Slovenian Territory Research Articles

The maternal perspective for five Slovenian regions: The importance of regional sampling

Background: The Slovenian territory is geographically positioned between the Alps, Adriatic Sea, Pannonian basin and the Dinaric Mountains and, as such, has served as a passageway for various populations in different periods of time. Turbulent historic events and diverse geography of the region have produced a diverse contemporary population whose genetic analysis could provide insight into past demographic events.Aim: The aims of this study were to characterize the Slovenian mitochondrial gene pool at the micro-geographic level and to compare it with surrounding populations.Subjects and methods: A total of 402 individuals from five Slovenian regions were analysed in this study by typing HVR I, HVR II and coding region polymorphisms of mtDNA.Results: Analysis revealed 47 haplogroups and sub-haplogroups, the most common of which were H*, H1, J1c, T2 and U5a. Intra-population comparisons revealed a sharp gradient of the J1c haplogroup between Slovenian regions, with a peak frequency of 24.5% being observed in the population of the Littoral Region.Conclusion: The sharp gradient of the J1c haplogroup between Slovenian regions is in line with the archaeological horizon known as Impressed Ware culture and could, therefore, represent a genetic trace of the early Neolithic expansion route along the East Adriatic coastal region.

The use of habitat and dispersal models in protecting European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) from genetic introgression in Slovenia

European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) has become threatened by the widespread disappearance of riparian forests in Europe. Gene introgression through hybridization with related, non-indigenous poplar taxa may additionally reduce the population size and genetic diversity of native black poplar. We assessed the exposure of native black poplar in Slovenia to genetic introgression using a combination of habitat and gene flow models. The habitat model was built with data mining on forest inventory data employing classification decision trees. Dispersion distances for pollen, seeds and vegetative parts at 0.9% and 0.001% of adventitious presence threshold were assessed using modified gene flow models. To protect native black poplar, protection zones around native black poplar stands were proposed. Since the population of native black poplar may be exposed to various introgression pressures (e.g., the vicinity of exotic, genetically compatible poplar plantations, or feral populations potentially initiated along transport corridors or rivers), we assessed the intensity of introgression pressure by intersecting the occupied and potential habitat with the introgression pressure areas. In 2010, native black poplar occurred on 43,756ha (2.2% of the total Slovenian territory), while the suitable habitat extended up to 108,724ha (5.4%). The protection zones were 0.5–4.6 times larger than the occupied and potential habitat depending on the selected threshold and the type of dispersion vector. In the worst case scenario, 45.1% of protection zones would be exposed to high hybridization pressure. We recommend extending the proposed methodological approach to other regions with endangered black poplar.

Economic transition as continuity (on the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Slovenia)

The aim of this paper is to establish the common features of the transition process from feudalism to the capitalist economic system in Slovenia. In the processes of the transition to the capitalist economy, Slovenia was on the European periphery. The export demand was the driving force of structural changes in the regional economy, as the weak internal demand was not in the position to foster economic development. Slovenian economy and society entered these processes with a delay of decades as well as with some discontinuity in the form of re-agrarization and de-industrialization, as it is outlined in the concept of proto-industrialization. During the periods of re-agrarization the model of distribution of the existing resources was predominant. It manifested itself in the form of the fragmentation of agricultural ownership structure, which was the most significant factor of the relative economic backwardness of the Slovenian territory. The Slovenian economic subjects were small, under-capitalized, and with outdated technology, and therefore uncompetitive on the interregional markets. So the prime instigators of the economic changes were foreign entrepreneurs with their know-how, capital, technology, and international markets. In the period before World War II the role of foreign investments was crucial for the process of the transformation into the capitalist economy. The most significant historical feature of the Slovenian economic development is the fact that the existing 'islands of modernization', which were more or less in line with European trends, remained 'islands' until their power to stimulate structural changes and new institutional forms in economy vanished completely in the predominantly agrarian economic and social environment.

Selected Aspects of the Property Rights Regime in Slovenia in the Context of the EU

Slovenia is member of the EU since 1.5.2004. It was an ex Republic of the Yugoslav federation that declared its independence on 25.6.1991. Slovene territory was part of the empire of Franks from 8th century then of the German empire till 1804 and Austrian empire till 1918. North-eastern part was part of Hungarian state and its successors from 9th century till 1918. Western part of Slovenia was part of Italy between 1918 and 1943. Slovenia became part of the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs from 1914/1929. After World War II it became part of Yugoslavia and its socalist legal system. The socialist legal system that was implemented in Slovenia as in all Republics of the Yugoslav federation was based in the building of state property, which was created by massive confiscations of the property of the so called collaborators in 1945 and then by three nationalization periods which took place between 1945 and 1956. After a difficult economic period, the Yugoslaw state implemented the new system of socialist self management, which meant that workers fullfill directly or equally their social-, economic- and self-administering rights, and decide on issues dealing with the socio-economic situation of the enterprise. This legal system was also based in the building of state and social Property. In the late 80's an ideological, political, economic system disintegrated and in Slovenia as in all countries of Eastern Europe, democracy, free market economy and the rule of law, based on private property and free market economy were the foundation of the transformation. In this context this paper analyzes the transformation that took place in the property rights regime in Slovenia in a legal view in compliance with EU law. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p553

The Oldest Children’s Books in Slovenia

AbstractThe article presents the history of children‘s book publishing in Slovenia, beginning with the age of manuscripts, when it was hard to speak about books aimed specifically at children, and including 19th century children‘s books. The invention of printing enabled a cheaper and widespread book production. As most of children‘s books are illustrated it is not until the middle of 19th century that they were widespread as public good. The article presents data on books that can be found on the Slovenian territory grouped upon three basic criteria: the oldest Slovene children‘s books, children‘s literature held by rich private libraries and the data on book selling from the end of 17the century onwards. It was concluded that, in spite of the poor book production of Slovenian children‘s books, children had the possibility to be familiar with a wide range of books published in European publishing centres.

Contradictions in the Concept of Public Institutes in Slovenian Legislation

In the legislation in force on Slovenian territory, public institutes as a legal form of carrying out statutory utilities have a colourful history. Initially, they became very widespread in the 1950’s, when they were being established as independently financed institutes in many public service fields. With the introduction of a new constitutional and social-political system after 1991, the legislator introduced a special organisational model for the provision of non-profit activities, namely both for those that were to be performed in the public sector – as statutory utilities, as well as for those that were to be performed in the private sector – as non-profit activities. For the public sector, a form of public institutes was asserted, and a form of private institutes for the private sector. The purpose of this text is to display the legal status, assets, management and financing of public institutes in Slovenian legislation.

Slovenian facsimile in the19th and in the first half of the 20th century: pre-modern facsimile

AbstractPrinters on Slovenian territory did not attempt to print facsimiles until the beginning of the 20th century and neither did they publish anything relevant in this expert field. The development of Slovenian facsimile nevertheless started (outside Slovenia) almost a whole century earlier. Its course is outlined against European parallels, providing achievements in the pre-modern era (18129-1959). The analysis focuses on earlier Slovenian facsimiles which have not been well known or had been especially scientifically unexplored. A surprisingly high expert level, both in terms of technology and editing, is revealed by our first facsimiles of the 19th century which were mostly initiated by Jernej Kopitar. In this period medieval materials give way to modern ones (Prešeren’s Poezije), which prevail afterwards. According to the fundamental criteria, upon which the definition of a modern facsimile is based, 12 units have been identified as facsimiles, 4 of them recognised as complete facsimiles meeting all the required criteria of that period.

Valvasorjevi prikazi vremena in podnebja v Slavi vojvodine Kranjske

O podnebnih in vremenskih razmerah na Slovenskem pred začetkom rednih in neprekinjenih meteoroloških meritev je razmeroma malo znanega. Nekaj več informacij je za 17. st., še posebej za drugo polovico, v kateri je deloval kranjski polihistor J. V. Valvasor. Njegove zapise o vremenu in podnebju lahko dopolnimo tudi z zapisi ljubljanskega kronista J. G. Dolničarja. Kljub določenim omejitvam pri uporabi teh virov lahko z uporabo dodatnih informacij zadovoljivo predstavimo tedanje vreme in podnebje ter njegove posledice v družbenem okolju.

The influence of cartographic techniques development on the images of the Slovenian territory: from 16th to the 19th century

ABSTRACTPurpose: The paper presents the most important maps of the present-day Slovenian territory from 16th to 19th century contributed by many foreign and local authors. Due to technological, social, political, economic, cultural, and ideological conditions their image was constantly changing. Some of them are highlighting the key turning points in a centuries-long cartographic development.Methodology/approach: The survey is based on the analysis of primary sources held in the Map Collection of the National and University Library as well as in Geographical museum of Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The existing secondary sources, particularly the literature and the results of selected projects, are also critically evaluated. From the scientific point of view the paper is interdisciplinary although its content mostly affects the scope of cartography.Results: The inductive method offers conclusions on the role of maps as a medium for transferring different information. Maps are presented either in the light of their communicative value or in the light of using modern cartographic principles. Maps as graphic images captured on paper demonstrate technological development of selected historical periods and characteristics of different countries, their people, and especially the emergence of individual countries and national border changes.Research limitation: Due to limitations in the length of the study text we focus only on the selected items of the cartographic collection and their authors. As usually, we were unable to avoid important cartographers, such as Valvasor, Florjančič and Kozler. The major national cartographic materials held by a two institutions, the National and University Library and GIAM ZRC SAZU Geographical Museum are exposed.Originality/practical implications: The originality of this paper lies mainly in the fact that we deal with maps and their authors together with the impact of technological development on the image of the maps. We also expose their informative value as they reflect not only the cartographer’s views about the world, but also the current values of the society.

Legal deposit of serial publications in the National and University

ABSTRACTThe article outlines the socio-historic circumstances related to the emergence and development of serial publications, their properties and characteristics affecting the specificities of the collection and storage of legal deposit copies. Short description of the history of legal deposit on Slovenian territory is followed by a numerical survey of legal deposit copies in the years 1948 – 2006. It is expected that the new Legal Deposit Act will enable more regular and thorough inflow of legal deposit copies of serial publications in National and University Library.

The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations

Background: The Slovenian territory is geographically positioned between the Alps, the Adriatic Sea, the Pannonian basin and the Dinaric Mountains and, as such, has served as a passageway for different populations over different periods of time. Turbulent historic events and the diverse geography of the region have produced a diverse contemporary population whose genetic analysis could provide insight into past demographic events.Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse Y-chromosome biallelic and STR markers in a Slovenian population from five different regions.Subjects and methods: A total of 42 Y-chromosomal biallelic markers and 17 Y-STRs were genotyped in 399 individuals from five different Slovenian regions.Results: The analysis of Y-chromosome markers revealed 29 different haplogroups in the Slovenian population, with the most common being R1a1a, R1b, I2a1 and I1. Analysis of the genetic affiliations between different populations revealed strong affiliations of the Slovenian gene pool with West Slavic populations.Conclusion: Analysis of Y-chromosomal markers in five Slovenian regions revealed a diverse genetic landscape. Slovenian population display close genetic affiliations with West Slavic populations. The homogenous genetic strata of the West Slavic populations and the Slovenian population suggest the existence of a common ancestral Slavic population in central European region.

»Verz je od nekdaj jezik poezije in proza jezik resničnosti«: kratka nemška proza v gimnazijah na Slovenskem od leta 1848 do 1918

In the context of teaching German and Slovene literature in upper secondary (grammar) schools (gimnazije) in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century, short fiction was represented by a negligible, statistically barely noticeable part, which for this very reason has been largely neglected by the few researchers of the school literary canon (Korte 2011, Samide 2012). The paper sheds light on this overlooked segment and explores the reasons for the under-representation of short prose in the curricula and for the lack of awareness on the part of the teachers of the time. The focus is on teaching German, which, after the upper secondary school reform in 1848, acquired a constitutive role in upper secondary school education. The findings are based on an analysis of 202 annual reports issued between 1849 and 1918 by three selected classical grammar schools (klasične gimnazije) in the Slovene territory: the Ljubljana Grammar School, the Maribor Grammar School and the Klagenfurt Grammar School.

Assessment of spatial properties of karst areas on a regional scale using GIS and statistics – the case of Slovenia

In Slovenia, 43% of the territory is karst, including 42% of all protected water sources and 53% of all water-protection areas in the country. Over 95% of drinking water is obtained from groundwater, so assessment of karst areas and their spatial distribution is essential to better understand the water in the lithosphere and for the assessment of the hydrogeochemical properties of the groundwater in a large part of Slovenia. These groundwater resources are susceptible to degradation or pollution, and a regional karstification-intensity map was developed to assist in the management of these water resources and to interpret the chemical composition of the groundwater. For the purpose of classifying stratigraphic units into karstification-level classes, three parameters were analyzed in the outcrops of units with carbonate content using GIS and simple spatial statistics: the presences of sinks and cave entrances and the absence of a surficial drainage network. Where at least two of the three parameters showed a positive relation with karstification, the unit was regarded as intensely karstified, while the rest were regarded as less karstified. The former areas cover 24% and the latter 21% of Slovenian territory.

Outcrop-scale evidence for the Norian-Rhaetian extensional tectonics in the Slovenian Basin (Southern Alps)

No direct evidence for the Norian-Rhaetian tectonic activity has been gathered from the Slovenian territory until now. In the quarry in the vicinity of Škofja Loka, several palaeofaults transect the outcropping Bača Dolomite. The Norian-Rhaetian age of the Bača Dolomite is confirmed with the finding of the conodont species Norigondolella steinbergensis (Mosher, 1968). The formation of the faults is related to the openning of the future Jurassic Piemont-Ligurian Ocean to the west of the studied area, or with the diminishing influence of the Neotethys (Meliana) Ocean to the east.

Microfacies of Mesozoic Carbonate

Carbonate rocks of Mesozoic age are widespread in Slovenia where they consitute about 40 % of its territory, and attaining total thickness of more than 5000 metres . With respect to microfacies almost all structure types can be recognized, the limestones and dolomites being formed in various sedimentary environments, such as in open and in restricted parts of carbonate shelf, in lagoons and on coastal plains, in different types of reefs, on slopes and in the basin. Carbonate sedimentation was often accompanied also by the supply of terrigenous material and products of volcanic activity. Among diagenetic processes in investigated carbonate rocks the most extensive are dolomitization and silicification. In the present text 250 microscopic photographs of characteristic limestones and dolomites from Slovenian territory are assembled. In the introductory part, to which for orientation schematic stratigraphic columns are added, the geologic development od these carbonate rocks is briefly outlined. For the sake of completeness in presenting the »carbonate era« in the overview, Upper Permian limestones and dolomites are also described next to Mesozoic beds.

Osvobodilni tisk za mladino

The national liberation press for youth, which was established on Slovene territory during the time of the national liberation struggle (1941–1945), had an important influence on the development of culture and national consciousness, as well as on the literary creativity of the youth who were included in the partisan movement at that time. The article, which was written on the basis of research of material in the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, presents the significance, characteristics, editorial policy and circumstances of the emergence of the most important central youth publications with regional reprints, regional district publications and military youth publications, limiting its focus to the part of youth periodicals that, in addition to political-informative texts, also published literary texts.

Slovenian 19TH Century literary responses to the Poetry of Lord Byron Byronism on the the Slovene Territory in the 19th century

The article examines the influence of lord Byron's poetry through the translations into the Slovenian language in the 19th century. Byron is analyzed through the translations and cultural mediation of the poets dr. France Prešeren, Jovan Vesel Koseski and Josip Stritar, who all, particularly Prešeren, contributed to the development of the Slovenian Romantic Revival movement and Slovenian literature in its own right within the Habsburg and later the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Lord Byron's poetry enabled Slovenian poets and translators to articulate their own national/political identification within the multinational empire.

Raba slovenščine v šolstvu, cerkvi in začetkih gledališke dejavnosti v 17. in 1. polovici 18. stoletja

Prispevek prinaša sociolingvistični pregled rabe slovenskega jezika v šolstvu, cerkvi in v začetkih gledališke dejavnosti v 17. in 1. polovici 18. stoletja. Ob tem na podlagi dosedanjih raziskav in študija primarnih virov ugotavlja mesta in načine takšne rabe. Ob pregledu dosedanje literature tudi potrjuje oziroma zavrača nekatere dosedanje sklepe.

Juncus atratus Krock. (Juncaceae) rediscovered in Slovenia

Juncus atratus Krock. of the Juncaceae family is a Central European-Southern Siberian wet-meadow species. In Central Europe, the species is very rare and threatened. In Slovenian Red Data List, it is listed among unsufficiently known species (K). The only record of the species in Slovenian territory (Prem near Ilirska Bistrica, SW Slovenia) is over 100 years old and has never been confirmed afterwards. In May 2010, the species was found in Goričko (NE Slovenia), were it thrives on a wet meadow near Kobilje village. The article discusses the recent finding of the species in Slovenia in broader context, its distribution, habitat and threat factors. The aim of the study was also to provide bases for nature-conservation of the species in Slovenia. According to recent finding and the results of the study, the authors suggest Juncus atratus to be regarded as ‘endangered’ (E) in the national red data list.

Experience with Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu eradication measures in Slovenia*

After causing damage in Asia and the USA, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu recently established in Europe on Castanea. The first outbreak in Europe occurred at a C. sativa nursery for production of plants for planting in Cuneo (Piemonte, Italy) in 2002. The Piemonte official service notified Slovenia that a consignment originating from an infested nursery was sold to Slovenia. Prompt phytosanitary action was taken in Slovenia in 2005 in order to trace back plants from this consignment and prevent establishment of the pest. In the period 2006–2009, intensive surveys of forests and fruit production areas showed absence of the pest in the majority of the Slovenian territory, including the demarcated area from 2005. An earlier introduction of infested plants from Cuneo in January 2004 remained undiscovered until 2007. Despite the radical measure of eliminating the infested orchard and removing infested Castanea trees in the forest bordering this orchard, the pest was not eradicated in this outbreak area. Individual infested trees in the forest were confirmed at a distance of up to 10–34 km in 2008, and a further 15 km in 2009. The results of annual surveys, eradication campaigns based on generic contingency elements and the change of strategy after the finding of infested forests are presented.