Small Bells Research Articles

The semantics of the names of Luo Maishuo’s Piano Etudes as the transformation of traditional national images

The semantics of the names of Luo Maishuo’s Piano Etudes as the transformation of traditional national images

Aristolochia Baetica: A Possible Current or Vestigial Carnivorous Plant?

Aristolochia baetica is a Mediterranean plant characterized by its purple flowers with the shape of small bells. The objective of this study is to determine whether this plant presents the behavior and characteristics of carnivorous plants. In the results obtained, it should be noted that its flowers have the ability to capture and retain insects, presenting mechanisms for their retention (hairs). Likewise, other mechanisms have been detected that could serve or have served for the absorption of nutrients, such as pores in the utricle or absorbent hairs. Therefore, it is probable that Aristolochia baetica is currently, or may be a vestige of a species of carnivorous plant.

Бубенчики из гробницы 19/2020 на плато Эски-Кермен: состав материала и реконструкция процесса изготовления

The given article studies two small bells found in the tomb 19/2020 in the narthex of the single-nave church in block II at Eski-Kermen plateau. These bells have slightly flattened body with a slit and a small ball inside; they are decorated with corrugated transverse stripes. One of the bells is completely preserved, the other is fragmented. The aim of the work was to determine the composition of the metal and the manufacturing technology of the bells. The X-ray fluorescence analysis of the elemental composition of the metal of the bells showed that the items themselves and the ball inside one bell were made of tin-lead bronze. All currently known reconstructions of the manufacturing technology of such products are described, with the most possible one as the making of wax model of bells comprising of two halves and, later, lost wax casting; clay form was also lost.

Power and Play

Power and Play

Tracing conflict: remembering and forgetting during the pilgrimage to Saint George Koudounas

The paper explores a number of sacred practices connected to the celebration of Saint George during the pilgrimage to the Greek-Orthodox Christian monastery of Saint George Koudounas on the island of Prinkipos (Büyükada, Istanbul). The aim is to study the embodied materialisation of memory in conflicting geopolitical landscapes. Before the population exchange of the 1920s and the further displacement of the Greek-Orthodox with the Istanbul pogroms of the 1950s and 1960s, the island was part of the multi-cultural environment of Istanbul, with Greek and Armenian minorities as protagonists in its life. After the twentieth century ‘unmixing’ of populations, this reality has drastically changed, with most of the Christian sacred spaces being destroyed, abandoned, desacralised, or re-sacralised. Yet, the pilgrimage to Saint George Koudounas is still considered one of the most significant religious events of Istanbul, with thousands of pilgrims participating in it. The paper suggests that pilgrimage as a historical and cultural construct allows a space for a performative negotiation of memories from the violent transformation of the country. Remembering and forgetting meet in the activation of practices (walking, weaving, and praying) and objects (small bells, threads, and candles) during the pilgrimage performed by both Muslims and Christians.

Milk

Milk Aracelis Girmay (bio) Keywords Aracelis, Girmay, poetry, geese, milk, nature, flowers which blazes all my brancheswhite with eels, all my nests, suddenly bloom,rattling with light or I am dirt, worn through by mice or the rivers suddenly again with fishes. A cup of cups that runneth over, a list of geese and hours through air from the eyes of my two darks laughing. Laughter that is milk. Count this among the happiness they say. Such small bells ring likehappiness inside us, suddened open. To be the window and the wind, the swallows and the muddened home. So needs the little animal, so flowers the bone. [End Page 229] Aracelis Girmay aracelis girmay is the author of the poetry collections Teeth, Kingdom Animalia, and the black maria. She curated the recently published How to Carry Water: Selected Poems of Lucille Clifton and is on the editorial board of the African Poetry Book Fund. Copyright © 2021 The Massachusetts Review, Inc.

A Study of Musical Instrument Pictographs on Zuojiang Huashan Rock Arts

The Huashan Rock Arts represent the rock pictographs in the Zuojiang River Basin. They record the unique sacrificial scenes by Luoyue people from the 5th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Historical materials, unearthed cultural relics and existing folk customs all prove that the distinguishable musical instrument pictographs on the rock arts include bronze drums, sheep-horn knob bells, ling (small bells with a clapper), etc. All of these also explains why these musical instruments appear on those pictographs, further emphasizing the importance attributed to them on dividing the history of the rock arts into certain periods. This study has found out that after the Western Han Dynasty, the sheep-horn knob bells gradually lost the function of ceremonial and musical instruments due to the destruction of the rite system, thus withdrawing from the historical arena. On the other hand, the artisanship of bronze drums has become more and more exquisite, highlighting its three-fold use for rites, rituals and musical instruments. The drums also continue to occupy a significant part of the music history of the Luoyue ethnic group. Through an in-depth study of the musical instrument pictographs, the music history of the Luoyue is further, clarified and understood.

The Sound of Magic? Bells in Roman Britain

AbstractBells are recorded in many published excavation reports from Roman sites, but there has been no previous study of the British material. This paper explores the significance of bells in the Roman world from both a ritual and a functional perspective. We create a first typology of Romano-British bells, provide an understanding of their chronology and examine any spatial and social differences in their use. Special attention is paid to bells from funerary or ritual contexts in order to explore the symbolic significance of these small objects. Bells from other parts of the Roman world are considered to provide comparisons with those from Roman Britain. The paper demonstrates that small bells were used as protective charms and may have been preferentially placed into the graves of children and young women. The paper identifies a new, probably Roman type of bell that has no parallels within the Empire, although similar pieces occur in first- and second-century graves in the Black Sea region.

Dreams Under Construction: A Poetic Report on Yangon’s Urban Metamorphosis

Dreams Under Construction: A Poetic Report on Yangon’s Urban Metamorphosis Cristophe Munier-Gaillard Yangon’s recent urban metamorphosis was, and is still, illustrated throughout the city by computer-generated images set on building-site fences. This photo essay1 started as a record of these fascinating posters. They advertise a mesmerizing future, one that represents the highest standards of a modern lifestyle. The people waiting for the bus in front of them or simply walking along seem to be part of an on going play, that of their ‘dreams under construction,’ as if Yangon was re-imagining itself in a sudden opening to globalization. At the same time, this construction is not yet done. The city at a human scale is still almost as rural as it was. [End Page 321] After decades of immobility during which homes were lighted with candles and getting a telephone was a long and expensive process, Yangon has suddenly entered the area of democracy and globalization, advertising a new Eden of modern luxury and technology. But what is being destroyed inspires an immediate nostalgia. A lifestyle from another time is vanishing. This progress creates an immediate gap: the present has become a recent past, while the new Yangon is not yet. The antiquated Yangon is still the only time capsule that embodies Myanmar identity, values, and the loving kindness and human warmth of its people. [End Page 322] Click for larger view View full resolution Poster of a future residential building with the Shwedagon Pagoda on the horizon. [End Page 323] Click for larger view View full resolution My outdoor studio 1 – Burmese people waiting for the bus, with a “night and day” poster of a construction project in the background. [End Page 325] Click for larger view View full resolution The road to progress. [End Page 326] Click for larger view View full resolution The ongoing present, between past and future. [End Page 327] Click for larger view View full resolution Neighbors having a discussion, near a sanctuary for Bobogyi, a Burmese spirit protector of Buddhist sacred spaces (here, a banyan tree). [End Page 328] Click for larger view View full resolution My outdoor studio 2 – two young Burmese people waiting for the bus. [End Page 329] Click for larger view View full resolution These ropes with hanging baskets and clips are shaken when deliveries are made. At the other end of the ropes are small bells that alert the inhabitants that the newspaper (or other item) has arrived. Each floor has its ropes, even for buildings taller than ten stories. [End Page 330] Click for larger view View full resolution The school of fine arts. [End Page 331] Click for larger view View full resolution Good news. [End Page 332] Click for larger view View full resolution The glass of water (destruction prior to reconstruction). [End Page 333] Click for larger view View full resolution A young Burmese painter working at the Shwedagon Pagoda. [End Page 334] Click for larger view View full resolution A young Burmese lady exploring study options in Japan. [End Page 335] Click for larger view View full resolution Juxtaposition of a photo of the downtown area with the Yangon River in the background, and of a building in construction inside its green chrysalis. [End Page 337] Footnotes 1. The photographs and short text that constitute the present article are part of Yangon-Eden, Yangon 2017, 147 pages, 112 color photographs, published by Pansodan Books. Contact: muniercf@gmail.com. Copyright © 2018 Center for Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University

A Bronze Hellenistic Dwarf in the Metropolitan Museum

A Bronze Hellenistic Dwarf in the Metropolitan Museum

Noirse-Made-Earsy:

It has been said that “anybody who takes ‘Finnegans Wake’ as an ur-text will probably have a low signal to noise ratio.”1 Doubtless any meaningful signal that the reader of the Wake receives must be separated from a much larger background of confusion and dissonance. Another way of looking at it, however, is that noise is inseparable from the process of sense making. In this study I use such theoreticians of noise as Jacques Attali, Michel Serres, and Avital Ronell to show how noise in the Wake does not merely destroy, distort, or obscure meaningful patterns and structures but collaborates in their creation. The article is divided into three sections. First, I take two test cases from Ulysses and the Wake respectively, to show how noise is coded into meaning by both the waking and dreaming mind. Second, I examine the political dimensions of the imposition of meaning on noise and the subversions of meaning by noise in terms of the battle between generations (father against sons) and within generations (brother against brother). Finally, I place these themes in the context of the postmodernist

Bronze technology of the ancient megalithic communities in the Vidarbha region of India

Metallographic examination was carried out on forty-nine copper and bronze objects from five megalithic sites located in Vidarbha, India. The artifact assembly consists of horse ornaments, kitchenware, bangles, rings, small bells and the hilt of an iron dagger. Results show that the technology involved is characterized by the use of bronze alloys containing approximately 10% tin based on weight and the application of forging as a key method of fabrication. No deliberate addition of lead was observed. Arsenic was detected, but very rarely and only as an insignificant minor element. The consistent selection of such specific alloys indicates that the megalithic communities in this particular region had established a fully developed and standardized bronze tradition optimized for the production of forged items. Their advanced technological status was also noted in a special technique applied to two forged high-tin bronze bowls. Such a unique bronze tradition, dedicated to sheet metal technology, was most likely a practical choice made by these people to take advantage of the changing role of bronze. Specifically, with the introduction of iron, bronze seems to have become a more prestigious material that could serve as an indicator of the appearance of a more rigid socio-economic stratification within the megalithic communities of the Vidarbha region.

A Study on the Small Goryeo Bells in Japan

A Study on the Small Goryeo Bells in Japan

Reply: The myth of a myth

At face value, Professor Black's claim for “one of the most enduring myths in science” appears correct. The use of a “bell” as a conditioned stimulus (CS) is not listed in Pavlov's primary English translation [1xPavlov, I.P. See all References[1]. Yet even the most current neurobiology textbooks describe a bell in Pavlov's prototypical experiment [2.xCarew, T.J. See all References, 3.xSee all References]. This discrepancy seemed odd to me, motivating another venture into scientific history.In apparent contrast to Black's characterization, Thomas [4xCorrecting some Pavloviana regarding “Pavlov's bell” and Pavlov's “mugging”. Thomas, R.K. Am. J. Psychol. 1997; 110: 115–125CrossrefSee all References[4] clearly states “…Pavlov's use of a bell CS was reported in English-language journals as early as 1906, and the bell's effectiveness as a CS was reported widely in well-known English language publications in the 1920s” (p.118). Granted, Thomas' citation of scientific journals in English was lacking, but does this permit Black to conclude “These are the sole references known of the use of this stimulus by Pavlov in salivary conditioning”? I decided to dig a little deeper.Clarification of this issue likely would reside in Pavlov's Russian publications. To penetrate this language barrier, I asked my Russian colleagues about “the myth”. Rusiko Bourtchouladze was educated and trained in the Pavlovian tradition at the P.K. Anohkin Institute of Normal Physiology and Sechenov's First Medical Institute in Moscow; she is now Director of Model Systems at Helicon Therapeutics, Inc. and recently has published a wonderful book on the history of memory research [5xBourtchouladze, R. See all References[5]. Bourtchouladze's response to my query was “Debates about a ‘mythical bell’ are silly, because Pavlov used bells. The problem lies with translations to English”. I also directed my query to Professor Pavel Balaban at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow, and Professor Konstantin Anokhin the P.K.Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. They agree with Bourtchouladze that Pavlov used two “bells” in some of his experiments (Anokhin has documented this).The Russian word for “a cup-shaped metallic or glass instrument to ring when struck” is “kolokolcheak” when referring to small bells like doorbells. “Electric ringers” also were used as doorbells in Pavlov's day and were referred to as “zvonok”. These stimuli are clearly indicated in protocols from published experiments, at least one of which was translated into English [6xA contribution to physiology of the hypnotic state of dogs. Pavlov, I.P. Char. Personal. 1934; 2: 189–200Crossref | Scopus (1)See all References[6]. I went back to the 1927 translation and noted that Pavlov described “(a) dog has two … conditioned stimuli firmly established, one to the sound of a metronome and the other to the buzzing of an electric bell” (p. 34). In the ensuing table entry – and several other entries throughout the book – “buzzer” is listed rather than “bell”. Perhaps this is the elusive explanation for the missing bell in Pavlov (1927).

ON THE DEBOSSING, ANNEALING AND MOUNTING OF BELLS

Changes in the frequencies of the musical partials of various types of bells following debossing dismounting/mounting and annealing/quench annealing are reported. Debossing, dismounting and quench annealing lead to frequency drops, while mounting gives rises. Annealing can lead to frequency increases or decreases depending upon the maximum temperature employed and the initial residual stress. Qualitative explanations of these phenomena are given in terms of changes in crown stiffness, internal stress and alloy phase structure. These are supported by the results of X-ray diffraction measurements. Although the effects are all small they can be large enough to be detected by a reasonably musical car. This, together with the fact that the effects cannot be controlled, gives a plausible explanation of why modern bellfounders use vertical lathes for tuning, even with small carillon bells, and do not anneal bells when trying to control warble.

On the resonance effects of strong earthquakes and their consideration in the intensity scales

In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28Ms+0.4, found by the author (Ms=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withMs=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.

FRANÇOIS MAURICEAU ON TEETHING

François Mauriceau (1637-1709) was the leading obstetrician of his day. His remarks on teething in his Traité des Maladies des Femmes Grosses et Accouchées (1668), a book that established obstetrics as a science, show that he was ahead of many of his contemporaries in rejecting centuries of superstitions; he even had the boldness, according to G. F. Still (The History of Paediatrics, Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1931), to deny any special virtue to hare's brain. The child may it self be helpful if they give it a little stick of Liquorice to champ or a little end of a small new wax-candle, which is very good to soften the Gum: There is ordinarily made use of a Silver Coral, furnished with small Bells, to divert the Child from the pain it then feels. Sometimes instead of Coral they put a Wolfs [sic] tooth in. One must not however believe that these things have any peculiar property, as many Women imagine; but if they are helpful in this case it is because of their solidity, evenness and smoothness; for the Child rubbing his Gums with it to ease the Itching which it feels there, doth by degrees diminish the thickness of them, and so they are at length insensibly cut by the Teeth which are under. If these things do no good because the gums are either too hard or too thick, that the Child may not suffer so much nor, by reason of the great pain, fall into those accidents above mentioned, let the Gums be cut with a Lancet where the teeth are ready; Nurses use to do it with their nails but 'tis better to be done with a Lancet because 'tis not painful.

Hard facing alloys obtained from charges containing refractory compounds

On the basis of results of investigations and laboratory tests, a composite material produced by hard facing with a charge consisting of tungsten carbide particles and a Ni-Cr-B-Si alloy has been chosen as the most suitable for the surface reinforcement of parts operating under intense abrasive-gas wear conditions. To improve the processing qualities of such a charge, a flux should be added to it. The recommended charge composition for induction hard facing is: Relit 56–61%, PG-KhN80SR4 alloy powder 33–38%, boric anhydride 2.8–3%, dehydrated borax 1.5–1.6%, and silicocalcium 1.7–1.0%. Charges of this composition are being used for hard facing various parts of metallurgical plant units (small bells and charge distribution hoppers, valves of blast furnace charging devices, blades of sintering machines, and the like).

Automation of steam feed to space between blastfurnace large and small bells

Automation of steam feed to space between blastfurnace large and small bells

Mobility of Missouri Deer and Their Harassment by Dogs

There is little information on the mobility of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the middle United States; data are equally limited on the mobility of whitetails on land that is primarily agricultural or where there is yearlong harassment by dogs. The present study was made under all those conditions. It was based principally upon repeated observations of individually marked deer rather than upon kill records of tagged animals, which have often been the principal source of movement data for deer. The study was carried out on the University of Missouri's Ashland Wildlife Research Refuge in Boone County and on adjacent private farmland. Most of the 2,240-acre refuge is forested with secondgrowth oak and hickory. Few stands of mature timber are found, but mast-producing trees are abundant. Large, bottomland corn fields are nearby, and small, ridge-top openings are planted to crops or are in various stages of old-field succession. The deer population in this locality probably did not exceed 20 per square mile during the study. Snow was never deep, and the deer did not yard. The period of intensive study was September 1952 to May 1956, but some data were gathered as early as March 1951, and as late as November 1957. Deer were captured in modified Stephenson-type traps baited with ear corn and stock salt. Although trapping was carried on intermittently throughout the year, most of it was done during the winter and spring. The animals were marked individually in various ways. All except those recognized by distinctive antler shapes or other natural markings were tagged with plastic discs that were attached to the ears with button-type stock tags. Several ear-tagged deer were also marked with small bells attached to dog collars or with wide, colored collars, as described by Progulske (1957). Searches for marked deer were made by varied methods: on foot, from a tower, blind, automobile, small airplane, and by trailing in the snow; a few records were obtained from hunting recoveries. Although there is probably some bias in favor of the more sedentary deer, deliberate attempts were made to avoid this by varying methods, routes, and times, and by frequent searches for marked deer several miles from any trap. One hundred ninety-four records of movement were obtained for 31 deer identified by the markings described above. These included 17 recognizable adult bucks, 11 adult does, and 3 fawns. Nine other deer were tagged but not seen again. An adult doe, tagged in November 1954, was shot in November 1957; this 36-month span was the longest for any of the marked deer. The greatest number of records for any one animal was 30; this number was obtained both for a doe shot 19 months after being tagged, and for a buck last seen 6 months after being marked.