherosclerotic or small vessel end organ measures. Central arterial haemodynamics were determined from arterial pressure (SphygmoCor) and velocity and diameter assessments in the outflow tract (echocardiography). Although Zc and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were correlated (P < 0.0001), these relations were not independent of confounders (P = 0.90). Both Zc and hence central arterial pressures generated by the product of Zc and aortic flow (Q) (PQxZc), as well as PWV were independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), endothelial activation markers [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (V-CAM-1)] and events. With further adjustments for brachial pulse pressure (PP) or SBP, PWV and PQxZc were both associated with eGFR and V-CAM-1. Relationships between PWV and eGFR or V-CAM-1 were independent of PQxZc (P < 0.05) and relationships between PQxZc and eGFR and V-CAM-1 were independent of PWV (P < 0.005). Similarly, with adjustments for confounders and brachial PP or SBP, across the full adult lifespan, both aortic PWV and PQxZc were increased in those with arterial events (P < 0.005). Relationships between PWV and events were again independent of PQxZc (P < 0.005) and between PQxZc and events were independent of PWV (P < 0.0001). Beyond brachial blood pressure, the impact of aortic stiffness on arterial damage involves effects that are both dependent (proximal aortic Zc and hence PQxZc) and independent (full aortic length indexed by PWV) of central arterial pulsatile load. Hence, PWV and brachial PP may be insufficient to account for all of the damage mediated by increases in aortic stiffness.

Metabolomic Analysis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.

The inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic, idiopathic gastrointestinal diseases. Although their precise aetiology is unknown, it is thought to involve a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and an abnormal host immune response to environmental exposures, probably microbial. Microbial dysbiosis has frequently been documented in IBD. Metabolomics [the study of small molecular intermediates and end products of metabolism in biological samples] provides a unique opportunity to characterize disease-associated metabolic changes and may be of particular use in quantifying gut microbial metabolism. Numerous metabolomic studies have been undertaken in IBD populations, identifying consistent alterations in a range of molecules across several biological matrices. This systematic review aims to summarize these findings. A comprehensive, systematic search was carried out using Medline and Embase. All studies were reviewed by two authors independently using predefined exclusion criteria. Sixty-four relevant papers were assessed for quality and included in the review. Consistent metabolic perturbations were identified, including increases in levels of branched chain amino acids and lipid classes across stool, serum, plasma and tissue biopsy samples, and reduced levels of microbially modified metabolites in both urine [such as hippurate] and stool [such as secondary bile acids] samples. This review provides a summary of metabolomic research in IBD to date, highlighting underlying themes of perturbed gut microbial metabolism and mammalian-microbial co-metabolism associated with disease status.

Ultraviolet-Extended Supercontinuum Generation in Zero-Dispersion Wavelength Decreasing Photonic Crystal Fibers

Supercontinuum covering the ultraviolet-blue region is highly useful for fluorescence microscopy. Four zero-dispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fibers with different fiber cross structures and taper profiles are fabricated to extend the short wavelength edge of supercontinuum. Both nanosecond and picosecond pump pulses at 1&#x00A0;&#x03BC;m are used to generate supercontinuum. With a 3 ns pump pulse, the short wavelength edge of supercontinuum is extended to below 400&#x00A0;nm in a fiber with high air-hole ratio (named T3). The underlying mechanism of supercontinuum generation is explored. The short and long wavelength edges of supercontinuum are highly related with the phase-matching condition which decided by the group velocity curve of fiber small core end. With a 10 ps pump pulse, the spectral intensity around &#x223C;800&#x00A0;nm increases in all four fibers. However, the intensity in shorter wavelength band decreased in fibers with a high air-hole ratio (named T3, T4). The experimental results imply that a zero-dispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fiber suitable for nanosecond pulse pumping is not necessarily suitable for picosecond pulse pumping, especially for fibers with high air-hole ratio.

Grey Relation Evaluation and Truth Value Fusion of Rolling Bearing Multisource Residual Stress

Bearing ring residual stress test data obtained by µ-360 s residual stress analyzer have the characteristics of unknown probability distribution and limited samples. For this problem, this study introduces the uncertainty and proposes a grey relation method to estimate the true value of the bearing ring residual stress. Based on poor information theory (incomplete and insufficient information for the characteristic presented in the subject investigated) and by fusing the membership function method, maximum membership method, rolling mean method, and bootstrap method, the true value sequence of the residual stress is obtained. On this basis, true value fusion is implemented again using the grey bootstrap method, and the estimated true value of the residual stress for the bearing ring was obtained. The results show that the residual stresses of bearing rings are fused by multiple methods, and the overall estimated true value of the residual stress of the bearing ring is −578 MPa. Owing to different processing techniques, the true value of the residual stress varies in different parts of the ring as follows: −918 MPa on the large end surface of the ring, −673 MPa on the small end face of the ring, −228 MPa at the vertical test point on the outer surface of the ring, and −231 MPa at the parallel test point on the outer surface of the ring. The error between the estimated true value obtained using the grey relation method and that obtained through the fusion of multiple methods is generally 10% or less, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the grey relation method.

An Enemy of the People

An Enemy of the People

Identification Of Liver Fluke Eggs In Bile Duct Brush Cytology In An 82 Year Old Man With A Hepatic Mass: Report Of A Case

Abstract Introduction/Objective Clonorchis sinensis infects the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts in humans. It is acquired via consumption of raw/undercooked fish, crabs, or crayfish in endemic areas. Though majority are asymptomatic, long lasting infections may cause severe disease. Without treatment, human infections may persist for the parasite lifespan (25–30 years). Diagnosis in cytology is challenging with a potentially acellular sample with miniscule eggs that can be overlooked as an artifact. Here we reported a rare case of liver fluke eggs diagnosed in bile duct brush cytology. Methods An 82 year old man who emigrated from China 20 years prior presented to the hospital with worsening jaundice for 2 weeks. Abdominal CT revealed a 4.8 x 2.9 cm central right hepatic lobe mass extending to the hilum, obstructing the bile ducts, resulting in severe intrahepatic ductal dilatation and stricture and focal occlusion of the right anterior portal vein. His CBC revealed eosinophilia. Bile duct brushing was submitted for cytology. Results ThinPrep and cell block showed oval-shaped parasite eggs measuring 10-24 µm. There was no other cellular matter. Eggs had a convex operculum resting on “shoulders” at the smaller end of the egg. At the opposite (abopercular) end, a small knob or hook-like protrusion was often visible. Wet mounts revealed visible miracidium inside the eggs. These findings were compatible with liver fluke eggs. Conclusion Cytologic microbiologic features of fluke eggs confirmed the findings. The most important features are the shape and size of the eggs; The seated operculum with its prominent “shoulders”, a small knob at the abopercular end, which can distinguish them from acellular artifact or a human cell. The cytologic and microbiologic features combined with the travel history and clinical presentation can aid in achieving the diagnosis.

An Experimental Investigation on Micro End Milling with High-Speed Up Cut Milling for Hardened Die Steel.

The importance of micromachining using small diameter end mills and the dies used for them has been increasing in the machining of small parts. However, the reality is that there are various requirements to improve the machining surface, machining accuracy, machining efficiency, and tool life. Therefore, this paper discusses the possibility of satisfying these requirements by high-speed up cut milling in side cutting. The goal of this study was to solve the aforementioned problems, by conducting a detailed analysis of the machining phenomena in order to understand their mechanisms. In particular, the effects of high-speed cutting using a high-speed air-turbine spindle with highly stiff rolling bearings were analyzed. Moreover, cutting experiments were conducted by measuring the cutting force and flank wear of the tool, to reveal the differences in the cutting phenomena relative to the cutting direction in high-speed micro end milling. Description of the machined surface and the measurement of its profile were also included in the discussions. On the basis of the results, high-speed up cut milling is a better choice than down cut milling; furthermore, a high-feed rate further increases machining efficiency and improves tool life.

A mouse model reveals the events and underlying regulatory signals during the gonadotrophin-dependent phase of follicle development.

During folliculogenesis, the gonadotrophin (GTH)-dependent phase begins at the small antral follicle stage and ends with Graafian follicles. In this study, pregnant mare's serum GTH was used to induce GTH-dependent folliculogenesis in mice, following which the developmental events that follicles undergo, as well as the underlying regulatory signals, were investigated at both the morphological and transcriptomic level. GTH-dependent folliculogenesis consisted of three phases: preparation, rapid growth and decelerated growth. In the preparation phase, comprising the first 12 h, granulosa cells completed the preparations for proliferation and differentiation, shifted energy metabolism to glycolysis, and reduced protein synthesis and processing. The rapid growth phase lasted from 12 to 24 h; in this phase, granulosa cells completed their proliferation, and follicles acquired the capacity for estradiol secretion and ovulation. Meanwhile, the decelerating growth phase occurred between 24 and 48 h of GTH-dependent folliculogenesis. In this phase, the proliferation and expansion of the follicular antrum were reduced, energy metabolism was shifted to oxidative phosphorylation, and cell migration and lipid metabolism were enhanced in preparation for luteinization. We also revealed the key signaling pathways that regulate GTH-dependent folliculogenesis and elucidated the activation sequence of these pathways. A comparison of our RNA-sequencing data with that reported for humans suggested that the mechanisms involved in mouse and human folliculogenesis are evolutionarily conserved. In this study, we draw a detailed atlas of GTH-dependent folliculogenesis, thereby laying the foundation for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process.