Small DC Motor Research Articles

A Low-Cost Handheld Centrifugal Microfluidic System for Multiplexed Visual Detection Based on Isothermal Amplification.

A low-cost, handheld centrifugal microfluidic system for multiplexed visual detection based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was developed. A concise centrifugal microfluidic chip featuring four reaction units was developed to run multiplexed RPA amplification in parallel. Additionally, a significantly shrunk-size and cost-effective handheld companion device was developed, incorporating heating, optical, rotation, and sensing modules, to perform multiplexed amplification and visual detection. After one-time sample loading, the metered sample was equally distributed into four separate reactors with high-speed centrifugation. Non-contact heating was adopted for isothermal amplification. A tiny DC motor on top of the chip was used to drive steel beads inside reactors for active mixing. Another small DC motor, which was controlled by an elaborate locking strategy based on magnetic sensing, was adopted for centrifugation and positioning. Visual fluorescence detection was optimized from different sides, including material, surface properties, excitation light, and optical filters. With fluorescence intensity-based visual detection, the detection results could be directly observed through the eyes or with a smartphone. As a proof of concept, the handheld device could detect multiple targets, e.g., different genes of African swine fever virus (ASFV) with the comparable LOD (limit of detection) of 75 copies/test compared to the tube-based RPA.

Static Magnetic Properties and Morphological Behaviour of Mn and Zn Substituted Ca-hexaferrite by Ceramic Technic

Synthesis of M-type hexagonal ferrite compounds, Ca(CoTi)0.5(MnZn)x/2Fe11-xO19 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2) prepared by ceramic technic. Mn and Zn ions substituted to find the magnetic characterizationat magnetic field of 10 kOe. XRD and SEM study have been done for getting the hexagonal structure of these samples. Due to the substitution of Mn and Zn ions saturation magnetization increases and magnetocrystalline anisotropy decreases. Due to the sub-latice site distribution the variations in magnetic parameters have been observed. Because of Mn and Zn ions substitution Curie temperature decreases by weakening of superexchange interaction. These materials can be used for various applications such aspermanent magnetic material, magnetic recording media, ferrofluids, sensors, microwave absorbing materials, ceramic magnets in loud speakers and rotors in small DC motors by studying various magnetic parameters from VSM characterization.

Validation of Electrical Noise of a DC Motor through Controlled Varistor Cracking: An Experimental Study

The varistor is an electronic component that protects the DC motor’s circuitry from electrical noise or transients that can cause damage. It works as a voltage-dependent resistor that can change its resistance according to the applied voltage. Once the voltage surpasses a specific threshold, the varistor conducts and directs the excess voltage away from the motor’s circuitry. In small DC motor manufacturing, ring varistors are vital for reducing electrical noise, minimizing spark-induced damage to the commutator and brush, and extending the motor’s lifespan. Additionally, they prevent damage to electronic parts in the customer’s mechanism set. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of varistor cracks or chips that may occur during the soldering process of varistors to the commutator. To confirm the occurrence of cracks or chips, intentional damage will be inflicted on the varistors. The study aims to determine how the presence of cracked or chipped varistors affects the electrical noise produced by a DC motor during its operation. The resulting spark was observed through an oscilloscope, and it was found that the effect could be substantial, up to 5 to 10 times the rated voltage supplied to the motor. In the next phase of this study, further tests will be conducted on motors without varistors to provide a comparison.

Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Material Based Cooling of Small Brushless DC Motor Windings

Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Material Based Cooling of Small Brushless DC Motor Windings

A Review of System for Recommending Jobs Using Machine Learning

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are frequently used in dynamic applications. A Brushless DC Motor is similar to a Brushed DC Motor, except that as the names indicate, they are electronically commutated rather than using brushes for commutation. Brushes are utilized in conventional brushed direct current motors to transmit power to the rotor while they rotate in a fixed magnetic field. Small Brushless DC Motors have flourished as a result of current power electronics and microprocessor technology, both in terms of price and performance. This paper will discuss the history of BLDC motors, their different types, construction, operating principles, and several control mechanisms for driving BLDC motors in various industrial applications. Keywords: BLDC Motor, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Hall Effect Sensors, Sensorless control, Rotor, Stator, Back Emf, Trapezoidal Control, Sinusoidal Control, Field Oriented Control

Design and Simulation Analysis of Stator Slots for Small Power Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors

With the development of power electronics technology, permanent magnet brushless DC motors have developed rapidly and are now widely used in electric vehicles, flywheel energy storage, rail transit, and other applications. The stator slot structure is one of the main factors affecting the performance of the motor. A low-power permanent magnet brushless DC motor was selected as the research object, and the finite element analysis method was used to study the effects of different slot and pole combinations and stator slot types on the cogging torque, reluctance torque, and back electromotive force of the permanent magnet brushless DC motor. The influence of the stator slot structure of the motor on the performance of the motor was analyzed, and the optimal slot-pole combination and stator slot type were determined. The results showed that the cogging torque of the 2-stage 24-slot motor was 14 mN·m, and the reluctance torque was 75 mN·m. The cogging torque and reluctance torque were the smallest, and the back electromotive force waveform was similar to a trapezoidal wave. The motor cogging torque of the pear-shaped round slot was the smallest, with a value of 460 mN·m, and the motor reluctance torque of the pear-shaped trapezoidal slot was the smallest, with a value of 1.2 N·m. The back electromotive force waveforms of the motors with four different stator slot types were similar.

The Light We Cannot See

From cameras and lasers to fibre optic cables and telescopes, our understanding of the way light behaves and its properties has enabled its use in a vast array of practical applications. Dave Walsha, sales manager at small DC motor supplier EMS, explains the key role micromotors play in driving a diverse range of optical applications.

Research on a New Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Controller Based on a Small BLDC

A new adaptive saturation Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ADSA-ISMC) is presented to solve the speed fluctuation problem caused by a small brushless DC motor (S-BLDC) under variable load. First, according to the characteristics of S-BLDC and Kalman filter, a Kalman-based S-BLDC load disturbance observer is established, and an adaptive integrated sliding mode controller (AD-ISMC) is constructed based on the motor load obtained by the observer. Then, we introduce the saturation function into the input error link of the traditional integral sliding mode function, to propose a new ADSA-ISMC to improve the windup phenomenon produced by the integral sliding mode controller and prove the stability and convergence of the controller by the Lyapunov method. Finally, the experimental results show that the Kalman load disturbance observer can observe the motor load disturbance well. In addition, when a load of S-BLDC changes, many speed control performance indexes of ADSA-ISMC are significantly better than SMC and AD-ISMC. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the ADSA-ISMC proposed in this paper shows excellent control performance in S-BLDC speed control.

Evaluation of Vibrotactile Output From a Rotating Motor Actuator.

Specialized vibrotactile actuators are widely used to output haptic sensations due to their portability and robustness; some models are expensive and capable, while others are economical but weaker and less expressive. To increase the accessibility of high-quality haptics, we designed a cost-effective actuation approach called the rotating motor actuator (RMA): it uses a small DC motor to generate vibrotactile cues on a rigid stylus. We conducted a psychophysical experiment where eighteen volunteers matched the RMA's vibration amplitudes with those from a high-quality reference actuator (Haptuator Mark II) at twelve frequencies from 50 Hz to 450 Hz. The average error in matching acceleration magnitudes was 10.2%. More current was required for the RMA than the reference actuator; a stronger DC motor would require less current. Participants also watched a video of a real tool-mediated interaction with playback of recorded vibrotactile cues from each actuator. 94.4% of the participants agreed that the RMA delivered realistic vibrations and audio cues during this replay. 83.3% reported that the RMA vibrations were pleasant, compared to 66.7% for the reference. A possible cause for this significant difference may be that the reference actuator (which has a mechanical resonance) distorts low-frequency vibrations more than the RMA does.

DC Motor Speed Stabilizer System uses PID algorithm

Automation or automatic control has been a growing trend in industrial fields as well as in life because of the advantages and utilities that help optimize work and reduce manpower in production. In medium and large scale automatic control systems, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used as the control device for the system. In production, the transmission system using motors takes a large proportion and the problem of controlling for them to operate correctly, meeting technological requirements is one of the difficulties that need to be solved. In this study, we have applied PLC to stabilize motor speed according to preset value using PID algorithm integrated in Siemens S7–1200 PLC in order to apply research results in practice. At the limit of the article, we will present the issues of PID function block configuration, programming algorithm flowchart for PLCs, and monitoring console design for a small DC motor drive system model to verify.

Trends in the Evolution of Small DC Motors to Reduce Environmental Load

Trends in the Evolution of Small DC Motors to Reduce Environmental Load

Sound quality of small dc motors

Many industrial and consumer applications require their components be activated to achieve the desired functionality. In most of the cases, the activation is produced by gear-motors, which adapt speed and torque to the specifications set forth in the design process stage. On the whole, gear-motors consist of a motor as the main energy source provider and a kinematic chain to transmit and transform the energy into a mechanical force - a torque - usually in the form of a thrust. The motor is also one of the most important noise sources in gear-motors; consequently, its choice largely determines its acoustic behaviour. In this paper, a study of the sound features of small electric motors is carried out with the aim of determining a metric that help select the most suitable motor for small electromechanical devices. A semantic differential method has been adopted to evaluate the users’ perception of attributes such as annoyance, power, robustness, condition, acoustic behaviour, quality, and price.

基于STC单片机的小型直流电机变频调速控制器系统设计

基于STC单片机的小型直流电机变频调速控制器系统设计

Design and Construction of PIC-Based DC Motor Speed Controller for Small Robots

Because of their good speed control and high torque, DC motors are widely used in many industrial and robotic applications. Robotic application of DC motors often required, in addition to driving loads at constant speed or torque, the ability to vary the speed of the motor. An efficient and economically feasible intelligent DC motor speed controller is designed and constructed based on the rules of closed loop feedback control system. There are two main parts in the hardware development: PIC16F873A microcontroller and its support circuitries and external interface circuitries between motors and microcontrollers. Data processing and control program (firmware program) was run on PIC microcontroller and its on-chip A/D converter, PWM module and external circuitry was used to send and receive the data signal from the motor for control application. The firmware program was written in assembly language and converted to machine language (Hex code) by using Microchip MPASM macro assembler. These machine codes are downloaded into the PIC microcontroller by using EPIC microcontroller programmer. Through prototyping and implementing on a PIC microcontroller, the system was then be tested and used to control the speed of a small DC motor until the required criteria were achieved.

KARAKTERISASI BESARAN MAGNET PERMANEN DARI HASIL CAMPURAN NdFeB DAN SERBUK EPOXY RESIN

The bonded permanent magnet Nd 2 Fe 14 B has been made using raw materials Nd-Fe-B powder mixed withadhesive epoxy resin . Permanent magnets can be applied as a component of small DC motors and car parts.NdFeB composition variation on epoxy resins are made with the ratio of 93 : 7, 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60: 40, 50 : 50, (% weight). Raw material NdFeB was made from the mixture of Nd, Fe and B with atomic ratio 2 :14 : 1 by using mechanical alloying technique. The blend of NdFeB and epoxy resin has been done in the vacuumbox . Sample test was prepared by compression with hydraulic press pressure 100kg/cm 2 within 2 minutes. Heattreatment in the oven with a temperature of 180 O C for 4 hours. The sample test was made in cylindrical shape witha diameter of 2-3 cm and thickness of 0.4 to 0.9 cm. The measurement of density vs. Histerisis has been recorded.The results show that the bonded NdFeB permanent magnets achieve optimum conditions in comparison NdFeB97% and 3% epoxy with the density = 4.49 g/cm3 and remanansi (Br) = 5.32 kG, HcJ = 7.936 kOe and (BH) max= 5.75 MGOe.

Magnetization Analysis for Outer Rotor Brushless DC Motors Using Polar Anisotropic Ferrite Ring Magnets

Ferrite-bonded magnets have been extensively used in small brushless DC (BLDC) motors for low torque applications such as fans and pumps. In particular, some motors of them with ferrite-bonded magnets, frequently called as plastic magnets, do not have a rotor core in order to reduce manufacturing costs and inertia of the rotating part. Accordingly, the magnetization distribution of the bonded magnets has a polar anisotropic direction to secure more magnetic flux. As a result, the magnetization orientation of the magnets is highly significant to accurately predict the performances of the BLDC motors. This paper deals with the magnetization analysis of the polar anisotropic ferrite ring magnet applied to an outer rotor type BLDC motor. The motor is employed for an electric water pump, and its rotor including the impeller consists of only the ferrite-bonded magnet material and made by injection molding. Consequently, a magnetizing fixture and an impulse magnetizer are not used for the magnetization of the outer rotor type motor. Instead, samarium–cobalt (SmCo) magnets having a relatively high curie temperature are applied for generating magnetic field. Finally, this paper presents a process to determine the anisotropic orientations of a ferrite ring magnet by finite element method. In addition, the validity of the analysis method is verified by test results.

Power-Efficient ELF Wireless Communications Using Electro-Mechanical Transmitters

Ultra-miniaturized and highly power-efficient ELF (0.3-3 kHz) transmitters are desirable for underground and undersea wireless communications. This paper proposes the use of rotating permanently polarized dipoles (magnets or electrets) for such applications. A power-efficient data modulation scheme based on continuous-frequency FSK (CF-FSK) is also proposed for such electro-mechanical transmitters. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that 7-ary CF-FSK is optimal in the sense that it minimizes average mechanical torque on the mechatronic antenna for a given bit rate. Preliminary experimental results from a prototype ELF magnetic-field based transmitter based on a high-strength rare-earth (NdFeB) magnet and small brushless DC (BLDC) motor are presented. The results highlight local environment challenges such as power line interference that affect the choice of data encoding and modulation schemes. Reliable non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication through concrete barriers at 100 Hz and ~0.25 bit/sec is demonstrated at distances up to ~5 m. The proposed mechatronic antenna and modulation scheme can be scaled up in both frequency and transmit power for more challenging applications in surface-to-undersea, surface-to-cave, and other conductive environments that require ELF channels.

Studying and Measuring System for Motor Base Unbalance

This paper presents the importance of motor base vibration measurements; different faults which can appear during motor running and how the motor base unbalance and vibration influence the whole system vibration. The electrical and mechanical faults influence the normal functioning of the motor, increase the power consumption, the current, more heat is generated and vibrations are growing too. Balancing is important requirement for motors and all rotating components. An electrical and/or mechanical unbalance affects other parts of the motor or system. A weak motor base is one of the vibration sources which can be detected with vibration transducers. A 3-axis accelerometer was used to detect motor vibration for a small DC motor fixed on different types of base in different manner. A virtual instrument was developed to acquire and analyze the vibration. Analyzing the frequency spectra of the vibration the weak motor base and improper fixing of the motor was highlighted which appear in horizontal direction. Knowing the rotating frequency the measured and analyzed data was compared with the reference data. It is shown that sideband frequencies appear around the fundamental frequency which means an anomaly due to improper motor base.

차량용 소형 직류모터의 소음에 관한 실험적 연구

This study investigates the noise characteristics of small DC motors and applies them to the production line of small DC motors to qualify. Because currently the noise and vibration are greatly reduced due to vibration reduction technology and sound insulation technology of engine and transmission development. For this reason, the noise and vibration problems of various small DC motors that have not been heard before are emerging. For this purpose, noise characteristics of good and bad products of company A and B which are most used at present are analyzed and noise characteristics are investigated.

Motion control applications: observer based DC motor parameters estimation for novices

<span>Estimation of motor inertia and friction components is a complex and challenging task in motion control applications where small size DC motors (<100W) are used for precise control. It is essential to estimate the accurate friction components and motor inertia, because the parameters provided by the manufacturer are not always accurate. This research proposes a Sensorless method of determining DC motor parameters, including moment of inertia, torque coefficient and frictional components using the Disturbance Observer (DOB) as a torque sensor. The constant velocity motion test and a novel Reverse Motion Acceleration test were conducted to estimate frictional components and moment of inertia of the motor. The validity of the proposed novel method was verified by experimental results and compared with conventional acceleration and deceleration motion tests. Experiments have been carried out to show the effectiveness and viability of the estimated parameters using a Reaction Torque Observer (RTOB) based friction compensation method.</span>