Small Diesel Engine Research Articles

多成分アルコール混合燃料を用いた小型ディーゼル機関の性能改善について

多成分アルコール混合燃料を用いた小型ディーゼル機関の性能改善について

GS0703 小型ディーゼル機関の燃焼特性に及ぼす食用油添加の影響について

GS0703 小型ディーゼル機関の燃焼特性に及ぼす食用油添加の影響について

Validation of Heat Dissipation Processes in Direct Injection Diesel Engines Air Cooled

Small diesel engines with direct injection air cooled a big problem is heat dissipation. Based on bench made ​​with a 295 cc diesel engine with direct injection, air cooled, I set the heat flows through the cylinder head, piston and cylinder. These data are needed to study the possibility of operating at maximum power, knowing that mechanical stresses of thermal origin are the most dangerous. The data obtained in this work will be used in the analysis of temperature and stress fields.

GS0702 多成分アルコール混合燃料を用いた小型ディーゼル機関の性能改善について

In late years, the fuel consumption of diesel engine remarkably improves, and it is superior in the environmental performance. The biofuel attracts attention as an alternative fuel of the petroleum fuel. In this study, experiment has been carried out to examine the combustion characteristic for small diesel engine by using multicomponent alcohol fuels. The main results are as follows; 1) Net thermal efficiency decreases by using DGM addition fuel for small diesel engine. 2) NOx emissions by using propanol and DGM addition fuels decrease than that of light oil at any engine load. 3) HC emissions by using propanol and DGM addition fuels are almost constant or decrease than the light oil.

A study on modification of intake port of small di diesel engine for improvement of charging efficiency

This paper presents a study on modifying the intake port (inside cylinder head) of small diesel engine to increase charging efficiency. The charging efficiency is an important parameter to influence to engine combustion and emission. This parameter is a function of many major parameter of engines, such as: engine intake port structure. In this work, the working fluid inside the intake manifold and intake port is modelled and simulated by CAD/CFD softwares, using the input experimental parameters. The countermeasures are proposed to study and the simulation results show that the improvement of charging efficiency could be obtained under the new-models. The turbulent kinetic energy is also increased and promotes to increase charging efficiency

Measuring and Controlling the Exhaust Emission from DI Diesel Engine Using Biofuel as an Environment Fuel

Today, world’s energy needs are met all the way through fossil fuels and natural gas. As an outcome, the amount of fossil fuel is diminishing from year to year. This article shows the prospect of coconut oil as a renewable and alternative fuel for diesel. The diesel engine has versatile uses in small power generation and automobile sectors. This article is mainly focused on the performance and emission strategy while using biofuel as a substitute in diesel engine. An experimental arrangement is used to study the performance of a small diesel engine using different blends of biodiesel converted from coconut oil. With biodiesel, the engine is proficient running without difficulty. Different blends of biodiesel (i.e. B75, B50, and B25) have been used to avoid problematical modification of the engine or the fuel supply system. In conclusion, a comparison of engine performance for different blends of biodiesel has been accepted to determine the best possible blend for different operating conditions. As per the case study, coconut oil–diesel fuel blend resulted in lower smoke and NOx emissions. Besides, this research mainly focuses that the concentrations of biofuel increase the emissions of carbonyl compounds and that of acetaldehyde when compared with results from sole fuel (diesel) with same engine. Possible impacts of changing diesel to B75 diesel indicate an increase of ozone formation. In terms of environment health, a lower impact was projected considering only the changes in biofuel concentrations.

Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: mutagenicity-emission factors

Context: Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel fuel used in the USA, but only a few, frequently conflicting studies have examined the potential health effects of its emissions.Objective: We combusted petroleum diesel (B0) and fuels with increasing percentages of soy methyl esters (B20, B50 and B100) and determined the mutagenicity-emission factors expressed as revertants/megajoule of thermal energy consumed (rev/MJth).Materials and Methods: We combusted each fuel in replicate in a small (4.3-kW) diesel engine without emission controls at a constant load, extracted organics from the particles with dichloromethane, determined the percentage of extractable organic material (EOM), and evaluated these extracts for mutagenicity in 16 strains/S9 combinations of Salmonella.Results: Mutagenic potencies of the EOM did not differ significantly between replicate experiments for B0 and B100 but did for B20 and B50. B0 had the highest rev/MJth, and those of B20 and B100 were 50% and ∼85% lower, respectively, in strains that detect mutagenicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, aromatic amines or oxidative mutagens. For all strains, the rev/MJth decreased with increasing biodiesel in the fuel. The emission factor for the 16 EPA Priority PAHs correlated strongly (r2 = 0.69) with the mutagenicity-emission factor in strain TA100 + S9, which detects PAHs.Conclusions: Under a constant load, soy-biodiesel emissions were 50–85% less mutagenic than those of petroleum diesel. Without additional emission controls, petroleum and biodiesel fuels had mutagenicity-emission factors between those of large utility-scale combustors (e.g. natural gas, coal, or oil) and inefficient open-burning (e.g. residential wood fireplaces).

Micro-structural and components evolution mechanism of particular matter from diesel engines with non-thermal plasma technology

The present study is about the influence of non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology on soot emissions and physico-chemical properties (morphology, particle size, chemical composition and ignition temperature) of diesel PM. Experiments have been carried out using a small direct injection diesel engine with NTP technology based on a bench test. The physico-chemical properties of PM samples were detected by GC–MS, SEM, EDX, and TGA. PM samples after NTP treatment consisted of mainly hydrocarbons with less than 18 carbon atoms and few hydrocarbons with higher than 20 carbon atoms. Analysis by SEM and EDX showed that the agglomeration degree and the mean spherule diameters were markedly reduced by NTP oxidation. TGA showed that the ending combustion temperatures of PM samples in oxygen environment were 670.03 °C and 550.54 °C before and after NTP treatment, respectively. The mean temperature difference was nearly 120 °C, which indicated that NTP technology could effectively reduce the burning combustion temperature of diesel PM emissions.

Changes in performance and wear of small diesel engine during durability test

Changes in engine performance and efficiency, the tightness of ring-pack and wear of piston group parts during long-lasting bench durability test were investigated. The tests were conducted on 2 modern automotive diesel engines. The parameters analysed improved in the initial period of engine operation and then they started to deteriorate gradually; however, the rates of change were different for different parameters. The rate of change was the highest in the case of lubricating oil consumption (100% increase during the test). The blowby increased in that period of time by 25-60%, depending on the condition of engine operation. The changes in power and specific fuel consumption were much smaller – only a few percent. Moreover, using the previously developed method utilizing the simulations made with the use of the ring-pack model, the durability of the piston group was predicted. The predicted durability was equal to 300,000 km.

Toward the zero-emission coal-to-liquids plant

A novel near-zero-emission process for obtaining clean middle-distillate fuels, primarily from coal and with some algal input, has been developed. This process involves the solvent extraction of coal, followed by two stages of hydrotreating and hydrogenation, and finally distillation, to produce fuels of very low sulfur and low aromatics content. Prototype fuels have been shown to provide performance comparable to petroleum-derived jet and diesel fuels in gas turbine and small diesel engines, as well as in the solid oxide fuel cell. Approaches for reducing plant emissions nearly to zero would begin with obtaining the hydrogen needed for hydrotreating the primary coal liquid extract by water electrolysis with non-carbon electricity. The process heat necessary for the extraction, hydrotreating and distillation steps could be obtained from concentrated solar power or non-carbon electricity. Hydrotreating of the primary coal extract will produce hydrogen sulfide. Use of solar splitting of hydrogen sulfide would prevent any emissions of this pollutant, and at the same time provide the opportunity to recycle hydrogen back into the process and obtain an additional revenue stream from the sale of by-product sulfur. Some carbon dioxide production is likely, and would be inevitable if natural-gas-fired process heaters were used. Carbon dioxide capture in algal photobioreactors is proposed; oils recovered from the algae could be blended with the coal-derived liquids, and spent algae could be gasified to produce additional hydrogen for hydrotreating and hydrogenation.

A Diesel Generator Model with Fluctuating Engine Torque Including Magnetic Saturation for Transient Analysis using XTAP

Diesel engine generators are widely used in the world, especially in remote site power systems as distributed generators. A weak distribution feeder with a small diesel engine may suffer from voltage and power fluctuations due to misfiring of the engine cylinder. In this study, new generator model with example engine torque was developed for the electromagnetic transient analysis program for power systems named XTAP. The configuration and verification results of the developed model are presented in the paper. The model is considered to be useful for analyses of small power systems with those diesel engines.

ENGINEERING STUDY ON THE EGYPTIAN RURAL CAR MANUFACTURED LOCALLY

Studied Egyptian rural cars are the agricultural machines which fitted locally with small diesel engines (11 Hp) of irrigation pump and prevalent in the Egyptian countryside, especially delta province. Besides their on-farm application in Egypt, they are also engaged in transportation of agricultural products and human beings on rural roads, variety loads, different forward speeds and multiple models. In spite of their adverse effects due to by luck construction on operators and bystanders, limited information is available concerning the center gravity, rolling resistance and slippage investigation of these local modified machines. This study focused on three types of spreading model in the Egyptian countryside rural car, (pulling of trailer and irrigation crops [PI], Self-propelled trailer and irrigation crops [SI] and Transport and irrigation of crops [TI], three levels of rural car load (0, 550, and 850 kg) and four levels of rural car forward speed (8.5, 9.6, 10.8 and 11.5 km/h). So the objectives of this research were to study the center gravity trends, slippage as well as rolling resistance characteristics and tractive coefficient of Egyptian rural car on above studied different factors in transportation conditions. During measurement and recording the center gravity, slippage and rolling resistance of the rural car, the engine horse power, type of road and also tire sizes as well tires pressure air were fixed to cover the most normal range of the rural car operation in transportation conditions for the field land. The test sites were prepared according to standard measurement test procedures. The results show that the maximum of the traction efficiency 74 % was achieved at forward speed 8.5 km/h, self-trailer and irrigation crops (SI) and rural car load 850 kg. The overall slippage in this case is about 6.5 % lower than the two types of models. In the event that (μ > 2h/L) (Contiguity coefficient between the tire and the road, μ > coefficient of friction, tan β, (h/b) mean that the likelihood of rollover is greater than sliding and vice versa

454 小型ディーゼル機関のHC及びCO排出濃度に及ぼすアルコール-植物油添加の影響

454 小型ディーゼル機関のHC及びCO排出濃度に及ぼすアルコール-植物油添加の影響

Low Cost Modification Kit for Retrofitting on Small Diesel Engines to Run on Straight Vegetable Oils

Many varieties of vegetable oils do have characteristics similar to that of diesel derived from petroleum crude and can be used directly as fuel in diesel engines. But varieties of problems are encountered on prolonged use of vegetable oils in the existing design of engines. The problems encountered in the existing design of the engine while working with vegetable oil are mainly greater load on the fuel pump and injector due to higher viscosity; filter clogging and difficult filtration; difficult cold starting due to residual oil in the combustion chamber; and vegetable oil's reaction with fuel line material. To address these problems and for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils, different strategies suggested are: Pyrolysis; Dilution; Microemulsion; and, Transesterification. Out of these, transesterification is mostly adopted as it gives the matching properties with that of diesel and hence can be used without many modifications in the existing engine (1). But, the chemistry of transesterification requires careful and precise working which is normally not possible at local level at user end and hence commercial and logistic loading of prices leaves the same unfeasible. With the major research effort dedicated to the area of biodiesel, a small number of researchers are advocating the extension of Rudolph Diesel's concept of neat vegetable oil as CI engine fuel. Schrimpff (2) compared straight vegetable oil (SVO) with Bio-diesel (BD) on the issues of production,

A Study on a mechanical continuously variable injection timing system for improvement of agricultural small diesel DI engine

This paper presents the development of a MCVIT (mechanical continuous variable injection timing) system for evaluating effects of injection timing – one of the efficiently experimental methods for improving diesel engine performance and emission characteristics to match modern emission regulations and bio-fuels. A MCVIT system has been designed and built with the ability to adjust freely and directly the injection timing for a wide range from 0 to 40°CA BTDC (before top dead center) while keeping the same injection pressure rate. Some experiments have been done to verify its significant specifications such as friction torque – speed curve, accuracy and stability. The results show that the maximum friction torque of this system is around 2.6N.m over range of engine speed and its maximum deviation is ±1.0°CA over a large range of testing injection timing. Preliminary study on VIKYNO RV215-2 agricultural small diesel DI engine has also proved that the engine performance and emission characteristics are directly influenced by injection timing. Thus the developed MCVIT system is an efficient and low cost tool for R&D activities in small diesel engines.

A STUDY OF EMISSION REDUCTION BY USING ALCOHOL BLEND FUEL FOR SMALL DIESEL ENGINE

In practical diesel engines it is to achieve a low emission and low fuel consumption under from low to high load operation conditions. Several techniques were developed for the low emission and high efficiency, such as Homogeneous Charge Compression-Ignition Engines and the blend fuels. Nevertheless, there are only few data available for reducing the emissions and fuel consumption of small diesel engines by using blend fuels. This experiment has been carried out to examine the influence of alcohol blend fuels on combustion characteristics for small diesel engine. The fuels used in this study are light oil (Standard), ethanol, propanol and butanol. The combustion behaviours, such as the emissions in exhaust gas (NOX, CO, CO2, O2 concentration), fuel consumption rate are observed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) it is possible to control the combustion behaviour by using alcohol blend fuels for small diesel engine, 2) the fuel consumption of at any alcohol blend fuels is bigger than that of light oil, 3) the net thermal efficiency of some alcohol blend fuels (E5P5, P5B5, E5B5) slightly increases than that of light oil, 4) the NOx emissions for all the alcohol blend fuels are smaller than that of light oil, 5) the CO emissions are remarkably bigger than that of light oil under from low to middle engine load without the ethanol 10% addition.

소형디젤기관의 연료분사조건에 따른 연소 및 미세입자 배출 특성에 관한 연구

Emission standards for passenger diesel engines are becoming more and more stringent. Especially, Europe started the regulation of nano-particles from 2011 with EURO 5b. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fuel injection strategy on combustion and nano-particle emission in a small diesel engine. In this study, we conducted combustion analysis and measured both the weight of PM and number of nano-particels. At first, the optimum injection timing was determined with fixed engine operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, and fuel injection quantity. After that, the injection timing was controlled, and the effect of pilot injection was investigated. The number of nano-particles increased as engine load decreases, and it increased up to 10 times depending on the change of injection timing. The weight of PM emissions was increased at low load, and the PM emissions increased with increasing the number of pilot injections.

소형 선박용 디젤엔진의 수냉식 인터쿨러 해석 연구

This study was carried out to improve the design of an intercooler for a small marine diesel engine. Diesel engines for small marine ships have mainly been developed by changing the structure of the vehicle engine. Sea water was most commonly used in the intercooler of small marine diesel engines to cool the hot air compressed by the turbocharger. In this study, the intercooler is modeled and simulated using STAR-CCM+ in order to find optimal data for the design of an intercooler. In the results, the temperature differences between the data from a numerical analysis and experimental data were 0.38℃ in the hot air outlet and 3.63℃ in the cooling water outlet. Therefore, it was confirmed that both analysis and experimental results need to be considered when designing an intercooler. A closer degree of similarity in the two datasets can improve the confidence in the design of these intercoolers.

Experimental Investigation of Emissions Characteristics of Small Diesel Engine Fuelled by Blended Crude Palm Oil

Biodiesel is an alternative, decomposable and biological-processed fuel that has similar characteristics with mineral diesel which can be used directly into diesel engines. Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of the vegetable oil that has potential for use as a fuel in diesel engine. However, Biodiesel is also an oxygenated fuel and more density, viscosity meaning it contains influences the emissions production during burning process. Despite years of improvement attempts, the key issue in using crude palm oil fuels is oxidation stability, high viscosity and much oxygen comparing to diesel fuel. Thus, the improvement of performance and emission exhausted from biodiesel fuels is urgently required to meet the future performance and emission regulations. Purpose of this study is to explore how significant the effect of biodiesel blends on the exhaust emission with different speed. The engine speed was varied from 1500-2500 rpm and CPO blending ratio from 5-15 vol% (B5-B15).The emission parameter have been tested in term of opacity, hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX), carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and oxygen (O2). Increased blends of biodiesel ratio is found to enhance the combustion process, resulting in decreased the HC emissions and also other exhaust emission element. The improvement of combustion process is expected to be strongly influenced by oxygenated fuel in biodiesel content.

Diagnostic methodology for internal combustion diesel engines via noise radiation

This paper presents an experimental methodology to obtain information about the in-cylinder pressure development during the combustion process of a small displacement diesel engine by using the acoustic emission.The research activity arises from two considerations. On one end, an efficient control of the combustion process has demonstrated to be crucial to ensure complying with increasingly emerging diesel emission standards and to reduce fuel consumption. On the other end, even if nowadays the employment of in-cylinder pressure sensors in combustion control techniques appears to be a very promising technology, solutions based on non-intrusive methodologies offer the indubitable advantages of guaranteeing the absence of any interaction with the engine operation. Furthermore, these solutions allow the sensor to be installed in any kind of production engine without the need of modification.In the present paper, the engine noise emissions have been analyzed with the aim to extract the combustion related contribution. Particular attention has been devoted to the definition of indicators able to characterize both the noise and the in-cylinder pressure development. The relationship between these indices in the entire engine operative field allowed to evaluate the combustion properties by using only the sound radiation signal as input.