Utilization Of Sludge Research Articles

Motivating and demotivating factors for Bulgarian farmers to use WWTP sludge in agricultural holdings

The problem of the treatment of sludge and the utilization of waste contents of sewage treatment plants for use in agriculture is a problem with a decades-old history. The aim of the study is to identify the main motivating and demotivating factors that convince Bulgarian farmers to use WWTP sludge. The article presents the prospects for agricultural utilization of sludge produced by WWTP in Bulgaria, and more specifically focuses on the study of the effect of sludge utilization in agriculture, on the one hand, and offers opportunities for their application, finding a long-term sustainable solution for their management. The presented assessment of the possibilities and prospects for the Bulgarian agricultural producers for the utilization of sludge based on the achieved results of a scientific research project aims to solve the problems related to the socio-economic efficiency in the use of sludge in agricultural practice, and to support science and practice when resolving these public issues.

Synthesis of mesoporous MIL-100(Fe) from acid mine drainage sludge for norfloxacin removal: Industrial sludge high value utilization, adsorbent performance and contaminant removal mechanisms

Recovery of heavy metals from acid mine drainage sludge (AMDs) and their conversion into high value-added materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is of great significance for sustainable development. MOFs have broad application prospects in liquid phase pollutant removal, owing to super high specific surface area and adjustable structure. In this study, MIL-100(Fe) with mesoporous structures was successfully prepared from AMDs by acid leaching-hydrothermal method. And the obtained MIL-100(Fe) was employed as an adsorbent for adsorptive norfloxacin (NOR) removal from wastewater. The adsorption results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity can reach 280.84 mg/g under the condition of 298 K, the initial pH value of solution is 10 and the dosage of catalyst is 0.1 g/L. According to the N2 sorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization, the adsorption mechanism of NOR on MIL-100(Fe) is mainly attributed to electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, pore filling and coordination. Furthermore, the adsorbent maintained 75.05% of its initial adsorption capacity after 5 cycles, indicating that MIL-100(Fe) has excellent stability. This study provides a new idea for the resource utilization of industrial sludge.

Overview of Oil Sludge Combustion/Pyrolysis Utilization

With the development of society, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. Today, fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are still the main energy sources in the world. During the process of oil extraction, refining, transportation, and wastewater treatment, a large amount of oil sludge is generated, which contains a lot of harmful substances that are difficult to degrade automatically. Therefore, international scholars have conducted certain research on the combustion/pyrolysis utilization of oil sludge and have achieved certain research results.

Performance and mechanism analysis of sludge-based biochar loaded with Co and Mn as photothermal catalysts for simultaneous removal of acetone and NO at low temperature.

Replacing NH3 in NH3-SCR with VOCs provides a new idea for the simultaneous removal of VOCs and NOx, but the technology still has urgent problems such as high cost of catalyst preparation and unsatisfactory catalytic effect in the low-temperature region. In this study, biochar obtained from sewage sludge calcined at different temperatures was used as a carrier, and different Co and Mn injection ratios were selected. Then, a series of sludge-based biochar (SBC) catalysts were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method for the simultaneous removal of acetone and NO in a low-temperature photothermal co-catalytic system with acetone replacing NH3. The characterization results show that heat is the main driving force of the reaction system, and the abundance of Co and Mn atoms in high valence states, surface-adsorbed oxygen, and oxygen lattice defects in the catalyst are the most important factors affecting the performance of the catalyst. The performance test results showed that the optimal pyrolysis temperature of sludge was 400 °C, the optimal dosing ratio of Co and Mn was 4:1, and the catalyst achieved 42.98% and 52.41% conversion of acetone and NO, respectively, at 240 °C with UV irradiation. Compared with the pure SBC without catalytic effect, the SBC loaded with Co and Mn gained the ability of simultaneous removal of acetone and NO through the combined effect of multiple factors. The key reaction steps for the catalytic conversion of acetone and NO on the catalyst surface were investigated according to the Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism, and a possible mechanism was proposed. This study provides a new strategy for the resource utilization of sewage sludge and the preparation of photothermal catalysts for the simultaneous removal of acetone and NO at low cost.

Research on the Value of Sludge Resource Utilization in A Sewage Treatment Plant in A Certain City in Southwest China

With the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of living standards, environmental issues are receiving increasing attention. In recent years, the National Development and Reform Commission and other three departments have issued the "Implementation Plan for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Sludge", proposing to implement harmless treatment of sludge and promote resource utilization, which is an important measure to build a beautiful China. In order to prevent water pollution and improve environmental quality, the sewage treatment capacity in the Southwest region has rapidly increased, and the sludge production has also sharply increased. The sludge contains various organic pollutants and nutrients, and the resource utilization of sludge has attracted people's attention. Analyzing the properties and nutrients of sludge is a prerequisite for scientific and reasonable sludge resource utilization. Therefore, this article takes sewage treatment plant sludge as the research object, conducts in-depth research on sludge properties and nutrients, and conducts in-depth research on the resource utilization value of sludge.

Insights into the rapid start-up of an inoculated municipal sludge system: A high-height-to-diameter-ratio airlift inner-circulation partition bioreactor based on CFD analysis

The utilization of municipal sludge as a seed sludge for initiating the autotrophic nitrogen removal (ANR) process presents a challenge due to the negligible abundance of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). Here, a computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate sludge volume fraction and sludge particle velocity. A high-height-to-diameter-ratio airlift inner-circulation partition bioreactor (HHAIPBR) was operated for 175 d to enrich AnAOB from municipal sludge, and the performance of the ANR process was investigated. The start-up period of HHAIPBR inoculated with municipal sludge required approximately 69 d. A high nitrogen removal performance, with a mean total nitrogen removal efficiency of 82.1%, was obtained for 1 month. The simulation results validated the presence of sludge circulation and revealed the distribution characteristics of dissolved oxygen inside the reactor, further supporting the promotion of sludge granulation via the high height-to-diameter ratio. Nitrosomonas (3.31%) of Proteobacteria and Candidatus Brocadia (6.56%) of Planctomycetota were dominant in the HHAIPBR. This study presents a viable approach for the industrial cultivation of anammox sludge and the rapid start-up of the partial nitritation-anammox system.

Urban water resources management with energy constraint and carbon emission intensity under uncertainty: A dual objective optimization model

Water production, utilization and recycle in urban system associated with a large amount of energy consumption and carbon emission that has increasingly international attention under sustainable development goals. In this study, a comprehensive urban water resources system management model is proposed under water-energy-carbon nexus and multiple uncertainties. The water-energy-carbon nexus was reflected in the processes of water extraction, water production and sewage treatment, and two objectives of maximizing the system benefit and minimizing carbon emission is transformed into two linear programming problem through the dual-objective interval fractional programming. Considering the interaction among water supply/demand, pollutants discharge control, energy consumption and self-energy utilization, indirect carbon emission as the main constraints, the developed model is applied to a typical water and energy sources shortage area of Qingdao city in north China. Multiple scenarios related to energy consumption and carbon emission control are designed to search the relationship among energy consumption, carbon emission and water resources allocation schemes. The results indicated that water demand as the main driving factor of energy consumption and carbon emission in urban water system cannot be directly limited through water supply structure adjustment. Through introducing self-energy supply (sludge utilization) and energy consumption control, water resources allocation schemes and water supply structure would be changed to improve energy saving potential with an obvious decrease trend of carbon emission intensity from 0.7921 tCO2/MWh to 0.5544 tCO2/MWh. The model could effectively provide reasonable urban water system management strategies under different water allocation demands and carbon emission challenges scenarios and deal with multiple uncertainties in decision-making process.

Analysis of Heavy Metal Contaminants and Mobility in Sewage sludge-soil Mixtures for Sustainable Agricultural Practices

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture, focusing on the assessment of heavy metal contaminants and their mobility in sewage sludge-soil mixtures. The innovative approach of investigating heavy metal fractions in these mixtures sheds light on their environmental implications. In this study, sludge and soil samples from three different soil categories were collected, and the mobility of heavy metals was investigated using sequential BCR analysis. A thorough assessment of the risk of environmental contamination associated with the agricultural use of sludge was also carried out. This study included the calculation of various risk indicators, such as the Geoaccumulation Index of heavy metals in soil (Igeo), the risk assessment code (RAC), and the author’s element mobility ratio (EMR), which included a comparison of the overall metal concentrations in sludge, soil, and mixtures. This study demonstrates that the key to using sludge is to know the form of mobility of the metals present in the sludge and how they behave once they are introduced into the soil.

Optimization of briquetting conditions and influencing factors of high-strength sludge briquette

With the increase of sewage sludge production in China, there is an urgent need for a clean and efficient sludge treatment, and the coupling utilization of sludge and coal to produce briquette is a potential sludge treatment method. In this work, sludge (with blending ratio higher than 40 wt%, dry basis) and one Chinese low-rank pulverized coal were used as raw materials to prepare sludge briquette by cold pressing method without binder. The effect of sludge moisture content (SMC), briquetting load (BL), blending ratio (BR), and particle size distribution of coal (PSD) on the compressive strength of the briquette were explored. Through FTIR, contact angle, Zeta potential, and SEM analysis, the briquetting mechanism of sludge briquette was clarified. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the briquetting process conditions. The results showed that the order of influence of various factors on the compressive strength of the briquette is as follows: BL > PSD > SMC > BR. The results also showed that the interaction among SMC, BL, and PSD is the main factor affecting the compressive strength of sludge briquette. According to regression analysis, the optimum briquetting conditions are SMC of 14.11%, BL of 46.54 MPa, the weight proportion of sludge of 60%, and the weight proportion of R1 in coal of 52.68%. The quadratic regression model was established by RSM, and the predicted value is close to the experimental value.

Utilization of Sludge from the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the Asrama Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (DLH) Jagakarsa of South Jakarta City as Basic Material for Organic Fertilizer

Asrama DLH Jagakarsa has a communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that produces sludge that has not been treated. Asrama DLH residents directly apply the sludge from the communal WWTP as fertilizer for plants. Fecal sludge contains organic substances that provide nutrients to plants. However, there is a possibility that it still contains pathogenic bacteria and metals that can be harmful to plants. This research aims to utilize the fecal sludge from Asrama DLH Jagakarsa WWTP as organic fertilizer with additional ingredients in the form of humic acid. During fertilizer manufacturing, the bacteria and metals are removed. The analysis used includes the composting process conditions analysis, characteristics tests to determine the content of feces and fertilizers, and analysis of the application to plants. Analysis of the conditions in the composting process is the analysis of the pH value of organic fertilizers. Characteristic tests include soil variation (V1), WWTP sludge (V2), and organic fertilizer (V3). Analysis of the application of plant growth was carried out by testing the variation of soil 100% (P1), soil 80% + 20% fecal sludge (P2), and soil 80% + 20% organic fertilizer (P3). The laboratory analysis includes the analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPP), and water content which will be compared with the quality standard of the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 261 of 2019. The plant that is used as an indicator of the success of organic fertilizer in plant growth is the kale plant. The best value was obtained in the variation of organic fertilizer (V3), namely the NPP content and water content, respectively, which were 4.52%, 2.57%, 0.05%, and 19.84%. This shows that organic fertilizer increases NPP elements and plant growth.

Modeling of Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Phosphorus Recovery and Hydrogen Generation

AbstractDue to the amendment of sewage sludge ordinance in Germany, phosphorus must be recovered from sewage sludge in the future. Previously developed phosphorus recycling processes are not economically viable due to high material and energetic expenditures. Gasification of dried sewage sludge enables the energetic utilization of sewage sludge and provides the energy for phosphorus recovery. The present paper focuses on thermodynamic modeling of the gasification system to demonstrate the potential for holistic utilization of dried sewage sludge as phosphorus fertilizer. The results shows that an energy self‐sufficient, optimized process can be realized for recovery of phosphorus by gasification and subsequent thermo‐chemical treatment of dried sewage sludge.

A novel approach for the resource utilization of zinc-bearing dust and sludge via the blast furnace main trough

Minimizing the environmental impact of zinc-bearing dust and sludge (ZDS) while efficiently extracting valuable metals from its intricate mix has become a pressing issue for steel mills. To facilitate comprehensive ZDS usage, we propose a novel approach for recycling ZDS in the blast furnace main trough. This work explores the self-reduction reaction principles of carbon-containing pellets derived from ZDS. Moreover, it examines the consequent alterations in the physical and chemical properties of molten iron and slag. The molten iron temperature inversely correlates with the number of added pellets; the temperature declines as more pellets are introduced. To restrict the molten iron's temperature decrease to within 30℃, it is advisable to limit the quantity of pellets added to 20 kg per ton of molten iron. At 1500℃, the self-reduction reaction of the pellet initiates 1.5 min post its introduction into the molten iron and concludes 12 min thereafter. The pellet mass percentage entering the molten iron is 32 %, whereas the mass percentage of iron elements within the pellet entering molten iron is 64 %. The pellet addition results in an uptick in blast furnace slag viscosity, yet it remains within an acceptable viscosity range (<1Pa·s).

Utilization of treated wastewater dry sludge for lightweight concrete and the use of treated waste water as a curing medium

The increasing generation of sludge from wastewater treatment plants and the growing concerns over sustainable waste management have led to a demand for innovative and eco-friendly approaches. This abstract presents a novel approach that addresses two significant environmental challenges: the utilization of dry sludge as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production and the use of wastewater as a curing medium for concrete. Concrete, being the most widely used construction material worldwide, has a significant environmental impact due to its extensive consumption of natural resources and high carbon emissions. To address these challenges, researchers have explored various sustainable alternatives, one of which is incorporating sludge, a byproduct of wastewater treatment plants, into concrete production. This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of the utilization of sludge as supplementary cementations material (SCM) in concrete, highlighting its potential benefits and challenges. Sludge, rich in organic and inorganic compounds, possesses properties that can enhance the performance of concrete. As a SCM, It can partially replace cement thereby reducing its demand and minimizing the carbon footprint associated with cement production. Additionally, sludge in corporation in concrete promotes waste management and offers a sustainable solution for the disposal of this abundant by product. The abstract examines the effects of sludge on various concrete properties, including workability, strength development, durability and environmental impacts. Studies have shown that sludge addition can enhance the workability of fresh concrete, leading to improved cohesiveness and reduced water demand. Furthermore, the pozzolanic and filler effects of sludge contribute to the strength development of hardened concrete, with potential improvements observed in both early age and long-term strengths. Moreover, the inclusion of sludge in concrete can enhance its durability performance, such as resistance to chloride ion penetration, sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction. The abstract also discusses the potential environmental benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, energy saving and conservation of natural resources, resulting from sludge utilization in concrete production. Overall , in corporation sludge into concrete presents a promoting opportunity to enhance the sustainability of the construction industry; further research and development efforts are required to fully understand the long term performance and environmental implication of sludge-based concrete and to overcome the associated challenges. By embracing sludge as valuable resources, the construction sector can move towards a more circular economy and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.

Co-Pyrolysis of Fenton Sludge and Pomelo Peel for Heavy Metal Stabilization: Speciation Mechanism and Risk Evaluation

The safe disposal and resource utilization of Fenton sludge (FS) are challenges due to the presence of heavy metals (HMs). Co-pyrolysis with biomass waste can effectively increase biochar quality and immobilize HMs, but research focusing on heavy metal stabilization from Fenton sludge using the co-pyrolysis approach is scattered. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of FS and pomelo peel (PP) was developed as a strategy to reduce the environmental risk of HMs. The results showed that co-pyrolysis greatly increased the pH and aromaticity of biochars, and the maximum specific surface area was 6.5 times higher than the corresponding FS-based biochar due to the sponge-like structure of PP, which was likely conducive to adsorbing HMs during pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the addition of PP promoted the enrichment of HMs in co-pyrolyzed biochars as well as induced the transformation of bio-available HM fractions to stable forms, especially at high temperatures. Finally, the presence of PP led to the decline in HM leachability in biochars; thus, the potential ecological risks of HMs decreased from considerable pollution levels to moderate and even clean levels. This study demonstrated that co-pyrolysis with PP is a promising approach to reduce the toxicity of HMs and improve the functionality of biochar for industrial sludge management.

Utilization of Sludge from Cow Dung Biogas as Additional Feed for Sangkuriang Catfish (Claries gariepinus)

Utilization of Sludge from Cow Dung Biogas as Additional Feed for Sangkuriang Catfish (Claries gariepinus)

Comprehensive utilization of blast furnace slag, municipal sludge and kaolin clay in building brick manufacture: Crystalline transformation, morphology observation and property assessment

At present, the comprehensive utilization of bulk industrial solid waste has attracted wide attention. The recycling of industrial solid waste in building materials not only provides valuable insights for the management of solid waste, but also alleviates the over-exploitation of natural clay resources in the construction industry. In this study, municipal sludge (MS) and blast furnace slag (BFS) were incorporated into kaolin clay (KC) to synthesize sustainable composite bricks, and the sintering effects and engineering properties of bricks were adjusted by changing BFS dosages. The results indicated that the addition of BFS would promote liquid glassy phase production in bricks due to the higher content of alkali/alkaline-earth metal oxides, and the ingredient, viscosity and content of liquid glassy phases could also be regulated through varying the dosage of BFS (0-15%), thereby affecting the pore structure, particle arrangement/consolidation and performance of bricks. Among all synthesized bricks, the optimum dosages of BFS, MS and KC for satisfying the building standard thresholds were 10%, 40% and 50%, with corresponding linear shrinkage, porosity, density, water absorption, compressive and flexure strengths of 12.97%, 18.15%, 1.83 g/cm3, 0.82%, 15 MPa and 38 Mpa, respectively. Finally, mechanism analysis further demonstrated that the formation and evolution of liquid glassy phases were the key responsibility for adjusting the brick micromorphology and performance. Based on this study, using MS and BFS in brick manufacturing benefited the value-added utilization of industrial solid wastes, clean protection of environments and sustainable production of building materials, providing a reference for the process optimization and potential application of MS and BFS wastes in masonry construction.

A novel iron-based composite modified by refinery sludge for fixing Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and As in heavy metal polluted soil: Preparation, remediation process and feasibility analysis

In this study, we prepared a novel iron-based composite (NIC) via a one-step reduction method utilizing refinery sludge (RS) as the reducing agent and iron ore (IO) as the iron source, allowing for the concurrent stabilization of multiple heavy metals (HMs) in soil. The loose, porous structure of NIC provided ample active sites, including Fe0, CaAl2Si2O8, fixed carbon, and a small amount of active amorphous substances. After 60 days of soil remediation using 5% NIC, the bioavailable content of HMs Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As was reduced by 71.55%, 49.62%, 91.35%, 61.37%, and 41.45%, respectively. Upon magnetic recovery and analysis of NIC in soil, HMs were found to have been enriched in the material, forming new phases like FeAsO4, ZnFe2O4, among others. Thus, the immobilization mechanism of HMs included adsorption, co-precipitation and complexation etc. Furthermore, NIC enhanced soil pH and cation exchange capacity, elevating the soil's ability to retain heavy metal cations. Lastly, cost-benefit analysis revealed that RS as a reducing agent could lower the production cost of environmental remediation materials. Furthermore, HM leaching toxicity analysis verified the safety of its usage. Overall, our findings offer a promising procedure for both the resource utilization of refinery sludge and multi-metal co-contaminated soil remediation.

HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE – AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO TREAT AND MANAGE SEWAGE SLUDGE IN RURAL AREAS OF GERMANY?

As the result of new regulation from the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance (AbfKlärV 2017) and the future obligation to recover phosphorus, thermal treatment (mono-incineration) has become increasingly popular, whereas land-based utilization has decreased. Germany has produced 1.71 million metric tons (DM) of sewage sludge in the year 2021. Sewage sludge contains important nutrients such as phosphorus but also heavy metals and organic pollutants making the direct utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture controversial. Rural areas in particular have benefited from land-based sewage sludge utilization however the future ban on direct land-based utilization is forcing them to find alternative solutions for sewage sludge treatment and management. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has developed considerably over the last 15 years and offers a viable alternative for the utilization of municipal and industrial organic waste such as sewage sludge. The process takes place in an aqueous environment without the need for pre-drying sewage sludge and thereby facilitating direct processing. HTC is especially suitable in combination with the recovery of nutrients like phosphorus. Technologies to recover this essential resource are important because phosphorus is an element that cannot be substituted and is therefore essential. HTC could make a significant contribution to sewage sludge management in combination with phosphorus recovery. However, the technology has yet to establish itself as a sewage sludge valorization process (2023) and is not yet a recognized state-of-the-art. Nevertheless, the HTC technology could gain greater relevance in the future, especially as an alternative valorization pathway for sewage sludge in rural areas of Germany.

Optimization of electro-dewatering performance of oily sludge by voltage control and coal-powdered activated carbon (CPAC) addition

Electro-dewatering technology (EDW) exhibits promising prospects for oily sludge reduction treatment, owing to its remarkable dewatering efficiency. Unlike conventional oily sludge dewatering methods, EDW eliminates the need for chemical additives, mitigating the risk of secondary contamination. This study comprehensively investigates the impacts of voltage and coal-powdered activated carbon (CPAC) on the performance of EDW, as well as the properties of the dewatered sludge cake. Moreover, the underlying EDW mechanism is delved into the exploration. The water content decreased from 79.01% to 63.25% with the application of 40 V and 25 kPa pressure, while the dewatering rate increased from 0.025 g/s to 0.055 g/s, with the best electro-dewatering performance. Furthermore, the incorporation of CPAC significantly optimized the electro-dewatering performance, by reducing the viscosity, electrical resistance of the sludge cake and created more mechanical channels for water migration. Introducing 7.5% CPAC (wt.%) achieved the highest dewatering rate of 0.078 g/s with 57.14% final water content of sludge cake. The EDW process enabled discharge of heavy metal ions from oily sludge cake. Additionally, the addition of CPAC contributed to reduced unit energy consumption and improved calorific value of oily sludge cake. This study provides a sustainable and environmentally-friendly technology for the efficient dewatering and subsequent resource utilization of oily sludge, offering considerable potential for both environmental and economic benefits.

Preparation of environmental remediation material based on manganese-slag and sewage sludge as a strategy for remediation of cadmium pollution

Both manganese-slag and sewage sludge are typical solid wastes, but their utilization is limited. Based on the soil properties, the abovementioned pollutants were combined with Broussonetia papyrifera to treat soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. Three materials (sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSB), Mn-SSB, and Mn-slag (Slag)) were prepared using oxygen-limited pyrolysis technology with Slag and sewage sludge, and the effects of the three materials on the phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soil were investigated. All three materials had distinct morphological characteristics, good functional group structure, specific surface area, and porosity. The adsorption and leaching experiments in the solution indicated that the three materials could not only directly absorb Cd2+ but also release nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil pH increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the addition of the above environmental remediation materials. Furthermore, the contents of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in soil increased significantly, whereas the electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly (p < 0.05). During remediation of Cd-polluted soil by integrating the above materials with B. papyrifera, Slag significantly increased the B. papyrifera biomass, but the effects of SSB and Mn-SSB were not significant. SSB, Mn-SSB, and Slag significantly increased the protein content of B. papyrifera leaves, with Mn-SSB having the most significant effect (p < 0.05). The applications of SSB, Mn-SSB, and Slag reduced the malondialdehyde content and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, reducing the damage to B. papyrifera. Mn-SSB significantly reduced the Cd content in the roots, stems, and leaves of B. papyrifera, and SSB and Slag promoted Cd enrichment in B. papyrifera. This study realized the comprehensive utilization of Mn-slag and sewage sludge and established a recycling system from solid waste to the treatment of waste soil.