Small For Age Research Articles

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New PhytologistVolume 239, Issue 2 p. 445-448 Cover and Issue InformationFree Access Issue Information First published: 13 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18242AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Graphical Abstract Cover Legend Anthocyanin accumulation in nutrient-stressed crops can serve as bioindicator for targeted fertilizer application. Collage of images featuring rapeseed (Brassica napus), celery (Apium graveolens) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Image courtesy of Mareike Jezek and Christoph-Martin Geilfus (Jezek et al., pp. 494–505). Volume239, Issue2July 2023Pages 445-448 RelatedInformation

Uji Efektivitas Antiinflamasi Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Seledri (Apium Graveolens L.) Dan Daun Binahong (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Pada Tikus Putih

Inflammation is a protective response that is intended to eliminate the initial cause cell injury and cell discard and necrotic tissue caused by cell damage. Plants suspected of having anti-inflammatory properties as is Herba Celery (Apium graveolens L.) which included family Apiaceae and leaves Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) are included in the family basellaceae. Which act as antiinflammatory herbs binahong celery and leaves are flavonoids. This study aims to determine the effect of anti-inflammatory herb extract combination Celery (Apium graveolens L.) and leaves Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) against a white male rats. Herbal extract and leaf celery binahong extracted using 96% ethanol by maceration method. Animal test used was a white male rats as much as 25 animals with body weight of 100-300 grams. The test animals were divided into 5 groups: negative control group (CMC 1%), the positive control group (Diclofenac Sodium 50 mg), group combination herbal extracts celery and leaves binahong with a dose of 200 mg / kg: 200 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg: 300 mg / kg, 300 mg, kg: 100 mg / kg. Treatment 1 hour before the feet of mice induced by subplantar karagenin on the rear left foot white male rats. Edema volume measurements on the soles of mice were observed every 1 hour for 5 hours. The results showed a combination of herbal extracts and leaf celery binahong show stable results, where the hour-3 increased volumes continued in the hours 4th and 5th. Results per cent udema on a combination of herbal extracts and leaf celery binahong ie 49.13%, 44.66% and 45.92%. The average volume is used to calculate the percent edema inflammation, inflammation percent results obtained to calculate the percent inhibition.

Inhibitory Potential of Apium graveolens L. Extract on Inflammation in Diethylnitrosamine-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, with a recurrence rate of 80–90% and a high mortality rate. It is an inflammation-related cancer where cytokines production plays a major role, resulting in a non-resolving inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, which promotes the disease. Therefore, targeting inflammation is a logical way to combat HCC. Natural products can be helpful in the co-treatment and prevention of HCC. Hypothesis This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of a methanolic extract of Apium graveolens L. (MAG) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced toxicity in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods We checked the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of MAG. DEN is known to induce oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This can result in liver damage, increased SGOT, SGPT, and ALP activity in serum, increased expression of HCC biomarkers like AFP and GPC-3, and increased levels of the inflammatory biomarkers NF-κB, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The above factors can cause the activation of the inflammatory signaling pathways, triggering the development of HCC. Results MAG was able to lower the detrimental effects of DEN by restoring liver function; decrease oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPx), and ϒ-L-glutamyl-L-Cysteinyl-glycine (GSH); decrease the inflammatory factors responsible for HCC; and increase caspase-3 activity. Molecular docking studies showed how phytoconstituents like luteolin, apigenin, and kaempferol present in MAG could potentially be responsible for lowering the effects of DEN in the mice’s liver. Conclusion Altogether, the present study showed that MAG was able to ameliorate inflammation in the DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on the use of a whole plant ( Apium graveolens) in an anti-cancer study in a mouse model.

The effect of celery (Apium graveolens) powder on cardiometabolic factors in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pilot randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Celery (Apium graveolens) was shown to have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic factors in animal models. As the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adversely affects cardiometabolic factors, we aimed to assess the effects of celery powder on glycemic and anthropometric indices, lipid profile, liver function, oxidative stress, and blood pressure of individuals with T2DM. In a pilot randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 50 eligible adults with T2DM were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control to consume either 750 mg of celery powder (obtained from fresh celery) or placebo along with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Dietary intake, physical activity, and cardiometabolic factors were assessed before and at the end of the study. Thirty-six patients finished the study (18 in each group). Consumption of celery powder significantly reduced body fat percentage (p = .021). Between-group analysis for changes in cardiometabolic factors did not show significant differences. Although malondialdehyde was reduced in the intervention group and increased in the control group, between-group changes were not significant. Although the insulin-level change was statistically insignificant, a clinical improvement was observed in the intervention group. A 750-mg daily supplementation of celery powder for 12 weeks did not improve the cardiometabolic factors of patients with T2DM. Further studies are suggested.

Effects of microbial inoculants on agronomic characters, physicochemical properties and nutritional qualities of lettuce and celery in hydroponic cultivation

Leafy vegetables are rich in nutrients such as vitamins and dietary fiber, which are essential to people's daily diet. Microbial inoculants play an important role in promoting plant growth and nutritional qualities. In this study, two combined microbial inoculants of Arthrobacter pascens BUAYN-122 and Bacillus subtilis BUABN-01 were applied in the hydroponic system for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) cultivation. After harvesting, the agronomic characters, physicochemical properties and nutritional qualities of lettuce and celery were determined. The paper aimed to evaluate the application of the combined microbial inoculants on hydroponic cultivation of lettuce and celery. The results showed that the microbial inoculants significantly improved the aboveground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, root length, leaf length and leaf number of both lettuce and celery. The root dehydrogenase activity, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll content of the two vegetables were significantly improved, indicating that the microbial inoculation can promote the root nutrient uptake and leaf photosynthesis. Furthermore, the microbial inoculants could significantly increase the total protein, vitamin C and total phenol contents of lettuce and celery, anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents of lettuce, and soluble sugar and total dietary fiber contents of celery. The results of this study confirmed that the application of microbial inoculants in hydroponics systems can promote the yield and the quality of lettuce and celery.

Increased Production and Flavonoids of Two Celery Highland Varieties (Apium graveolens L.) by Endophytic Bacteria in Lowland

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is an annual plant that grows optimally in Indonesia’s highlands. The provision of endophytic bacteria has the role of plant protection, increasing agronomic growth and plant physiology, and overcoming environmental stresses. This study aims to assist the adaptation of highland celery varieties in the lowlands due to the decreasing agricultural highland and increase their production with endophytic bacteria applications. The experiment was executed in Bogor, Indonesia using a randomized block design with two factors. The celery variety served as the first factor [Amigo and Aroma (highland variety), and Summer Green (lowland variety)], and endophytic bacteria was the second factor (control, APE35, a combination of APE35+BAT, APE35+BAT+EQ26, and the PTM3 consortium). The result showed that endophytic bacteria helped the plants to adjust growth from highland to lowlands and increase yield. In lowland, Amigo showed shorter in height but it has a significantly higher stalk number, carotenoids, and flavonoids than Summer Green (lowland control). Endophytic bacteria increased plant growth, N, P, pigments, and flavonoids. APE35 or PTM3 with Amigo produced significantly higher leaf area, number of tillers, number of leaflets, leaf area, head fresh weight (78.529 and 75.054 g/plant), total fresh weight (81.67 and 85.395 g/plant), and total flavonoids (1484.818 and 1502.459 mg QE/100 g) than Summer Green without endophytic bacteria.

Ontogenetic Plasticity in Shoaling Behavior in a Forage Fish under Warming.

Shoaling behavior is known to increase survival rates during attacks from predators, minimize foraging time, favor mating, and potentially increase locomotor efficiency. The onset of shoaling typically occurs during the larval phase but it is unclear how it may improve across ontogenetic stages in forage fishes. Warming is known to increase metabolic rates during locomotion in solitary fish, and shoaling species may adjust their collective behavior to offset the elevated costs of swimming at higher temperatures. In this study, we quantified the effects of warming on shoaling performance across ontogeny of a small forage fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different speeds. Shoals of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish were acclimated at two temperatures (28○C and 32○C), and metabolic rates were quantified prior and following non-exhaustive exercise at high speed. Shoals of 5 individuals were filmed in a flow tank to analyze kinematics of collective movement. We found that zebrafish improve shoaling swimming performance from larvae to juveniles to adults. In particular, shoals become more cohesive, and both tail beat frequency and head-to-tail amplitude decrease with ontogeny. Early life stages have higher thermal sensitivity in metabolic rates and tail beat frequency especially at high speeds, when compared to adults. Our study shows that shoaling behavior and thermal sensitivity improve as zebrafish shift from larval to juvenile to adult stages.

Silver Nanocube-Decorated PVDF Membranes for SERS Substrates

In this study, we report that silver nanocubes (AgNCs) can be synthesized via the silver mirror reaction (SMR) within 1 min. To extend the reaction time, the sharp-edge AgNCs quickly denucleated and collapsed into small spherical Ag nanoparticles and became aggregates. Based on this discovery, we developed an easy-to-make membrane-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with superior sensitivity and reproducibility. The entire fabrication process, including AgNC synthesis from SMR, membrane pretreatment, and AgNC deposition on the membrane by suction filtration, was completed within 30 min. The SERS intensity of R6G increased 48-fold after the pretreatment of the polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane with methanol and NaCl aqueous solutions. The PVDF-based SERS substrate successfully verified attomolar (aM) sensitivity to R6G using 3 × 3 μL of an aqueous sample on a 3 × 3 mm2 substrate. To validate the practicality of the developed SERS substrate as a SERS sensor, it was applied to the detection of malachite green, cocaine, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, and tetracycline, with limits of detection of 10 ppb, 1 ppm, 1 ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. However, the SERS substrate maintained up to 80% sensitivity for only 3 days. Fortunately, a freshly prepared SERS substrate can be quickly fabricated on demand; thus, shelf-life or long-term stability is no longer a concern.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Exosome-like Nanovesicles as a New-Generation Chemotherapy Drug Delivery Platform against Tumor Proliferation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells have shown robust efficacy in drug delivery compared with traditional synthetic carriers. Hampered by the high production cost and complex purification process, the clinical application of EVs as drug carriers is still limited. Nanoparticles isolated from plants with exosome-like morphology and similar delivery effects could be a new option for drug delivery. The celery exosome-like nanovesicles (CELNs) showed higher cellular uptake efficiency compared to the other three common plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, which is an essential advantage for CELNs as a drug carrier. The less toxicity and better tolerance of CELNs as biotherapeutic roles were verified in mice models. Then, doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into CELNs to construct engineered CELNs (CELNs-DOX), which proved to be more efficient in treating tumors than conventional synthetic carriers like liposome both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, has proposed the emerging role of CELNs as a new-generation drug delivery carrier with distinct advantages.

Investigation of the mechanism of action of chemical constituents of celery seed against gout disease using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) has long been considered as a potential herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of gout. However, the relationship between the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of this medicinal plant has not been fully investigated yet. Therefore, this study aims to apply network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics to explore the relationship between the chemical constituents of celery seed and its biological effects in the treatment of gout. Network pharmacology was built and analyzed based on the data collected from GeneCards, OMIM databases and SwissTargetPrediction web server using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the potential targets of celery seed related to gout disease was performed using the ShinyGO v0.75 app. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were carried out using Autodock vina and NAMD 2.14 software, respectively. The network analysis identified 16 active compounds and thirteen key targets of celery seed in the treatment of gout. The GO analysis and the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the mechanism of action of the chemical constituents of celery seed might be involved in several pathways, notably the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics revealed that apiumetin might be an important chemical that plays a key role in the pharmacological effect of celery seed. These results might be useful to select the Q-markers to control the quality of the products from celery seeds. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Comprehensive analysis of HSF genes from celery (Apium graveolens L.) and functional characterization of AgHSFa6-1 in response to heat stress.

High temperature stress is regarded as one of the significant abiotic stresses affecting the composition and distribution of natural habitats and the productivity of agriculturally significant plants worldwide. The HSF family is one of the most important transcription factors (TFs) families in plants and capable of responding rapidly to heat and other abiotic stresses. In this study, 29 AgHSFs were identified in celery and classified into three classes (A, B, and C) and 14 subgroups. The gene structures of AgHSFs in same subgroups were conserved, whereas in different classes were varied. AgHSF proteins were predicted to be involved in multiple biological processes by interacting with other proteins. Expression analysis revealed that AgHSF genes play a significant role in response to heat stress. Subsequently, AgHSFa6-1, which was significantly induced by high temperature, was selected for functional validation. AgHSFa6-1 was identified as a nuclear protein, and can upregulate the expression of certain downstream genes (HSP98.7, HSP70-1, BOB1, CPN60B, ADH2, APX1, GOLS1) in response to high-temperature treatment. Overexpression of AgHSFa6-1 in yeast and Arabidopsis displayed higher thermotolerance, both morphologically and physiologically. In response to heat stress, the transgenic plants produced considerably more proline, solute protein, antioxidant enzymes, and less MDA than wild-type (WT) plants. Overall, this study revealed that AgHSF family members perform a key role in response to high temperature, and AgHSFa6-1 acts as a positive regulator by augmenting the ROS-scavenging system to maintain membrane integrity, reducing stomatal apertures to control water loss, and upregulating the expression level of heat-stress sensitive genes to improve celery thermotolerance.

Interactions of Natural Flavones with Iron Are Affected by 7-O-Glycosylation, but Not by Additional 6″-O-Acylation.

In iron-fortified bouillon, reactivity of the iron ion with (acylated) flavone glycosides from herbs can affect product color and bioavailability of iron. This study investigates the influence of 7-O-glycosylation and additional 6″-O-acetylation or 6″-O-malonylation of flavones on their interaction with iron. Nine (6″-O-acylated) flavone 7-O-apiosylglucosides were purified from celery (Apium graveolens), and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the presence of iron, a bathochromic shift and darker color were observed for the 7-O-apiosylglucosides compared to the aglycon of flavones that only possess the 4-5 site. Thus, the ability of iron to coordinate to the flavone 4-5 site is increased by 7-O-glycosylation. For flavones with an additional 3'-4' site, less discoloration was observed for the 7-O-apiosylglucoside compared to the aglycon. Additional 6″-O-acylation did not affect the color. These findings indicate that model systems used to study discoloration in iron-fortified foods should also comprise (acylated) glycosides of flavonoids.

Atomic structure and optical properties of color centers of silver in AgAu/glass irradiated by UV laser

A study of the structural states of silver in glass after Ag+↔Na+ ion-exchange and further irradiation with different numbers of UV laser pulses has been performed using Ag K-edge XANES combined with DFT simulations and the processing of Ag K-EXAFS. Theoretical Ag K-edge XANES, calculated for DFT-generated structural models, showed high sensitivity to the number of nearest oxygen neighbors of the absorbing Ag+ ion, to changes in the corresponding interatomic distances RAg-O (changes ≳ 0.05 Å) and bond angles (changes ≳ 10° at apical Ag in atomic chain O–Ag–O), and to the presence of Ag+ ions among the second neighbors of Ag. The effect of more distant O and Si neighbors can be considered negligible. The applied combination of complementary techniques for structural analysis of the color centers of silver in glass has revealed that, after ion-exchange, Ag+ ions are predominantly present in glass in the form of dimers, in which the two Ag+ ions are separated by an interatomic distance, RAg-Ag, of 3.4 Å. Other interatomic distances RAg-O in the dimers have also been obtained. It has been determined that, under laser irradiation with the number of pulses up to 1000, only a small proportion (up to 10%) of Ag+ ions in glass samples is reduced from the states of isolated ions and the revealed Ag dimers present after Ag+↔Na+ ion-exchange. The reduced Ag atoms form monometallic Ag NPs and are also deposited on the surface of Au NPs, forming bimetallic AgAu NPs with a solid solution structure. The processes of the formation, growth, and dissolution of monometallic Ag NPs and bimetallic AgAu NPs with increasing number of laser pulses are discussed. Analysis of the blue shifts of ca. 20 nm of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of Ag NPs with increasing number of UV laser pulses up to 1000 revealed that these shifts occurred due to a decrease in the average size of optically visible Ag NPs caused by the growth of initially less visible small Ag NPs (≲5 nm) and partial dissolution of the largest particles.

ETHANOL EXTRACT LIQUID SOAP FORMULATION LEAVES OF CELERY (Apium graveolens L.) AGAINST Escherichia coli BACTERIA

Dirty hands will be a source of disease. Soap is a pharmaceutical preparation used to maintain health. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a plant of the Apiaceae tribe with a distinctive menthol aroma. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory power of celery leaf extract formulation (Apium graveolens L.) as an antibacterial hand-washing soap. This research method is a type of experimental research. The stages of the research were collecting samples, identifying plants, making simplicia, characterizing simplicia, screening phytochemicals, making extracts and making hand soap formulations of celery leaf extract (Apium graveolens L) at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and antibacterial testing of celery leaves, against Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed the celery leaf extract soap formulation contained phytochemical compounds of flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The organoleptic test found that the best soap formulation was the F2 formulation with a concentration of 10% at an average level of preference value, namely 3.67 for colour, 3.27 for aroma, and 3.80 for texture. The homogeneity test performed showed that all formulations produced soap with good homogeneity. The height and stability test of the resulting celery extract soap foam ranged from 61-71 mm. The irritation test of the resulting celery extract soap also showed no irritation for all the formulations. The value of the antibacterial activity test found that the F1 formulation showed antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 3 (weak), F2 with an inhibition zone of 9 (moderate) and F3 with the antibacterial activity of 12 (strong).

Long‐term variability in the fish assemblage around Japan over the last century and early warning signals of regime shifts

AbstractThe marine ecosystems around Japan are very productive and have typical wasp‐waist structure dominated by small pelagic fishes such as sardine, exhibiting large low‐frequency fluctuations in biomass. Whereas studies on the variability in abundance of individual species such as sardine and anchovy are popular, only a few studies focused on the long‐term variability of fish assemblage around Japan. In this study, 13 species/taxa ranging from small forage to large predatory species and from warm‐ to cold‐water species were selected to indicate essential characteristics of the fish assemblage and their drivers were analysed based on fishery, oceanographic and climatic data sets from 1901 to 2018. Results show that two outstanding peaks during the 1930s and 1980s were characterized by abundant sardine. Additionally, species composition showed high similarities during similar temperature regimes while exhibiting contrasts during different temperature regimes. Variations and regime shifts in dominant patterns and fish community indices coincided well with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and regional sea surface temperature (SST). Furthermore, gradient forest analysis identified AMO and regional SSTs as most important predictors of dominant patterns and fish community indices, suggesting that the decadal and multidecadal variability in the fish assemblage around Japan was forced by basin‐scale climate variability as inherent in the AMO through its connections with regional SSTs. Autocorrelation coefficient demonstrated that the ecological indicators have the potential to be early warning signals of regime shifts, which suggests the possibility of coming cold regime since around 2015 and has important implications for fisheries management.

Mapping of the AgPPur gene for the purple petiole in celery (Apium graveolens L.)

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a vegetable widely planted and eaten all over the world, and its petiole is the main edible part. To date, there are very few reports about the inheritance and gene cloning of celery petiole color. In this study, based on the purple petiole celery inbred line (ppur) discovered in the early stage of our research, its petiole is purple, and its dwarf stem and leaves are green. The F2 segregation population was configured by crossing it with inbred lines with white petioles. The genetic analysis showed that the purple petiole to white petiole segregation ratio was 3:1 and that the purple trait was dominantly inherited under single gene control. The ppur locus was localized within 324 kb on Chr09 by map cloning, and the gene AgPPur, whose homolog in Arabidopsis encodes the NAC transcription factor, was targeted by RT‒PCR and sequence comparison. Sequencing of both parents revealed a 4-bp deletion at the 5′ UTR in white petiole material, and the gene marker Indel-A4 developed based on this deletion was 100% accurate in both F2 populations. Validation in 30 celery materials with different colored petioles in the laboratory revealed that the marker could perfectly distinguish between purple/nonpurple petiolar materials. Therefore, AgPPur was considered to be the candidate gene controlling purple petioles in celery. Our results could not only improve the efficiency and accuracy of celery breeding but also help to understand the mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in celery.

Effect of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Microgreens on Drosophila melanogaster

Celery (Apium graveolens L. ; family : Apiaceae) was often used as a spice in daily food. However, this plant contains many antioxidant compounds useful for attenuating neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. Planting celery in the form of microgreens harvested 15 days was expected to increase the content of bioactive compounds. In the current study, we intended to evaluate the neuromodulatory potential of methanol extract of celery microgreens on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster Meigen : family Drosophilidae ; ordo : Diptera) which were exposed to paraquat. Neuroprotective capacity was assessed by survival rate, locomotor performance, lipid peroxidation and dopamine content after being treated with 120 µg/mL extract of celery microgreens and 3.5 mM paraquat for 4 days. Phytochemical constituents from extract of celery microgreens were measured including total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity using the radicals scavenging method. Exposure of adult fruit flies to paraquat will cause a decrease in the survival and locomotor phenotype improved by extract of celery microgreens treatment. In parallel, increased malondialdehyde content from lipid peroxidation and decreased dopamine content can be improved by the presence of celery microgreens extract. Neuroprotective capacities indicate a high content of antioxidant compounds of celery microgreens extract. Our study concludes that celery microgreens exhibited to retard the effect of oxidative stress that causes Parkinson's disease.

Combined evaluation of agronomic and quality traits to explore heat germplasm in celery (Apium graveolens L.)

Existing celery germplasm resources must be evaluated prior to celery biological research and application of germplasm resources. In this study, 14 agronomic and quality traits, and heat-resistance of 50 celery cultivars were analyzed. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of the 14 traits ranged from 1.73% to 64.69%, 50 samples of celery could be divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis. The primary sources of variation in agronomic traits were petiole color, hollow/solid, and yield per plant, and the primary sources of variation of quality traits were apigenin and cellulose. The photosynthetic parameters and heat damage index was investigated, and the correlation between celery germplasm resources and heat-resistance was analyzed. The result showed that heat-resistance was correlated with its hollow/solid and color. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of celery germplasm resources, screened heat-resistant and heat-sensitive varieties, and performed an association analysis with the germplasm resources, which laid the foundation for the subsequent selection of heat-resistant celery varieties.

Medium-Term Effect of Organic Amendments on the Chemical Properties of a Soil Used for Vegetable Cultivation with Cereal and Legume Rotation in a Semiarid Climate

The response of a Petrocalcic Palexeroll dedicated to the cultivation of vegetables (Apium graveolens L.) with a rotation of a mixture of cereals and legumes when organic amendments are added has been studied; specifically, three fertilization treatments were experimented with: two organic (LSM and COA) and one with chemical fertilizers (I). The LSM and COA plots were managed according to the regulations governing organic production, while in I, conventional agricultural production practices were used. Over a three-year period, monthly samples were taken from the topsoil and analyzed for organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, total P (P), electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECext) and extract ions, pH in water (pHw) and 1 M KCl (pHKCl), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable bases (Mg2+, K+, Na+), and assimilable elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn). The results obtained indicated significant differences between the treatments for the OC, TN, C/N, and P; specifically, in the case of OC the mean concentrations were 22.2 > 20.1 > 17.5 g kg−1 for the LSM, COA, and I, respectively. The addition of organic amendments also improved the soil function for food production, evidenced by the higher concentrations of K, Mg, and micronutrients. The ECext and extracted ions were also sensitive to the treatments such that the sequence of ECext in the third year was COA = LSM > I, with values of 5.0, 4.8, and 3.3 dSm−1, which forced a rethink of the doses of the amendments applied. These results suggest that the LSM-based agronomic model had a beneficial effect on the soil properties and contributed to its function as a C sink.

The Effect of Celery Ethanol Extract on Proteinuria in Unilateral Ureter Obstruction Rat Model

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition of decreased kidney function that occurs for more than three months. Proteinuria is one of the markers of impaired kidney function, especially in the renal filtration process. Unilateral ureter obstruction causes impaired kidney function, including the filtration process. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) contains phenolic compounds that can prevent the decrease of kidney function. This study aims to determine the effect of celery ethanol extract on proteinuria in the UUO rat model. This study was an experimental study with a post-test only with control group design. A total of 25 rats were assigned to 5 groups. Group 1: sham control, 2: negative control (UUO), 3: UUO with 125 mg/kgBW celery ethanol extract, 4: UUO with 250 mg/kgBW celery ethanol extract, and 5: UUO with 500 mg/kgBW celery ethanol extract. The treatment of celery ethanol extract was given for 14 days. Urine samples were taken on the 15th day for examination of proteinuria. The results were analyzed by the Oneway ANOVA test and showed a significant difference between the control group and the treatment groups (p<0.05). A dose of 250mg/kgBW is the most effective dose of celery ethanol extract in this study.