Small Domestic Animals Research Articles

Papillomavirus-associated neoplasms of dogs and cats

Papillomavirus oncogenesis as a benign process, clinically diagnosed as papillomatosis, is common in small domestic animals, in particular among cats and dogs, but in the nosological structure of neoplasms has a different ratio depending on the species. Recent data indicate the provocation of precancerous and neoplastic lesions in domestic species by the papillomatosis virus. Clinically, oncogenesis is associated with lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, which is determined by the tropicity of the virus, since the papillomavirus replication cycle is closely related to the differentiation of cells of the multilayer squamous epithelium, and in accordance with the morphological classification provokes the development of epithelial tumors without specific localization. The following neoplasms were identified in the structure of tumors of epithelial origin in dogs and cats: papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. In statistical studies during the study period, organ-specific tumors in dogs amounted to 23.85%, in cats 12.5%. The concept of infectious oncology is used, which includes and combines the basic principles of infectious and oncological processes. Bibliographic analysis revealed the associativity of papillomavirus infection with specific neoplasms, depending on the taxonomy of the virus and the type of animal.

Ассоциированные с папилломавирусом новообразования собак и кошек

Papillomavirus oncogenesis as a benign process, clinically diagnosed as papillomatosis, is common in small domestic animals, in particular among cats and dogs, but in the nosological structure of neoplasms has a different ratio depending on the species. Recent data indicate the provocation of precancerous and neoplastic lesions in domestic species by the papillomatosis virus. Clinically, oncogenesis is associated with lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, which is determined by the tropicity of the virus, since the papillomavirus replication cycle is closely related to the differentiation of cells of the multilayer squamous epithelium, and in accordance with the morphological classification provokes the development of epithelial tumors without specific localization. The following neoplasms were identified in the structure of tumors of epithelial origin in dogs and cats: papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Histological diagnosis was carried out using the allocation of specific criteria characteristic of tumors, regardless of cytogenesis. In statistical studies during the study period, organ-specific tumors in dogs amounted to 23,85%, in cats 12,5%. It is noted that papillomavirus infection is characterized by the specificity of lesions not only within one species, many histological criteria for certain types of tumors are similar in both cats and dogs. The concept of infectious oncology is used, which includes and combines the basic principles of infectious and oncological processes. Bibliographic analysis revealed the associativity of papillomavirus infection with specific neoplasms, depending on the taxonomy of the virus and the type of animal.

Оценка иридокорнеального угла глаза у кошек с различным строением черепа

The study of the structure of the drainage system of the eye in small domestic animals today is one of the priorities for modern veterinary ophthalmology. Along with the clinical assessment of changes in the eyeball with a decrease or increase in intraocular pressure, it is important to identify fundamental aspects in the structure of the iridocorneal angle and its changes depending on the shape of the skull. Nowadays, there is a large amount of information in which the authors focus on changes in the comb ligament and the trabecular meshwork. However, there is no data on the difference in the size of the iridocorneal angle depending on the shape of the skull. The authors of the article present morphometric criteria of the iridocorneal angle in cats with brachycephalic and mesocephalic skull shapes, establish differences in size, and give practical recommendations for using the results of the research. It is shown that cats with different skull shapes have no pronounced deviations in the size of the hyridocorneal angle, while the average size of the angle in brachycephals is on average 20° larger than the size of the angle in mesocephals, which creates prerequisites for the development of secondary glaucoma.

Виявлення збудника Hepatozоon spp. в популяції мишоподібних гризунів Чорнобильського радіаційно-екологічного біосферного заповідника

The ecosystems that have developed in the exclusion zone after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 have a number of features. Parasites, as part of an ecosystem, can act as indicators of the processes taking place in it. Mouse rodents play an important role in the preservation and transmission of pathogens of some, including zoonotic, diseases in the wild. Therefore, the study of parasites in murine rodents, especially those transmitted transmissively, makes it possible to understand the characteristics of the distribution and the level of threat of their transmission to other susceptible animals, including agricultural, small domestic animals and humans. We carried out a study of blood smears taken from murine rodents for the presence of pathogens of transmissible parasitic diseases. According to the results of the studies, the pathogen Hepatozoon spp. Was detected for the first time in Ukraine. in the population of murine rodents. Creating an exclusion zone is one of the most obvious and long-lasting consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPS) accident. Because of 90-95% of this territory lacks systematic human activity and regime equal to the reserve. Ecosystems formed in the exclusion zone are affected a number of key factors as radioactive contamination, succession, wills and climate change. Spatial heterogeneity of density, radionuclide composition and physical chemical forms of precipitation are a characteristic feature of radioactive pollution in the Chernobyl Zone. Much of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the Chernobyl Zone as of 1986 was an artificial or semi-artificial systems that were under the regulatory control of man. The removal of regulatory control has led to the inclusion of natural influences mechanisms. That is, a significant part of ecosystems is in a state far from equilibrium, where the processes of succession are active. The testamentary effect is the result of a radical economic contraction activities and the creation of a strict security regime. Given this dynamics ecosystems in the Exclusion Zone has a unique character. Parasites are part of the ecosystem, so they can act as indicators of the processes occurring in it. Mouse-like rodents play an important role in the preservation of agents some infectious diseases in the wild. It is known that rodents are reservoirs hosts at least 60 zoonotic diseases, playing an important role in their transmission and distribution. Not the last role in it is played by features biology and way of life of these animals. Study of parasites in murine rodents, especially those that transmitted transmissively, will make it possible to understand the peculiarities of distribution and the level of threat of their transmission to other susceptible animals, including agricultural, small pets and humans. The object of our study was blood smears taken from murine rodents: Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus and Apodemus spp. Catching mice for further sampling conducted at 3 three landfills. Mouse-like rodents are significantly affected by pathogens of infectious diseases, including those transmitted through blood-sucking arthropods. Therefore, the study of the presence and prevalence of transmissible agents in murine rodents is important in order to prevent the disease in other species of animals or humans. The purpose of the study was to study the role of rodents Chornobyl Excusion Zone as a reservoir of blood-borne diseases. The study was conducted during 2020-2021. Blood smears from rodents Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus and Apodemus spp, which were selected during the expedition from three landfills and transferred to the Department of Pharmacology, Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine of NULES of Ukraine, where they conducted further research. Blood smears were stained by the method of Romanowski-Gimza, Leuko-Diff and examined under an immersion microscope system. A total of 117 blood smears were collected from 117 murine rodents from three landfills. According to the results of microscopic examination in blood smears revealed parasites, which morphologically we attributed to Hepatozoon spp. This agent was detected in Ukraine for the first time. Agents had an oval body shape with a large nucleus and were located in the cytoplasm of leukocytes (mostly neutrophils, rarely lymphocytes). In total, hepatozoan agents were detected in blood smears from 13 studied animals, which was 11.11%. And the invasion of Hepatozoon spp. was found in murine rodents of the first landfill, in 7 rodents. The smallest of the murine rodents of the second landfill was found only in blood smears from 2 animals. In addition to hepatozoons in murine rodents, we also found agents of other diseases, such as Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp. and Trypanosoma spp.

К вопросу о диагностической значимости ультразвукового исследования кишечника при выявлении инородных тел

The method of ultrasound diagnostics in suspected for-eign intestinal body in small pets is discussed. This method is characterized by its noninvasiveness. The research goal was to reveal diagnostic significance of ultrasound exami-nation of the intestine in the presence of foreign bodies. The research objectives were as following: to study basic ultrasound characteristics of foreign bodies in the intestine of small domestic animals; to study the influence of antie-metic preparation based on maropitrate citrate on the in-formative value of the study. The research was carried out in the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the State Agricultural University of Northern Trans-Uralsand in the veterinary clinics of the City of Tyumen. Ultrasonic diagnos-tics was carried out in 73 cats and 38 dogs with suspected foreign intestinal bodies. The examination was carried out using linear, convex and microconvex transducers with different frequencies according to standard research meth-ods. Fifteen cats were given an antiemetic drug -maropi-tant citrate at a dose of 1 mg per 1 kg before the ultrasound examination. It has been found that ultrasound is an in-formative method of diagnosing linear foreign bodies; they collect the intestine in a corrugation and go as a linear hy-perechogenic formation. Solid foreign bodies give an echo-genic appearance which suggests their presence in the intestine. Other foreign bodies may be detected by indirect signs. The main indirect signs of obstruction on ultrasound examination include pendulous peristalsis, dilatation above the obstruction site, decreased peristalsis, and overflow of intestinal contents. When studying the peculiarity of ultra-sound examination when using maropitrate citrate, de-creased peristalsis was detected and subsequently poor recognition of pendulum-like movements which negatively affected the diagnostic value of the method.

Optimization of coprological studies in animals with the use of homeopathic Nux vomica 6CH

Background: Etiology of various gastrointestinal dysfunctions varies from infections and infestations to consequences of emotional stress and errors in animals’ nutrition. Taking this variability of etiology and pathogenesis into account, a lot depends not only on completeness of homeopathic history taking but also on the quality of laboratory studies. In our experience, coprology studies are especially complicated when persistent gastrointestinal disorders were preceded by massive use of allopathic remedies. This sometimes necessitates repeated examinations. That is why our interest in having reliable results and early detection of latent indigestion made us look for non-invasive methods which could be easy to use in animals but at the same time could reveal latent gastrointestinal pathology in animals. Aims: The study was aimed to determine the effect of a homeopathic medication Nux Vomica 6CH on detection of latent gastrointestinal pathology in small domestic animals. Method: Coprology studies were performed simultaneously with the use of sedimentation method and Fulleborn method (modification of Scherbovich). Infestations were diagnosed and characteristics of patient digestion were recorded. Feces test detected: 1. Presence of endoparasites (helminths, protozoa and yeast-like structures); 2. State of intestinal microflora (presence of different species and their balance with each other); 3. Degree of food absorbency (presence or lack of undigested protein, carbohydrates and fat); 4. Presence of inedible inclusions; 5. Presence of cells (lymphocytes, erythrocytes, intestinal epithelium, tumor fragments). If animal feces tests were non-informative, then all medications (except vitally important) were discontinued and Nux Vomica 6CH twice a day twenty minutes prior to food intake was prescribed for 6 days (4 globules dissolved in 10 ml of water). Results: 4500 coprology tests were performed during 3 years in cats and dogs. About 10% of the total number of examined animals (449 patients) produced very little information about the state of gastrointestinal systems at the first examination. When these cases were analyzed, the following reasons were found: long-term use of strong drugs, significant weakening of body immune system. As a result diagnostic tests were of very little value. These animals were treated by Nux Vomica 6CH for 6 days and then repeated feces test was performed. This produced a more informative picture of the state of gastrointestinal system and enabled to determine etiology and pathogenesis of the animal condition and prescribe necessary treatment. Conclusion. In such a way, Nux Vomica 6CH homeopathic remedy promoted effective optimization of coprology studies in animals. The suggested scheme of use for Nux Vomica 6CH significantly improves feces test quality. This in turn reduces time needed to choose strategy and tactics of treatment of small domestic animals with different chronic diseases.

ОЦЕНКА ТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРЕПАРАТА ИНСАКАР ТОТАЛ К ПРИ ОТОДЕКТОЗЕ КОШЕК

Otodectosis of various animal species is quite widespread in different climatic and geographical zones. Currently, there is a tendency towards otodectosis increase among small domestic animals. It is caused by various factors – a rise in the number of animals, lack of preventive treatments. The disease is highly contagious. In addition, there is a risk of developing serious complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, which can lead to animal death. In this regard, the problem of otodectosis therapy is an urgent issue. Presently, the market for antiparasitric medications is diverse. However, it should be noted that not all of them have a pronounced therapeutic effect and are safe for the animals. We tested the new medication Insakar Total K, developed by the employees of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine of RAS (Moscow). The studies were carried out on cats of “Lapa pomoshchi” shelter for homeless animals at Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University. The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Insakar Total K and its effect on parameters of cats’ homeostasis. It was established that Insakar Total K has a pronounced therapeutic effect in otodectosis of cats. The application of this medication in according with the instructions ensures complete recovery of animals. The extensibility of Insakar Total K in otodectosis off cats was 100%. It was shown that the tested medication has no local toxic effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The effect of Insakar Total K on hematological and biochemical blood parameters of cats was evaluated. It was found that hematological and biochemical parameters of blood of animals remain within the physiological norm in case of application off this medication.

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ОЖИРЕНИЯ НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СИСТЕМЫ У СОБАК

Dogs’ obesity in is a common pathology and is associated with genetic factors, feeding, housing conditions, physical inactivity. Many pathogenesis aspects of obesity development of small domestic animals are poorly studied, in particular, the development of dysfunction of the cardiovascular system is an insufficiently explored issue. The aim of this study was to study clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and biochemical parameters of blood serum of obese dogs. The objects of the study were Dachshund dogs with obesity (n = 12) and clinically healthy animals (n = 16). All animals went through a complex clinical examination, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and laboratory studies. Parametric and nonparametric methods of statistical analysis were used in the study. It was found that dogs’ obesity is characterized by a significant increase of the respiratory rate at rest and during sleep, pulse rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. It was shown that in case of dogs’ obesity, there is a slight increase of the end-diastolic size and thickness of the free wall of the left ventricle, a shortening of the PQ interval, and voltage decrease of P, R, T deflections on electrocardiograms. There were no violations of contractility and systolic function of the left ventricular myocardium of obese dogs. It was found that the activity of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartic aminotransferases, the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin significantly increased in blood serum of obese dogs. Dogs’ obesity does not form dogs’ syndrome of cytolysis of cardiomyocytes, as evidenced by unchanged serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase and cardiac troponin concentration.

Yeast fungi of the genus Malassezia in dermatological diseases in animals

The relevance of a comprehensive study of yeast fungi of the genus Malassezia and the development of modern methods for the diagnosis of diseases caused by small domestic animals. Infectious diseases of small domestic animals caused by yeasts have become a high priority in recent years among the problems of veterinary mycology. However, issues of diagnosis, therapy and prevention of yeast infections in small pets remain poorly understood. Difficulties in diagnosing Malassezia infections lead to the fact that in most cases these diseases remain undiagnosed, sick animals do not receive adequate therapy. Therefore, there is a clear need to develop affordable and practical diagnostic algorithms. Depending on the severity and location of the lesion, systemic or local antifungal drugs are used in combination with symptomatic treatment: antihistamines, antipruritic drugs. If necessary, antibiotic therapy is used and in case of using systemic antifungal drugs, hepatoprotectors are prescribed. Malassezia-associated dermatitis in animals is usually a secondary problem due to an underlying skin disease, such as allergic dermatitis (including atopic canine dermatitis and flea dermatitis), recurrent bacterial pyoderma, and endocrine diseases (especially hypothyroidism). The diagnosis of Malassezia-associated dermatitis should be based on a combination of clinical manifestations and microbiological analysis. Treatment is usually selected depending on such factors as: form (localized or generalized), general state of health of the animal, the main primary disease. A review of literature sources on this issue. The characteristics of different species of the genus Malassezia, which are present on the skin of domestic animals and have an etiological significance in the occurrence of diseases of small domestic animals. The localization of yeast fungi on the body of sick animals is described. In Ukraine, these diseases have not been purposefully studied, and the awareness of veterinarians and humane physicians about them remains unsatisfactory. Key words: yeast, fungi of the genus Malassezia, dermatitis, otitis, infection.

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗНАКИ, ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕГЕНЕРАЦИИ АТРИОВЕНТРИКУЛЯРНЫХ КЛАПАНОВ У СОБАК

The study of cardiovascular diseases in small domestic animals is an urgent problem of modern veterinary medi-cine. The research goal is to develop a science-based ap-proach to the clinical picture and risk factors of the emer-genceand development of atrioventricular valve degenera-tion in dogs. The study was conducted in the Department of Biology and Pathology of Small Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals of the Moscow State Academy of Vet-erinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin. The research targets were 162 dogs with myx-omatous degeneration of atriovetricular valves. Myxoma-tous degeneration of the valvular heart apparatus was more often found in dogs of the age of 7 to 10 years -61.7%. The cases were most often diagnosed in dogs of the breeds Chihuahua -29.63%, and Yorkshire Terrier-21%. Of the total number of animals, the disease was more common in males -69.14%. Clinical signs of myxomatous degeneration of the valvular heart apparatus in dogs were diverse. The objective diagnostic clinical signs of myxoma-tous degeneration of the mitral valve of the heart in dogs were the following: cough (53%), sudden lethargy (48%), dyspnea (26%); less frequently -weight loss (12%), loss of consciousness (2.21%) and ascites (0.74%). The main clinical signs of tricuspid valve damage were the following ones: cough (57.14%) and ascites (42.86%). Dyspnea and loss of consciousness were less common (14.29%). With a combined damage of the mitral and tricuspid valves, the clinical picture was more pronounced. The most common symptoms were cough (84.21%), dyspnea (73.68%), and sudden lethargy (63.16%). The clinical substantiation for the development of myxomatous degeneration of the valvu-lar heart apparatus in dogs is the following factors: age, breed and sex of the animal. The clinical signs and differ-ential diagnostic criteria were characterized by polymor-phism and differed in cases of mitral and tricuspid valve lesions and their joint degeneration.

TOXICOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE VETERINARY DRUG "OTIVET"

The article presents the results of toxicological evaluation (in acute experiment) on laboratory animals (white mice, rats, rabbits) of a combined drug based on miconazole, polymyxin B and prednisolone. As well as the results of a clinical study of the drug on small domestic animals (dogs, cats).

Study of Opportunistic Pathogenic Microflora in Otodectosis of Small Domestic Animals

According to statistical data, 10-20 % of dogs and cats get an appointment with a veterinarian because of otitis externa - inflammation of the skin of the external auditory canal. The large role in the development of the inflammatory process in the auditory canal belongs to the epidermal staphylococcus, which often complicates the course of otitis caused by the parasitic ear mite Otodectes cynotis. The high sensitivity of epidermal staphylococcus to ampicillin, cefazolin and levomycetin allows us to recommend these antibiotics as a means of local treatment along with acaricides and antihistamines in the complex therapy of otodectosis of small domestic animals.

Lifetime diagnosis of carnivore plague

Main problem: Until now the problem of intravital direct diagnosis of canine plague (Kara's disease), aimed at detecting the viral antigen in the secretions and excretions of sick animals, remains urgent. In the case of the disease of carnivorous dogs, the issue of reliable intravital diagnosis is more urgent, since the plague of carnivores in dogs is treated. Lifetime diagnosis of this disease by methods applicable in veterinary clinics is preferable, since in the case of timely and correct diagnosis, therapeutic measures will be more effective. Purpose: To improve the system of antiepizootic measures against canine plague among dogs in terms of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods: Analysis of data from private veterinary clinics reporting on the incidence of small domestic animals was used. Various serological methods were used. Differential diagnosis from infectious hepatitis in dogs was carried out by means of CBR, DPR, from parvovirus enteritis - by HIR with cat erythrocytes. To check the specificity of reactions and determine the concentration of the test material, excluding false positive results, samples of pathological material obtained from dogs with various infectious diseases, as well as those obtained from healthy intact animals, were examined. Results and their significance: The use of a complex of various diagnostic methods ensures the diagnosis of plague of carnivores in any form of the disease and at any stage, even in the case of mixed infections, as well as differentiate it from parvovirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis and other carnivorous diseases similar to plague. Valuable in the RAM for the detection of the virus-specific antigen of the plague of carnivorous virus is that it can be used to diagnose the disease in vivo by examining fecal samples and swabs from the oral and nasal cavities.

Possibilities of using functional biologically active organosilicon compounds in veterinary practice

Abstract. Purpose. Evaluation of the possibility of using silicon, silicon-zinc, silicon-zinc organoboron compounds and compositions based on them for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases in agricultural and small domestic animals. Method. There was carried out a clinical trial of various medicinal compositions with a base in the form of organic compounds of silicon, zinc, boron, both containing antimicrobial components and environmentally friendly agents. For this purpose, groups of animals were formed on the principle of analogs. The multiplicity and administration of drugs depended on the studied pathology. Results. The obtained results showed a high efficiency of the studied compositions, in particular, in the treatment of postpartum diseases of the uterus of an inflammatory nature, the effectiveness of the application was 95.5 %, with conservative treatment of the retention of the placenta – 100 %. Also, these funds are highly effective for the treatment of hyperkeratosis of the udder nipples, without changing the technology of milking. On average, the effectiveness of the compositions reached 86.1 % when the funds were used for 7 days. The study of an antimicrobial composition based on organosilicon glycerohydrogel in the treatment of purulent-necrotic lesions in the distal part of the extremities in cows can reduce the frequency of procedures and the duration of treatment by 6 days compared to animals in the control group. Scientific novelty. New functional biologically active pharmacological agents based on silicon-, silicon-zinc-, silicon-zinc boron glycerohydrogels have been developed and clinically tested for the treatment of cows with postpartum uterine diseases, in particular, postpartum endometritis and retention of the placenta, hyperkeratosis of the udder nipples, purulent-necrotic diseases of the distal also necrotic skin lesions of small domestic animals.

Systematics Of Paramphistomatosis, Methods Of Diagnosis, Epizootology, Pathogenesis, Origin Of The Disease And New Methods Of Treatment

This article describes paramphistomatosis of large and small horned domestic animals, its systematics, and methods of helminthocaprological examination, paramphistomatosis found in the large and retinal abdomen of dead and forcibly slaughtered animals, stages of ovulation in mollusks, pathogenesis, pathological and anatomical changes and treatment reported.

THE SPECIFICS OF TEACHING LATIN ON VETERINARY FACULTIES OF AGRICULTURAL HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

This article is devoted to the features and benefits of teaching Latin on veterinary faculties of agricultural institutions of higher education. The position of the discipline in training programs for would-be specialists in «Veterinary», « Veterinary expertise», «Small domestic and exotic animals’ diseases» is determined. Both general didactical principles of new language presentation and specific features of medical and veterinary students training are considered as applied to agricultural institutions of higher education. The main peculiarity of professional training on veterinary faculties of agricultural higher institutions is prevailing of lexical aspects over grammar ones unlike teaching of Latin for lawyers, philologists and botanists. The order of grammar aspects such as verb, noun, and adjective is shown to be connected with the applied professional phenomena like recipes making, diagnosis discussing and anatomy studying. Particular attention is paid to the necessity of comparing of introduced lexical units with both Russian language and studied foreign language. The conclusion is made that this comparison enables the students to use Latin terms, names of organs, diseases and medicines accurately. Of great value is also the investigation of the principles of transliteration medicine names investigation. The author stresses the point that students of medical educational institutions as well as students of veterinary faculties of agricultural educational institutions should write the names of medicines in recipes automatically.

Complications of the otitis in small domestic animals and methods of treatment

Anotation. The article presents data on the clinical study of dogs with hanging ears of different breeds and age groups, which were adopted with a hematoma of the ear, with the diagnosis of an otogematoma, which emerged as a complication for untimely diagnosed otitis in dogs and for untimely treatment of patients. The most common causes were ailments of different etiology (60 %), mechanical traumas of the ear (35 %), autoimmune diseases, weakness of blood vessels (5 %). Surgical care was provided 2-3 days after the injury. Treatment was carried out with the help of a special compressor BUSTER. All animals were divided into 3 groups: 1 control and 2 experimental. In the control group, no surgical treatment was performed, only puncture of the otogematoma and removal of the contents with the help of a sterile syringe with the imposition of a pressure bandage - as a result of which healing did not take place, and after 20 days thickening of cartilage was observed. I experimental group: 10 dogs - surgical treatment of otogematoma was performed with the help of compressor «BUSTER» with execution of «S» of similar section and imposition of firmware «P» of such ligature. After 20 days, complete wound healing was observed without cartilage thickening. II experimental group: 10 dogs - surgical treatment of otogematoma with the help of the usual direct incision and the imposition of stitching seams from bandage rollers. After 30 days, wound healing and cartilage thickening were observed. Thus, the use of a special compress allows you to completely abandon the use of improvised materials and restore the structure of the ear for 15-20 days. Keywords : otogematoma, hematoma of the ear, otematoma in dogs, treatment with othematom, dogs with otogematoma, surgery of the dog ear hematoma

Cold case: Small animal gametes cryobanking

Germplasm preservation of animals, whether they are valuable domestic breeds or rare species, is the main goal of gamete cryobanking. Dogs and cats act as models for this purpose thanks to the wide availability of biological material which can be employed to experiment protocols that can then be applied to wild animals. This review is focused on spermatozoa, oocytes and gonadal tissues cryobanking in small domestic animals, which is still an unsolved case. Like in a courtroom, evidences of cryoinjuries affecting cellular structures will be presented, penalties as loss of functionality due to cellular alterations will be described, and appeal as strategies to protect gametes from damages or rescue their functionality will be discussed. Differences and similarities between single cell or tissue cryopreservation will be highlighted, together with the rationale for the choice of one type of preservation or another and the fundamental principles which they are based on. The deep analysis of different aspects that still hamper the success of cryopreservation in small animals can help clarify where research is most needed. Therefore, as in a cold case, investigation should remain open in order to hopefully find the solution and make these procedures more and more efficient in the future.

Микробиологические участники этиопатогенеза отитов у собак и кошек (обзор)

The problem of otitis in small pets is widespread and requires improvement of therapeutic approaches based on modern scientific data and research achievements. This article presents an overview of current sources of primary scientific information on the field of microbiology in inflammatory diseases of the ear in small domestic animals – dogs and cats. Information about microbiom (involved in the pathogenesis of otitis), ability of microorganisms to biofilm formation and resistance to antimicrobial drugs is presented. The associativity of the bacterial component, its colonization ability and these characteristics actualize the problem of improving antibacterial treatment, prevention tactics and scientific research in this matter.

Rationing of work of veterinary specialists serving small domestic, ornamental and wild animals

Veterinary specialists have been rationing the work in the Russian Federation for more than 60 years. During this period, a lot of material has been accumulated on the development of scientific, methodological and regulatory problems. Recommendations on the regulation of labor of specialists in the field of veterinary medicine have been developed and approved: the time standards for the implementation of anti-epizootic, treatment-and-prophylactic, veterinary-sanitary measures for servicing cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, birds; diagnostic tests carried out by veterinary laboratories, and veterinary and sanitary examination of animal and vegetable products as well. The market of veterinary services in the cities of our country requires the expansion of the list of veterinary services in the field of servicing small domestic, decorative, exotic and wild animals. The article presents: features of the regulation of labor of veterinary specialists; classification of veterinary work depending on their direction, labor capacity, significance for ensuring epizootic well-being; norms of time for performing about 300 types of veterinary work when servicing small pets, 35 wild animals, 32 decorative and exotic animals. The established norms of labor costs for the implementation of veterinary measures in small domestic, decorative, exotic and wild animals will be used for: analysis of personnel support for veterinary institutions; planning their staffing levels; studying the effectiveness of the use of labor resources; establishing reasonable prices for paid veterinary work; determination of reserves for increasing labor productivity of veterinary specialists.