Small Circle Research Articles

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inside-Outside-Circle (IOC) terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa SMAN 2 Enrekang

The Inside-Outside-Circle learning model or translated as the Small Circle-Large Circle learning model is a cooperative learning model in which two students in pairs from small and large circles share information. This information exchange can be done by all partners at the same time. Based on the results of the post test, it was found that the results of the mathematical problem solving abilities of class X students of SMA Negeri 2 Kota Enrekang on the subject of statistics for the experimental class that applied the Inside-Outside-Circle learning model obtained an average value of 70.13, with a standard deviation of 9, 13 and the control class that applied the direct learning model obtained an average value of 62.42 with a standard deviation of 10.41. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that it can be concluded that the mathematical problem solving abilities of students who apply the Inside-Outside-Circle learning model are higher than the mathematical problem solving abilities of students who apply the direct learning model. this means that there is an influence of the Inside-Outside-Circle learning model on students' mathematical problem solving abilities.

Forgotten Clones: The Birth of Cloning and the Biological Revolution. By NathanCrowe. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2021. pp. 336. $60 (Hardcover).

Forgotten Clones: The Birth of Cloning and the Biological Revolution. By NathanCrowe. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2021. pp. 336. $60 (Hardcover).

Otto Fischer (22 Mai 1886 — 9 April 1948) Veröffentlichungen zur asiatischen Kunst

Otto Fischer was born into a merchant family in Reutlingen on May 22, 1886. From 1904 he studied law, then art history in Tbingen, Munich, Vienna and Berlin and received his doctorate in 1907 with the dissertation Altdeutsche Malerei in Salzburg under Heinrich Wlfflin in Berlin. After study trips to Italy and France, he lived in Munich from 1909 to 1913 as a private scholar and was in close contact with the young artists of the Neue Knstler-Vereinigung Mnchen, which developed into the Blaue Reiter. In 1913, he habilitated in Gttingen with the thesis Die chinesische Malerei, which was published in a revised form as Die Chinesische Landschaftsmalerei. After serving in the war as a volunteer in 19151918, he was Director of the Museum of Fine Arts in Stuttgart (now the Staatsgalerie) in 19211927, where he distinguished himself with exhibitions such as Neue Deutsche Kunst (1924) and Schwbische Malerei des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (1925). In 19251926, he undertook a research trip to China, Japan, Java and Bali, which he described in two books. In 19271938, he was Director of the Kunstmuseum Basel and taught as a Professor Extraordinary at the university. In 1938, he retired to Ascona as a private scholar. He died in Basel on 4 April 1948. Fischers main areas of work and research were Old German painting and East Asian artthe fields to which, as can be seen already from his two dissertations, he applied himself in equal measure. His publications on German art are easily accessible, whereas his publications on the art of China, Japan and Southeast Asia reached only a comparatively small circle. In addition to his books on Chinese painting and sculpture, his work on Chinese art theory and Chinese stone rubbings as well as Chinese graphic art (color prints) deserve special mention. Fischers many-sided, sometimes controversial activities have been acknowledged several times in recent years (cf. literature on Fischer); the aim of this small contribution is to make Fischers publications on East Asian art known in their entirety. The material has been recorded after the scholars autopsy and is partly annotated. Perhaps the compilation will stimulate an art historian to appreciate Fischers contributions to East Asian art history in terms of content.

27 Incidence rate of lesions in the distal forelimb of growing, exercising sheep as a model for horses

The use of circular exercise is prominent in the equine industry, but this practice may result in joint damage which can be indicated by macroscopic characteristics such as cartilage lesions. Compromised integrity of the joint often results in pain that presents as lameness and decreased performance. Cartilage lesions can also be indicative of chronic disabling conditions such as osteoarthritis. To evaluate the effects of circular exercise on joint health, 42 sheep (4 mo old, 40 ± 1 kg) were used as a model for young horses. Animals were striated by sex and weight, then randomly assigned to the following treatments: straight line slow, straight line fast, small circle slow, small circle fast, large circle slow, large circle fast, and non-exercised control. Straight line exercise was conducted on a treadmill, and circular exercise was conducted via mechanical walker in a clockwise direction on a 12-m diameter circle (small) or an 18-m diameter circle (large). Exercise occurred 4 d/wk for 12 wks starting at 390 m/d (slow: 5.0 min/d at 1.3 m/s; fast: 4 min/d at 1.3 m/s and 0.7 min/d at 2.0 m/s). Exercise increased weekly until animals reached 2,340 m/d (slow: 30 min/d at 1.3 m/s; fast: 24 min/d at 1.3 m/s and 3.9 min/d at 2.0 m/s). Sheep were housed in group pens (34 m2, bedded with straw) and fed a standard balanced diet with free choice grass hay. At the end of the study,animals weighed an average of 54 ± 1 kg and were humanely euthanized via captive bolt. All carpal and metacarpophalangeal joint capsules were opened and analyzed for number of lesions and lesion surface area using ImageJ software (NIH). Data were analyzed by Proc Freq and Proc Mixed in SAS 9.4. Only one sheep (straight line fast group) displayed an acute lameness for 5 d. At the completion of the study, sheep had reached 70% of their mature BW, increasing their size by 35% during the 3 mo, averaging 0.17 kg/d. Within the 42 sheep, a total of 322 lesions were observed with 99% in the carpal joint and 1% in the metacarpophalangeal joint. Average lesion surface area in the carpal joint was 22 ± 1 mm2 versus 1.6 ± 0.3 mm2 in the metacarpophalangeal joint (P < 0.05). Within the carpal joint, 52% of lesions were found in the carpometacarpal joint, 36% in the middle carpal joint, and 12% in the radiocarpal joint. No differences were found among treatment groups or limbs. These data suggest exercise was not the sole contributor to lesion development, emphasizing that growth rate, diet, and genetic components must also be considered when evaluating the cause of cartilage lesions.

A Clinical Case of the Progress of Infective Endocarditis in an HIV-Infected Patient without Antiretroviral Therapy Complicated by Repeated Episodes of Septic Destructive Pneumonia (Clinical Example)

Infectious endocarditis (IE) in HIV-infected users of injecting drug is manifested by a predominant lesion of the tricuspid valve (TV), and the causative agent of the disease is Staphylococcus aureus. A feature of the course of IE TV in this category of patients are multiple septic embolisms in the small circulatory circle, the source of which may be floating vegetation and the predominance of pulmonary symptoms over cardiac.

Ece Cingöz's Parelion: A Potter's Dream Studio in Istanbul

Ece Cingöz's ParelionA Potter's Dream Studio in Istanbul Matt A. Hanson (bio) AT CERTAIN TIMES of day, around summer, there are peculiar, soft bursts of sunlight that beam through the leaves of fig and plane trees on the coast of the Sea of Marmara. Its rays fall gently over the stone garden wall at Parelion, a south-facing pottery studio run by a young woman from Izmir. For the last three years, Ece Cingöz has managed the workshop, design, and teaching space like clockwork. She even makes ceramic clocks, adapting the mythical motif of the ouroboros for their circular frames. Click for larger view View full resolution Although she prefers to be called a potter, rather than the fancier term "ceramicist," her work bears an uncanny artistry, full of idiosyncratic symbols, emphasizing the inner wisdom of earth in all its rawest forms, from soil to clay, mud to gems. Her fascination with the ground beneath her feet, its natural material, compelled her to contemplate what vocation she might pursue while wayward in her earlier years as an aspiring video artist and advertising graduate, interning in Europe before working in a white-collar office in Istanbul. Sometime in her late twenties, depression hit while she lived in a shared flat not far from a ceramic teaching studio in Istanbul's district of Kadıköy on the Asian side of the Bosporus. She started taking classes, fulfilling her desire to work with her hands. Later networking through another studio, she found Teppei Yamashita, a Japanese teacher in Istanbul who spoke fluent Turkish. "He was a good teacher and encouraged me as a person," she said, remembering fondly when she studied under his wing for about eight months. "You have to work on your own and dive into the unknown," Cingöz said. "I waited for one and a half years to study with Teppei. During that time I practiced every day after work. It was a primitive practice. You have to go through the painful road of working by yourself. You have to trust yourself in that process, to keep going." In a neighboring quarter, a fellow potter burned out and offered her vacant studio, but it was bought by a ceramics company that opened the space to new teachers. Yamashita supported Cingöz's application. She flung herself into the job and earned a small circle of devoted students, pouring her heart into each of their learning processes. She soon opened Parelion from scratch in a studio that was closer to the sea. It had a yard shaded with tall trees that smelled of nettles and bay [End Page 27] leaves. She tied a hammock, kicked up her feet, and called it her second home. Cingöz's work is imbued with a passion for fire, as is central to ceramics production. "Teaching was a win-win situation. My students gained the knowledge to produce fine work, and I started to earn a living," Cingöz said. "I was happy to leave the office." Click for larger view View full resolution Parelion is the Latin spelling of an ancient Greek word signifying the refraction of solar light through ice crystals high in the atmosphere. It is an apt moniker, given her bent toward the revitalization of classical Grecian vases and an affection for the roots of Izmir, which she likes to call Smyrna. Her work is imbued with a passion for fire, as is central to ceramics production. At Parelion, the backroom kiln is a treasure chest of surprises that regularly sprouts with characterful arrays of teapots, cups, plates, bowls, and novel designs. In the past year, Cingöz experimented with menorah candleholders on the eve of Hanukkah, stylizing their shape into a reminiscence of the Cretan, snake-bearing goddesses of antiquity, hearkening back to the island where her paternal ancestors originated. After producing them, she also conveyed heartwarming holiday greetings to Turkey's tiny Jewish community, many of whom share their origins from Izmir. She is crafting more ceramic instruments after starting from ocarinas, and since trying her hand at the udu, traditional to Nigerian hand percussion. Parelion's teapots are perhaps most iconic...

The importance of echocardiography in the instrumental diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Early detection of such a formidable complication of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an urgent problem in pediatrics. Echocardiography is currently recognized as the most accessible and non-invasive method for determining pressure in the pulmonary artery. Disorders of alveogenesis and angiogenesis of the vessels of the small circulatory circle in premature infants forming BPD require careful echocardiographic control with using additional analysis of changes in the systolic eccentricity index (EI) as a reliable marker of PH in BPD infants. To increase the information content, it is also necessary to expand the use of EchoCG data in combination with analysis of the blood content of B type natriuretic peptide or the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.

Introduction

Introduction

Enhanced expectancies benefit performance under distraction, but compromise it under stress: Exploring the OPTIMAL theory

Motor learning can benefit from practice under enhanced expectancies; that is, the belief one can generate an intended positive outcome. According to the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory, this benefit manifests from a greater coupling between action and its external consequences, which potentially coincides with a more automatic mode of control. The aim of the study was to examine this possibility, and in so doing, understand more about the psycho-motor processes underpinning the influence of expectancies. On Day 1, novice participants practiced a dart-throwing task under enhanced (EE) (n = 11), reduced (RE) (n = 12) or no (control; CTL) (n = 12) expectancies. Enhanced and reduced expectancies were indirectly manipulated by positively reinforcing shots that landed within the large or small circle on the dartboard, respectively. On Day 2, participants transferred to a dual-task (i.e., tone-counting) or stress (i.e., social-comparative threat, false feedback) setting. While there was no evidence of improvement across practice, RE was significantly worse than CTL for the dual-task, but EE was significantly worse than RE and CTL under stress (ps < 0.05). Therefore, the ability of EE to retain performance within the dual-task, but decline under stress, suggests a more automatic mode of control was adopted. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Seed structure and germination pattern of sugar palm [Arenga pinnata L.

Sugar palm is a type of palm plant, which can grow at various altitudes with different soil types. Sugar palm plants have high prospects because all parts of the plant can be used as traditional medicine, building materials, ingredients for making brown sugar, vinegar, starch, or flour, and as ingredients for various foods. In the cultivation of sugar palm plants, there are several problems found, one of which is the seeds that have a period of dormancy. The reason is the hard and impermeable seed coat that prevents water imbibition. This study aims to determine the structure and germination pattern of sugar palm seeds. This research was conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Campus 3 Dharmasraya Universitas Andalas from April until September 2022. The observations obtained were the structure of the sugar palm seed consists of parts namely tip cap, testa, perisperm, endosperm, embryonic chamber, and embryo. The outer coat of the sugar palm seed is black and slippery. Each sugar palm seed has a small circle that spreads outside the seed coat where the small circle is the embryo. The duration of the sugar palm seeds’ germination from the beginning of germination until the leaves are fully open takes up to 120 days after planting.

Design of New Fan-Shaped Combined Wear-Resistant Plate for Super Tonnage Spherical Bearing

In order to improve the bearing and wear resistance of the sector composite wear plate, a new sector composite wear plate is designed based on the finite element method. By establishing the finite element calculation models of integral, segmented small circle inlaid and new fan-shaped combined anti-wear plate ball bearings, the pressure bearing and wear resistance of three types of wear plates are analyzed, calculated and compared. The results show that the three types of wear plates can meet the pressure bearing capacity. The pressure bearing capacity of the new fan-shaped composite wear-resistant plate is similar to that of the integral type, which is superior to that of the segmented small circle inlaid type. Because of the advantages in structure, processing and installation of the new fan-shaped composite wear-resistant plate, it is particularly worth popularizing and applying in the super spherical bearing.

SPATIAL PLACEMENT OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN THE RESIDENTIAL ZONE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

The spatial organization of work, life and recreation of rural residents is characterized by the spatial integration of these functions. This applies not only to the residential sector, but also to the commercial sector. There is life and leisure, but there is also work; in the production zone there is not only work, but also creativity, life, rest (during a pause) (food, etc.). All functions operate outside the settlement. The conclusion suggests itself that rural restructuring should be viewed as a set of broad concepts, i.e. a feature of communities of different rank and degree, exclusive to a small circle of people.

Near-Quantitative Preparation of Short Single-Stranded DNA Circles.

Small, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) circles have many applications, such as templating rolling circle amplification (RCA), capturing microRNAs, and scaffolding DNA nanostructures. However, it is challenging to prepare such ssDNA circles, particularly when the DNA size becomes very small (e.g. a 20 nucleotide (nt) long ssDNA circle). Often, such short ssDNA dominantly form concatemers (either linear or circular) due to intermolecular ligation, instead of forming monomeric ssDNA circles by intramolecular ligation. Herein, a simple method to overcome this problem by designing the complementary linker molecules is reported. It is demonstrated that ssDNA, as short as 16 nts, can be enzymatically ligated (by the commonly used T4 DNA ligase) into monomeric ssDNA circles at high concentration (100 μM) with high yield (97 %). This method does not require any special sequence, thus, it is expected to be generally applicable. The experimental protocol is identical to regular DNA ligation, thus, is expected to be user friendly for general chemists and biologists.

Near‐Quantitative Preparation of Short Single‐Stranded DNA Circles

AbstractSmall, single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) circles have many applications, such as templating rolling circle amplification (RCA), capturing microRNAs, and scaffolding DNA nanostructures. However, it is challenging to prepare such ssDNA circles, particularly when the DNA size becomes very small (e.g. a 20 nucleotide (nt) long ssDNA circle). Often, such short ssDNA dominantly form concatemers (either linear or circular) due to intermolecular ligation, instead of forming monomeric ssDNA circles by intramolecular ligation. Herein, a simple method to overcome this problem by designing the complementary linker molecules is reported. It is demonstrated that ssDNA, as short as 16 nts, can be enzymatically ligated (by the commonly used T4 DNA ligase) into monomeric ssDNA circles at high concentration (100 μM) with high yield (97 %). This method does not require any special sequence, thus, it is expected to be generally applicable. The experimental protocol is identical to regular DNA ligation, thus, is expected to be user friendly for general chemists and biologists.

Numerical modeling of seismic behavior of ellipse and peanut-shaped auxetic steel plate shear walls

This study proposes a new auxetic-shaped steel plate shear walls (simply referred to as ASSPSWs) consisting of boundary members and built-in perforated infill plates. The connection type between the boundary members is a hinge joint. The hole forms on the infill plates include orthogonal ellipse-shaped (ASSPSW-OE) and orthogonal peanut-shaped (ASSPSW-OP). This paper studied the hysteretic performance of two steel plate shear walls’ types based on the finite element analysis method. Within the study context, a parametric analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of various factors, such as hole size and hole distance, on the seismic performance of steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). The results indicated that reducing the the ratio of the ligament thickness to ellipse major axis (t/D) in orthogonal ellipse-shaped SPSWs can effectively increase the porosity while reducing the bearing and energy dissipation capacities. Under the condition with the t/D unchanged, increasing the ratio of the major to minor axis of the ellipse (d/D) raises the porosity and does not significantly reduce the bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the SPSWs. For orthogonal peanut-shaped SPSWs, the holes’ geometrical parameters significantly influence the hysteretic performance. Particularly, with the increase in the radial ratio of large to small circles in a peanut-shaped hole (R/r), the spacing between cells decreases. When drift exceeds 2%, the equivalent viscous damping ratio decreases sharply. Unlike the orthogonal ellipse-shaped SPSWs, changing the arrangement angle of peanut-shaped cells has no significant effect on orthogonal peanut-shaped SPSWs. However, the larger the angle, the greater the out-of-plane buckling of orthogonal ellipse-shaped SPSWs; thus, the energy dissipation capacity is reduced. The similarities lie in that the larger cell arrangement angle will make the steel plates have a complete stress field, and the bearing capacity will be slightly improved. When the cell arrangement angle (θ) is 45°, the SPSWs can develop high initial stiffness.

Research note: Ski touring on groomed slopes and the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential trigger for motivational changes.

•No changes in motivational reasons for ski touring due to COVID-19 pandemic.•Trend towards outdoor sports, especially ski tours on groomed slopes in the alpine region of central Europe. Amplification of the trend due to the pandemic and the associated restrictions.•As an outdoor sport, ski touring on groomed slopes offers versatile added value for ski tourers, but also huge potential for ropeway operators.•This soft slope tourism can also show alternatives to temporary ropeway closures in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and could also promote tourism (especially day tourism) in small circles at the regional level.•The increase in beginners naturally raises the question of whether this group needs special offers or how to deal with beginners on the slopes. On the other hand, this also raises the question of how to deal with the increase in ski slope users in general.

Immunological effect of Lactic acid bacteria adjuvant on in ovo injection of Newcastle disease vaccine

In ovo immunization of chicken embryos with live vaccines is an effective strategy to protect chickens against various viral pathogens. The immunogenic efficacies of in ovo administration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in combination with live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine were investigated in this study. Four hundred healthy 1-day-old fertilized specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs of similar weights were randomly assigned to one of four treatments, with five replicates of each treatment and a total of 20 for each replicate. On day 18.5 of incubation, in ovo injections were given. The treatment groups are as follows: (I) no injection, (II) 0.9% physiological saline injection, (III) ND vaccine injection, and (IV) LAB as an adjuvant for ND vaccine injection. The ND vaccine adjuvanted with LAB significantly increased the daily weight gain, immune organ index, and small intestine histomorphological development in layer chicks while decreasing the feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results suggested that the LAB-adjuvant group significantly affected the relative expression of mucosal mucin protein (mucin-1) and zoccluding small circle protein-1 (ZO-1) (P < 0.05), whereas the relative expression of occludin mRNA was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) compared with the non-injected group. Meanwhile, we indicated that intra-amniotic synbiotic injection significantly maintained the balance of flora (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-injected group, the ND vaccine adjuvanted with the LAB group exhibited significant promotion of the HI and SIgA antibody titers in serum on day 21 (P < 0.05), induction of higher production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ) in serum. In summary, in ovo injection of ND vaccine adjuvanted with LAB has a positive impact on the growth performance, immune function, and microbiome of growing chicks.

On the interplay between time and space perception in discontinuous stimulus displays

The present study examined whether and how the mutual perceptual biases of temporal and spatial information, known as the kappa and the tau effects, depend on the duration and spatial extent of sensory stimulation as well as on the magnitude of spatio-temporal discrepancy. Three small circles were presented in succession at different spatial positions. The time points of presentation and the spatial position of the second circle systematically varied. Participants judged either whether the temporal interval between the first and the second circle was longer than the interval between the second and the third circle (Experiment 1) or whether the spatial distance between the first and the second circle was larger than the distance between the second and the third circle (Experiment 2), or both in separate blocks of trials (Experiment 3). The impact of spatial information on temporal perception (i.e., the kappa effect) increased with velocity of motion presumably imputed by the participants to the static displays and decreased with spatio-temporal discrepancy. No inverse biases (i.e., no tau effects) were observed. These results are considered as an indication that integration of spatial and temporal signals follow the same basic principles as multisensory integration of redundant signals, such as those from vision and touch.

Characterization of Primary Mucinous Ovarian Cancer by Diffusion-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement MRI in Comparison with Serous Ovarian Cancer

(1) Background. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a quantitative analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI of mucinous ovarian cancer (MOC). It also aims to differentiate between low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC), high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and MOC in primary tumors. (2) Materials and Methods. Sixty-six patients with histologically confirmed primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups: MOC, LGSC and HGSC. In the preoperative DWI and DCE MRI, selected parameters were measured: apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), time to peak (TTP), and perfusion maximum enhancement (Perf. Max. En.). ROI comprised a small circle placed in the solid part of the primary tumor. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test whether the variable had a normal distribution. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test was used to determine the p-value needed to compare the median values of interval variables. (3) Results. The highest median ADC values were found in MOC, followed by LGSC, and the lowest in HGSC. All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.000001). This was also confirmed by the ROC curve analysis for MOC and HGSC, showing that ADC had excellent diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between MOC and HGSC (p < 0.001). In the type I EOCs, i.e., MOC and LGSC, ADC has less differential value (p = 0.032), and TTP can be considered the most valuable parameter for diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions. DWI and DCE appear to be very good diagnostic tools in differentiating between serous carcinomas (LGSC, HGSC) and MOC. Significant differences in median ADC values between MOC and LGSC compared with those between MOC and HGSC indicate the usefulness of DWI in differentiating between less and more aggressive types of EOC, not only among the most common serous carcinomas. ROC curve analysis showed that ADC had excellent diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between MOC and HGSC. In contrast, TTP showed the greatest value for differentiating between LGSC and MOC.

Contact Path Method of Generating Spherical Conjugated Curves as Bevel Gearing Tooth Profiles

Abstract This paper proposes a general method to generate spherical conjugated curves based on their contact path. The main objective of generating conjugated curves is to use them as gearing tooth profiles. The derivation is based on the prescribed spherical contact path, the equation of meshing, and the rigid body motion between two bodies. This paper demonstrates the method by assigning great circle and small circle contact paths in circular pitch pair transmission to generate conjugated curves. With the great circle contact path, the conjugated curves are exact spherical involute, and with the small circle contact path, the conjugated curves are spherical cycloid. The contact properties of the conjugated curves, such as induced curvature and the sliding ratio, are also provided with mathematical equations. Based on the results, the procedures and the geometries between the planar and spherical contact path methods have corresponding relationships. In contrast to the Camus theorem, the exact spherical involute could be generated from a similar procedure of planar involute cases. The ultimate goal of this research topic is to propose a general approach to generating conjugated profiles in planar, spherical, and spatial cases. The successful derivation of the spherical cases in this paper paves the way for spatial cases in the future.