Slow Loading Research Articles

From Play to Understanding: Large Language Models in Logic and Spatial Reasoning Coloring Activities for Children

Visual thinking leverages spatial mechanisms in animals for navigation and reasoning. Therefore, given the challenge of abstract mathematics and logic, spatial reasoning-based teaching strategies can be highly effective. Our previous research verified that innovative box-and-ball coloring activities help teach elementary school students complex notions like quantifiers, logical connectors, and dynamic systems. However, given the richness of the activities, correction is slow, error-prone, and demands high attention and cognitive load from the teacher. Moreover, feedback to the teacher should be immediate. Thus, we propose to provide the teacher with real-time help with LLMs. We explored various prompting techniques with and without context—Zero-Shot, Few-Shot, Chain of Thought, Visualization of Thought, Self-Consistency, logicLM, and emotional —to test GPT-4o’s visual, logical, and correction capabilities. We obtained that Visualization of Thought and Self-Consistency techniques enabled GPT-4o to correctly evaluate 90% of the logical–spatial problems that we tested. Additionally, we propose a novel prompt combining some of these techniques that achieved 100% accuracy on a testing sample, excelling in spatial problems and enhancing logical reasoning.

A foundational framework for the mesoscale modeling of dynamic elastomers and gels

Discrete mesoscale network models, in which explicitly modeled polymer chains are replaced by implicit pairwise potentials, are capable of predicting the macroscale mechanical response of polymeric materials such as elastomers and gels, while offering greater insight into microstructural phenomena than constitutive theory or macroscale experiments alone. However, whether such mesoscale models accurately represent the molecular structures of polymer networks requires investigation during their development, particularly in the case of dynamic polymers that restructure in time. We here introduce and compare the topological and mechanical predictions of an idealized, reduced-order mesoscale approach in which only tethered dynamic bonding sites and crosslinks in a polymer’s backbone are explicitly modeled, to those of molecular theory and a Kremer-Grest, coarse-grained molecular dynamics approach. We find that for short chain networks (∼12 Kuhn lengths per chain segment) at intermediate polymer packing fractions, undergoing relatively slow loading rates (compared to the monomer diffusion rate), the mesoscale approach reasonably reproduces the chain conformations, bond kinetic rates, and ensemble stress responses predicted by molecular theory and the bead–spring model. Further, it does so with a 90% reduction in computational cost. These savings grant the mesoscale model access to larger spatiotemporal domains than conventional molecular dynamics, enabling simulation of large deformations as well as durations approaching experimental timescales (e.g., those utilized in dynamic mechanical analysis). While the model investigated is for monodisperse polymer networks in theta-solvent, without entanglement, charge interactions, long-range dynamic bond interactions, or other confounding physical effects, this work highlights the utility of these models and lays a foundational groundwork for the incorporation of such phenomena moving forward.

빅 히스토리를 활용한 AI 기반 융합질문 생성 교육용 서비스 ‘OASIS’ 개발

This study aims to design an AI-based educational service using Big History to enhance convergence competency in secondary school students and to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of the designed service, OASIS(Online AI-based Service for Inquiry Studies). Through three stages of model improvement, the core model OASIS was developed. Convergence competency tests were conducted on 128 first-year high school students before and after using OASIS. Additionally, the effectiveness and user satisfaction were evaluated by a user satisfaction survey conducted with the same students and 15 educational experts. OASIS utilizes ChatGPT to provide multidisciplinary information on input keywords, thereby enhancing interdisciplinary understanding. The service is structured to foster convergence competency through the creation of convergence inquiries and interactive activities. The results of the convergence competency tendency test and user satisfaction survey indicated that the use of OASIS helped enhance students' convergence competency and showed high satisfaction regarding the usefulness of information. However, limitations such as the inaccuracy of information and slow loading speeds were noted. Addressing these limitations could improve the service’s applicability in secondary education for fostering convergence.

РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ МАГНИТОМОДУЛЯЦИОННЫМ ДАТЧИКОМ НИЗКОЧАСТОТНОГО ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ В ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАХ ПО РАЗРУШЕНИЮ ОБРАЗЦОВ ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД

The article presents the results of observations of variations in magnetic induction using magnetomodulation sensors, which made it possible to register the signals of electromagnetic (EM) emission in the range of 0.01–200 Hz generated by rock samples under fast and slow uniaxial loading in laboratory experiments. The description of the equipment and measurement techniques used in the experiments is given. At two modes of loading rock samples differences in EM emission signals reflecting the peculiarities of the development of their destruction processes are found. It is shown that during the destruction of rock samples, the amplitude-frequency spectrum of magnetic field components clearly reveals the contribution of low-frequency harmonics, which is mainly concentrated in the frequency range below 15 Hz. It is established that magnetomodulation sensors have sufficient sensitivity and resolution to observe and register EM emission signals in the frequency range of 0.01–200 Hz, manifested during the destruction of rock samples in the process of their loading.

Research on simulating coal crack development under high voltage electric pulse stress waves using zero thickness cohesive elements

High voltage electric pulse (HVEP) technology has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing coal seam permeability. However, there is a notable gap in numerical simulation studies that investigate the cracks development patterns in coal under the influence of this technology. In this study, a HVEP coal rock fracturing system was utilized to conduct a physical simulation experiment of coal sample electrical fragmentation. A finite-discrete element method (FDEM) model, incorporating zero-thickness cohesive elements, was developed to simulate the process of stress wave-induced crack propagation in coal, triggered by the plasma channel. The results indicate that over time, the stress wave typically exhibits an initial rapid rise followed by an oscillatory decline. The peak value of the stress wave decreases significantly with distance, stabilizing beyond a propagation distance of 10 mm. Furthermore, the fracturing efficacy of coal by HVEP stress waves is closely linked to specific characteristic parameters: within the range of 75–125 MPa, a positive correlation exists between the stress wave peak and the complexity of the coal crack network. Reducing the stress wave loading rate can increase the crack area to some extent, although excessively slow loading rates may lead to excessive energy dissipation during propagation, which is detrimental to crack expansion. Conversely, when the ratio of β to α ranges from 1 to 100, decelerating the attenuation rate of the stress wave aids in generating stress concentration within the crack zone, thereby facilitating crack propagation. The established numerical model aims to advance understanding of HVEP’s fracturing mechanisms and enhance its application in coalbed methane extraction.

Dynamic analysis of a hydraulic motor lifting auxiliary beam of monorail crane

Abstract Monorail crane that is an important class of auxiliary transportation equipment in coal mine. It works on a single hanging track fixed above the coal mine roadway to transport materials, machines, people, etc. Lifting auxiliary beam is the main part of the lifting beam which is used to complete the lifting and transport operations. In the application process, the lifting auxiliary beam is bore many types of loads such as discontinuous loading, frequent starting and braking etc. It complicates the dynamic performance that directly affects the safety and the lifting operation stability. By using finite element method, a dynamic model of the lifting auxiliary beam is established to study the variation laws of dynamic load, frequency, amplitude, etc. Furthermore, three loading conditions are defined in the model. They are static loading, slow loading and fast loading, considering the lifting operation time. The numerical simulation results show that the maximum displacement of the fast loading condition is 20% to 23% higher than that under the static loading condition. Moreover, under the fast loading condition, the largest displacement amplitude occurs in the middle part of the lifting auxiliary beam and it decreases gradually towards the ends.

User experience of english online classroom E-learning based on routing algorithm and data visualization analysis

With the development of the Internet, E-learning has become an important way of education. However, in online English classes, user experience problems still exist, such as network delay and slow video loading speed, which affect the learning effect and user engagement. Therefore, this paper hopes to improve E-learning user experience by studying routing algorithm and data visualization analysis technology. The routing algorithm is used to optimize the network connection. By analyzing the network topology and data transmission path, the optimal route is selected to reduce the network delay and bandwidth consumption. Data visualization technology is used to analyze and display the behavior and learning data of learners in the classroom in real time, so as to help learners better understand their learning situation. The experimental results show that the application of routing algorithm and data visualization analysis technology can significantly improve the user experience of online English classes. The stability of learners’ network connection in the classroom is improved, the video loading speed is accelerated, and the learning effect is also significantly improved. By optimizing network connectivity and providing real-time data analytics, it is possible to meet the individual needs of learners and improve their learning effectiveness and engagement.

Analysis of Learning Characteristics of Online Learners in the Context of Smart Education

This article aims to explore the learning characteristics of online learners within the smart education framework, with a specific emphasis on how they might use Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve their educational experience. The term "online learning" refers to the process of acquiring knowledge via electronic means, most often the global web. Online education, e-learning, web-based learning, and computer-assisted learning all share this term. The challenging characteristics of such online learners for students are technical issues, lack of motivation, and slow loading times in online courses. Hence, in this research, the Internet of Things-empowered Smart Education (IoT-SE) Framework has been improved for online learners for students by leveraging IoT tech that tracks how learners interact with learning resources and their environment. This paper aims to revolutionize web-based education through tailored instructions targeting individuals' unique needs and fads as availed by the IoT-SE system. This paper offers evaluation parameters such as level of engagement among learners, retention rates on knowledge acquired while studying e-courses, and satisfaction from an online program. Besides overcoming limitations associated with conventional e-learning approaches, such systems like IoT-SE technology promise more effective pedagogy and student satisfaction for online learners.

Integrin β1–mediated mast cell immune-surveillance of blood vessel content

BackgroundImmunoglobulin E, IgE)-mediated degranulation of mast cells, MCs) provides rapid protection against environmental hazards, including animal venoms. A fraction of tissue-resident MCs intimately associates with blood vessels. These perivascular MCs were reported to extend projections into the vessel lumen and to be the first MCs to acquire intravenously injected IgE, suggesting that IgE loading of MCs depends on their vascular association. ObjectiveWe sought to elucidate the molecular basis of the MC-blood vessel interaction and to determine its relevance for IgE-mediated immune responses. MethodsWe selectively inactivated the Itgb1 gene, encoding the β1 chain of integrin adhesion molecules, ITGB1; in MCs by conditional gene targeting in mice. We analyzed skin MCs for blood vessel association, surface IgE density, capability to bind circulating antibody specific for MC surface molecules, as well as in vivo responses to antigen administered via different routes. ResultsLack of ITGB1 expression severely compromised MC blood vessel association. ITGB1-deficient MCs showed normal densities of surface IgE but reduced binding of intravenously injected antibodies. While their capacity to degranulate in response to IgE ligation in vivo was unimpaired, anaphylactic responses to antigen circulating in the vasculature were largely abolished. ConclusionITGB1-mediated association of MCs with blood vessels is key for MC immune-surveillance of blood vessel content, but is dispensable for slow steady-state loading of endogenous IgE onto tissue-resident MCs.

Modeling damage caused by combined thermal and traffic loading using viscoelastic continuum damage theory

Various engineering models have been proposed to mitigate fatigue cracking associated with thermal and traffic loadings, which are the two primary fatigue cracking mechanisms that negatively affect the service life of asphalt pavement. Thermal fatigue cracking is induced by cycles of temperature changes with relatively long time periods, which can be regarded as slow frequency sinusoidal loading. Traffic fatigue cracking is induced by numerous vehicle load repetitions and is often characterized using fast frequency sinusoidal loading. These two loading types occur simultaneously in the field. In order to investigate how to properly model the damage due to these two loading types, a set of tests that vary the load, frequency, and mode of testing was designed to mimic the scenarios that asphalt pavements experience under thermal loading and traffic loading separately and under the combined and simultaneous effects of both thermal and traffic loading. The viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) model was applied to simulate the changes in material integrity under each condition. After determining the appropriate configuration for the proposed prediction model, the material integrity predictions were found to be accurate for the fast frequency tests but less accurate for the slow frequency tests. This difference is attributable to plasticity being a much more significant factor under slow frequency conditions than under fast frequency conditions. For the tests combining both fast and slow frequency conditions, the material integrity results oscillated continuously. It was postulated that these oscillations were due to the recovery mechanisms of asphalt concrete such as nonlinearity and healing. When the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model was applied, which does not consider the material’s recovery characteristics, the predicted material integrity was able to match the overall trend observed in the tests. Ultimately, a new way to model combined damage simultaneously under two cracking mechanisms (thermal fatigue cracking and traffic fatigue cracking) is introduced in this paper.

Dynamic cyclic loading tests for investigating the influence of loading rate and axial force on the lateral response of RC columns

AbstractThe material properties of steel and concrete vary depending on the loading rate to which they are subjected. To realistically evaluate the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns, it is necessary to simulate the loading rate that structures will experience during seismic events as accurately as possible. Real‐time dynamic testing is preferred over quasi‐static testing for this purpose. On the other hand, the seismic performance of RC columns also depends on the axial force applied to the column. However, due to the large axial stiffness of RC columns, accurately controlling the axial force during the test, particularly in real‐time testing, is challenging. Consequently, only a few component‐level dynamic tests have been conducted for RC columns. This study aims to explore the influence of axial force and loading rate on the seismic performance of RC columns. To this end, both slow and fast cyclic loading tests were conducted on square cross‐section RC columns subjected to four different axial forces. By utilizing a robust actuator control method along with a specially designed load transfer element, the axial force was successfully controlled, while the lateral displacements were imposed on the columns in real‐time. The results include lateral strengths, postyield responses, damage patterns, rebar strains, and their rates, all of which constitute unique experimental data that can contribute to a deeper understanding of the actual seismic response of RC columns.

Analysis of the Mechanical Characteristics of Human Pancreas through Indentation: Preliminary In Vitro Results on Surgical Samples.

Pancreatic surgery is extremely challenging and demands an extended learning curve to be executed with a low incidence of post-operative complications. The soft consistency of the human pancreas poses a primary challenge for pancreatic surgeons. This study aimed to analyze the preliminary mechanical characteristics of the human pancreas to develop a realistic synthetic phantom for surgical simulations in the near future. Pancreatic specimens, comprehensive of the pancreatic parenchyma and main pancreatic duct, were collected during pancreatic resections and analyzed through nano-bio-indentation (BioindenterTM UNHT3 Bio, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria) to measure the elastic modulus. Comparisons were made between slow and fast loading rates, immediate and post-freezing analyses, and multipoint indentations. The results demonstrated that a slow loading rate (30 μN/min), immediate analysis, and multipoint measurements are crucial for obtaining accurate values of the elastic modulus of the human pancreas (1.40 ± 0.47 kPa). In particular, the study revealed that analysis after freezing could impact the outcomes of the indentation. Moreover, the study suggested that both the pancreatic parenchyma and the main pancreatic duct should be analyzed to achieve a more precise and comprehensive definition of the. mechanical features of the pancreas. These preliminary findings represent the initial steps toward defining the consistency and mechanical characteristics of human pancreatic tissue with the goal of creating a realistic synthetic phantom.

Analysis of The Effectiveness of Web Portals used in Academic Institutions of Tribhuvan University

For many academic institutions, the website has been used as a tool for inter- and intra-organizational information exchange. Since universities and colleges have started to use their websites as information centers, effective website design and functionality are very important for higher education institutions to attract students and share information regarding academic activities. The researcher observed various web portals based on the technology used, user perspective, and compatibility of some academic institutions observing that many students spent a lot of time on the Internet than in libraries. A checklist is formed to collect data from the websites and explains it in different tables and figures. Thus, the study is designed to provide insights into ICT colleges' websites' effectiveness. All the websites are based on PHP, mostly WordPress, The use of Bootstrap is quite good, comparatively websites have slow page loading speeds due to the lack of code and image optimization though valid and standardized codes were used. The use of media queries was very impressive but the lack of proper placing of CSS codes made it visually poor on some of the devices. This research explores the effectiveness of portals and websites in academic institutions and some recommendations are made based on the findings.

Pore Pressure in Montmorillonite During Frictional Sliding

AbstractEarth's shallow crust is pervasively breached by fractures and faults that are often filled with saturated clays such as montmorillonite. Pore pressure in montmorillonite is difficult to measure due to its extremely low permeability, resulting in large uncertainties in its friction, which, in turn, may impact our understanding on the mechanical behaviors of the shallow crust. This difficulty motivates us to investigate pore pressure in montmorillonite during frictional sliding. Here we provide a first order understanding on the evolution of pore pressure in montmorillonite during frictional sliding by combining experimental data with an analytical consolidation model. Our result shows large variations in pore pressure in montmorillonite during frictional sliding, which need correction for the evaluation of friction of montmorillonite. We re‐visit this problem with the measured stresses at the end of our slow loading experiments where the modeled pore pressure approaches zero and obtain a new relation that shows a significant cohesive strength. The new relation may be united with our modeled pore pressure with a Biot‐Willis effective stress coefficient of α ∼ 0.5. X‐ray powder diffraction analysis of our samples shows evidence that intense deformation occurred during the frictional sliding with strain‐hardening, consistent with the occurrence of shear localization in the clay matrix following extended frictional sliding (Tembe et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006383). These results suggest that our new relation may represent a constitutive relation for an intensely sheared, saturated montmorillonite in frictional sliding. Our result also suggests that substantial cohesion may appear on some natural clay‐rich faults.

Flow and deformation due to periodic loading in a soft porous material

Soft porous materials, such as biological tissues and soils, are exposed to periodic deformations in a variety of natural and industrial contexts. The detailed flow and mechanics of these deformations have not yet been systematically investigated. Here, we fill this gap by identifying and exploring the complete parameter space associated with periodic deformations in the context of a one-dimensional model problem. We use large-deformation poroelasticity to consider a wide range of loading periods and amplitudes. We identify two distinct mechanical regimes, distinguished by whether the loading period is slow or fast relative to the characteristic poroelastic timescale. We develop analytical solutions for slow loading at any amplitude and for infinitesimal amplitude at any period. We use these analytical solutions and a full numerical solution to explore the localisation of the deformation near the permeable boundary as the period decreases and the emergence of nonlinear effects as the amplitude increases. We show that large deformations lead to asymmetry between the loading and unloading phases of each cycle in terms of the distributions of porosity and fluid flux.

Анализ прочности печатной платы на растяжение–сжатие методом частиц

Traditionally, the load-carrying printed circuit boards are applied as an electrical engineering device. At the same time, the promising nanosatellites are using them as the spacecraft load-bearing structural elements. The printed circuit board is able to accommodate a relatively heavy solar cell, rotating gyroscopes and a folding antenna. Load-carrying board strength calculation is a complicated task, as a large number of stress concentrators and structural defects are effecting its surface. This makes it difficult to use the traditional concept of “stress at a point” applicable in continuous and differentiable media. In this regard, the paper proposes to introduce the concept of the “model rupture-start time moment for a given particle pair”. Calculations show that even slow loading of the model under consideration leads to extremely intense particles motion, i.e. the static loading hypothesis does not work. To analyze strength of the board under consideration, the Cauchy problem with initial conditions was formulated. The problem solution convergence based on the number of particles in the model was analyzed. The paper shows that the convergence rate is quite high, and to solve the problem under consideration it is sufficient to take a model containing about 100 particles.

Usability Testing Analysis on Digital Wallet Applications to Measure User Satisfaction

One of the issues that users of digital wallet apps often face is slow loading, which can cause frustration and disrupt the user experience. In addition, lack of app responsiveness due to server errors is also a complaint of users, which can lower their trust in the app. Another problem is the difficulty in the login process, which can make it difficult for users to access the application. From these problems, it is necessary to conduct a "usability testing analysis on digital wallets to measure user satisfaction." a study evaluates user satisfaction using ShopeePay, Dana, and Ovo as digital wallets. In this study, TCR is used as an indicator to measure the level of user satisfaction, and the variables considered are Attractiveness, Understandability, Learnability, and Operability. The results show that ShopeePay has the highest TCR of 78.77%, followed by Ovo at 77.32% and Dana at 75.58%. Attractiveness factors affect user satisfaction in ShopeePay, while in Dana, Learnability and Attractiveness factors influence. In Ovo, Operability and Attractiveness factors affect user satisfaction, while Understandability and Learnability have no significant effect. The findings from this study provide valuable insights for digital wallet service providers to optimize the factors that influence user satisfaction. This can help increase the acceptance and utilization of digital wallets in the growing market.

A Web3D Rendering Optimization Algorithm for Pipeline BIM Models

BIM (building information modeling) plays a pivotal role in the construction industry. BIM technology tailored for pipelines offers in-depth semantic information and spatial data, bolstering the utility and implementation of digital twin-associated technologies in both architecture and urban planning. This paper introduces a rendering optimization algorithm rooted in the BSP Tree (Binary Space Partitioning Tree). The algorithm is used to address the challenges of slow loading and poor rendering quality of pipeline BIM models when displayed on the web, which stem from large amounts of model data and complex geometric configurations. Initially, the algorithm delves into the geometric distribution traits of the pipeline BIM model from multiple perspectives, pinpointing the spatial division dimension. Subsequently, it employs an adaptive step size technique for spatial segmentation, harmonizing it with real-world application contexts. Concurrently, any superfluous data that emerge are refined to uphold the structural wholeness of the BIM model. This algorithm is adept at systematically arranging and overseeing the BIM model data. Trial outcomes reveal that the AKDT (Adaptive K-Dimensional Tree) algorithm significantly trims the browser’s initial rendering duration while maintaining the model’s accuracy and semantic uniformity. Moreover, it excels in areas such as rendering frame rate, user interaction responsiveness, and data transmission duration. In essence, the algorithm stands out for its efficiency and precision in rendering pipeline BIM models on web platforms, achieving the desired optimization results.

Phase‐field modeling of stress‐ and temperature‐induced hysteresis behavior of shape memory alloys incorporating rate‐independent dissipation

AbstractShape memory alloys (SMAs) are a unique class of multifunctional materials, which exhibit distinctive thermomechanical properties. They are primarily characterized by their ability to recover their original shape under stress and temperature‐controlled loading scenarios. This exceptional property is attributed to the phase transformation that occurs within these alloys, wherein SMAs undergo reversible transition between austenite and multi‐variant martensite phases. The phase transformation in SMAs during a complete load cycle results in a hysteresis, which represent the dissipated energy in the transformation cycle. More specifically, SMAs exhibit a rate‐independent response to a sufficiently slow loading, so that their cyclic response is characterized by a hysteresis loop that maintains a finite width even when the external loading rate approaches zero. Understanding and accurately predicting the rate‐independent hysteresis behavior of SMAs is therefore crucial for their efficient utilization in various engineering applications. In this regard, the phase‐field method has emerged as an appropriate modeling framework resolving the evolution of complex interface topologies as observed in phase‐transforming solids. However, the majority of already existing models typically rely on rate‐dependent formulations and thus remain incapable of reproducing thermoelastic hysteresis behavior at quasi‐static loading scenarios. To overcome this issue, a thermomechanically coupled—and variationally consistent—Allen–Cahn based phase‐field approach incorporating both rate‐dependent and ‐independent driving force formulations is introduced in this work. In order to demonstrate potential applications of the proposed model, two‐dimensional finite‐element simulations were performed to resolve the microstructure formation of twinned martensite in ZrO2. In addition, rate‐dependent and ‐independent stress‐ and temperature‐induced hysteresis curves are predicted qualitatively within the given approach, thus proving its adaptability. Furthermore, the influence of model specific parameters on resulting austenitic and martensitic start and finish temperatures is discussed for cyclic undercooling simulations. The proposed model is thus shown to serve as a valuable tool for the design and optimization of SMA‐based devices.

Creep properties and constitutive model of salt rocks under a slow cyclic loading path

The construction of compressed-air energy storage (CAES) plants using the huge space created by salt rock mining is a key means of optimizing China's energy structure. The creep properties of salt rock are vital parameters for ensuring the long-term, stable operation of CAES plants. According to the operation mode of CAES plants, creep tests were conducted on salt rock under the influence of slow loading and unloading. The results indicated that the slow loading and unloading history locally changed the creep development process but did not affect the overall creep process. Additionally, the steady state creep rate of the salt rock depended mainly on the magnitude of external stress. Moreover, the creep test was monitored simultaneously using acoustic emission (AE) technology, and the distribution of the AE absolute energy during the initial loading phase and steady state creep phase satisfied the power law. To more accurately describe the creep characteristics of the salt rock under the influence of slow loading and unloading, a full-process creep constitutive model of salt rock was constructed using state variable, fracture expansion factor, and unloading factor.