Slotted Patch Research Articles

Modified U Slot Patch Antenna with Large Frequency Ratio for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

This paper presents a single-fed, single-layer, dual-band antenna with a large frequency ratio of 4.74:1 for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The antenna consists of a 28 GHz inset-fed rectangular patch embedded into a 5.9 GHz patch antenna for dual-band operation. The designed dual-band antenna operates from 5.81 to 5.99 GHz (Dedicated Short Range Communications, DSRC) and 27.9 to 30.1 GHz (5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band). Furthermore, the upper band patch was modified by inserting slots near the inset feed line to achieve an instantaneous bandwidth of 4.5 GHz. The antenna was fabricated and measured. The manufactured prototype operates simultaneously from 5.8 to 6.05 GHz and from 26.8 to 31.3 GHz. Notably, the designed dual-band antenna offers a high peak gain of 7.7 dBi in the DSRC band and 6.38 dBi in the 5G mm-wave band.

Large Frequency Ratio Antennas Based on Dual-Function Periodic Slotted Patch and its Quasi-Complementary Structure for Vehicular 5G Communications

Dual-function periodic slotted patch and its quasi-complementary structure in designing large frequency ratio antennas for vehicular 5G communications are presented in this paper. Firstly, a circular patch with periodic circular slots is employed as a partially reflecting surface (PRS) antenna in the millimeter-wave band. Simultaneously, the circular slotted patch is operated in the microwave band as a patch antenna, achieving dual functions. It is flexible to design the two antenna parts due to their polarization orthogonality. In the next place, with similar working principles, its quasi-complementary structure that contains periodic connected circular patches is also utilized for the large frequency ratio antenna design. As the proof of concept, two large frequency ratio antennas working in the 3.5-GHz and 28-GHz bands with a frequency ratio of 8 for 5G applications were designed. Finally, for verification, a periodic slotted patch antenna was fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is found. Measured -10-dB impedance bandwidths of 6.25% (3.41–3.63 GHz) and 20.57% (24.21–29.76 GHz), and measured peak antenna gains of 8.14 dBi and 14.04 dBi are obtained at the lower and upper bands, respectively. The antennas can be integrated solutions for vehicular-platform 5G microwave and millimeter-wave wireless communications.

Impact of Feed Point Position on Patch Antenna’s Return Loss and Bandwidth for UWB Applications

The demand for compact, lightweight, and high-performance antennas has increased in recent times in the communication industry. Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) becomes a better choice to effectively fulfill these requirements. In this study, hybrid techniques of partial ground plane, slotted patch, and defective ground structure are employed in MPA design to reduce the return loss, good impedance matching, and increased the bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of the antenna. This research demonstrates the impact of altering the feed point position, a crucial phenomenon of antenna design, on the patch antenna and determines the proper feed point location by comparing a minimum return loss (S11) which achieves the highest performance for the designed antenna. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design and simulate the patch antenna. The operating frequency of the antenna is 6.85 GHz for UWB applications (3.1–10.6 GHz). A FR4 epoxy substrate material with dimensions of 30 mm × 20 mm is used to design the antenna. It has a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a tangent loss of 0.02. Multiple resonant frequencies are observed with different return losses for each feed location. The analysis shows that the finest feeding point is found at the center of the patch (9, 0) with a very low return loss (-28.35 dB), and a high impedance bandwidth (19.7 GHz). The antenna also achieved a gain of 4.46 dB, a directivity of 4.6904 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 95.90%. Hence, the location of the feed point can be considered as an influential factor in the antenna design.

Performance Evaluation of Slotted Star-Shaped Dual-band Patch Antenna for Satellite Communication and 5G Services

Performance Evaluation of Slotted Star-Shaped Dual-band Patch Antenna for Satellite Communication and 5G Services

Non-Invasive antenna sensor based continuous glucose monitoring using pancreas dielectric radiation signal energy levels and machine learning algorithms

In this paper, H shape with I slot patch (HSIS) antenna is utilized as sensor for proposed continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device. HSIS antenna sensor is placed on pancreas of human body and acquires dielectric radiation signals from the pancreas. Pancreas dielectric property changes during insulin secretion. HSIS antenna as a passive sensor acquires pancreas dielectric radiation signals from pancreas more effectively due to H shape and I slot. H shape antenna covers maximum region on human pancreas. During signal acquisition, crumbling effect causes bending and stretching in pancreas and leads to noise in signal, which is prevented through H-shape in HSIS antenna. Traditional CGM method measures diabetic value through invasive sensors. Non-invasive diabetic measurement device never measures CGM because of sensor mount for long duration on human body which is the major problem and leads to infections due to pricked sensor on the body for more than 14 days. In this paper, pancreas is identified as optimized location for CGM through HSIS antenna, among other human body parts such as stomach, carpus and thumb finger. Optimized location is identified through return loss and VSWR values. HSIS antenna acquired pancreas dielectric radiation signals process with Rational Dilation Wavelet Transforms (RADWT). Energy band and statistical values are obtained from signals and correlated with laboratory diabetic values. Experimental study of CGM is performed in 150 diabetic persons. The proposed HSIS antenna as sensor shows the fluctuation in diabetic value through signals and predict the diabetic value with 91.85% accuracy, when compared to laboratory based diabetic value measurement.

Design of a compact patch antenna with bandwidth and efficiency improvement for UWB applications

The demand of small, lightweight and high effectiveness antennas has increased significantly with the development of communication technologies. Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are one of the most widely used types of antenna that can satisfy these requirements. MPAs have numerous benefits, including tiny size and weight, ease of fabrication, and inexpensive. In addition to these advantages, MPAs also have some drawbacks such as limited bandwidth and low efficiency. In this paper, a compact rectangular patch microstrip antenna employing hybrid technique (HT) is designed to enhance the bandwidth and efficiency and its performance is compared with that of a conventional antenna. The HT is formed by combining a slotted patch with a defected partial ground structure. A low-cost FR-4_epoxy substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a loss tangent of 0.02 is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas are designed, analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 6.85 GHz for ultra-wideband (UWB) (3.1-10.6GHz) applications using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 30 mm × 20 mm × 0.8 mm. A 50 Ω microstrip feedline is used to excite the patch. The outcomes of the simulation reveal that the suggested and conventional antennas achieved a bandwidth of 19.7 GHz and 2.53 GHz with an efficiency of 95.779% and 92.296% respectively. The recommended antenna has boosted in bandwidth and efficiency by 17.17 GHz (137.24%) and 3.483% respectively as compared to the traditional antenna.

A metasurface-backed planar low-profile dual-band monopole antenna

This paper discusses a low-profile, planar, efficient, and directed CPW-fed monopole antenna with a metasurface (MS) for WLAN as well as modern civil and military applications. A stacked 7 × 7 order metasurface (MS) and CPW-fed slotted patch antenna are sandwiched together to create the metasurface antenna (MSA). The overall size of the proposed prototype is 0.25λ0 × 0.25λ0 × 0.06λ0 only, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 2.34 GHz. This antenna has fractional bandwidths of 6.8% and 53.8% at two different frequencies of 2.34 and 8.94 GHz, respectively. With a peak gain of 8.7 dBi and radiation efficiency of 91.1% at 11.51 GHz, the antenna offers directional radiation characteristics in both the E- and H-planes. A comparable circuit model for the proposed prototype has also been described in order to analyze the outcomes of the electromagnetic simulation. The intended prototype has been fabricated, and the experimentally measured results closely resemble the simulated ones.

Optimasi Efisiensi Antena Microstrip Circular Patch menggunakan Optimizer CST, Algoritma Memetika, dan Slot Rectangular pada WiFi 5 GHz

Wireless communication is an important requirement in various applications, especially in WiFi networks. The efficiency of an antenna is a crucial aspect in designing wireless communication system and plays a significant role in ensuring strong and reliable signal transmission. This research belongs to comparison of the result of optimizing the efficiency of microstrip circular patch antennas for 5GHz WiFi frequencies using the optimizer in CST, memetic algorithm and rectangular slot. From the simulation result, the efficiency values of the microstrip circular patch antennas using different optimization methods are as follows, microstrip circular patch antenna using the optimizer in CST 63,03%, microstrip circular patch antenna using the memetic algorithm 57,23%, and microstrip circular patch with a rectangular slot 56,20%. Additionally, the total efficiency simulation result show that the total efficiency value of the microstrip circular patch antenna using optimizer at cst is 62.8%, the microstrip circular patch uses the memetic algorithm 54.68%, ang the microstrip circular patch slot rectangular antenna is 56.20%.

Compact Circularly Polarized Monopole Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

This study aims to design a circularly polarized compact antenna using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The proposed antenna consists of a substrate with a slotted annular ring-shaped patch and partial ground. The excitation position of the antenna and its optimal dimensions are determined through the analysis of different operation modes with CMA. After that, an optimized antenna is designed, and an antenna prototype is fabricated for validation. The experimental results show that the reflection coefficient achieves a -10dB impedance bandwidth of 6.85 GHz, a 3dB-axial ratio bandwidth of 0.7 GHz, and a peak gain of 3.2 dBi. These characteristics agree with simulations and make the circularly polarized compact antenna suit for C-band and sub-6 GHz 5G wireless applications.

Single-fed broadband CPW-fed circularly polarized implantable antenna for sensing medical applications.

Biomedical telemetry relies heavily on implantable antennas. Due to this, we have designed and tested a compact, a circularly polarized, a low-profile biomedical implantable antenna that operate in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. In order to keep the antenna compact, modified co-planar waveguide (CPW) technology is used. Slotted rectangular patch with one 45-degree angle slot and truncated little patch on the left end of the ground plane generate a frequency-range antenna with circular polarization. Using a 0.25-millimeter-thick Roger Duroid-RT5880 substrate with a thickness of εr = 2.2, tanδ = 0.0009 provides flexibility. The volume of the antenna is 21 mm x 13.5 mm x 0.254 mm (0.25λg × 0.16λg × 0.003λg). The antenna covers 2.35-2.55 GHz (200 MHz) in free space and 1.63-1.17 GHz (1.17 GHz) in epidermal tissue. With skin tissue that has more bandwidth, the (x and y)-axis bends of the antenna are also simulated via the simulation. Bended antenna simulations and measurements show excellent agreement. At 2.45 GHz, the skin-like gel had -10dB impedance and 3dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of 47.7 and 53.8%, respectively. The ultimate result is that the SAR values are 0.78 W/kg in skin over 1 g of bulk tissue, as determined by simulations. The suggested SAR values are lower than the FCC's maximum allowable limit (FCC). This antenna is small enough to be implanted in the body, making it perfect for biomedical applications.

Dual‐band crescent‐shaped slot patch antenna for wireless communications and IoT applications

AbstractThe investigation of two half circular patch (HCP) antenna with defected ground structure to operate dual bands is presented in this study for wireless communications. The crescent slots etched on the HCPs are proposed to operate the dual bands of below −10 dB reflection coefficient, with the impedance bandwidth of the first band being 740 MHz (3.01–3.75 GHz) and of the second band being 7120 MHz (6.74–13.86 GHz). The proposed HCP antenna was resonates of 3.36 and 12.17 GHz with −33.9 and −35.47 dB reflection coefficients. This antenna produces a maximum gain of 5.46 and 6.61 dB for these resonating frequencies, respectively. The simulation and measured radiation pattern results are also presented for proposed HCP antenna and it operates for wireless communications and internet of things applications.

Stepped Impedance feed reconfigurable slotted elliptical patch antenna with partial ground for wireless applications.

An elliptical patch antenna (EPA) is very useful micro strip patch antenna structure in wireless communications. It has less polarization and feeding problems. In this work, stepped impedance feed reconfigurable slotted elliptical patch antenna (SRSEPA) is proposed and the multi band radiation is achieved using dual resonators and dual PIN diodes. The switching of diodes made four modes of operation that allow multiple bands of operation. Mode 0,3 are triple and Mode 1,2 are dual and operations with different band widths. These different band width wireless communications that include ISM band and Ku and applications the partial ground made the antenna radiate with dipole radiation patters. The patch is printed on 0.8 mm thickness and 30 X 40 mm2 sized FR4 substrate with 4.2 substrate relative constant and 0.02 loss tangent. In this multiple slots are provided multiple bands and stepped impedance feeding technique is used. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS tool

Horizontally Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna Using Slotted Rectangular Patch and Defected Ground Structure

An investigation of novel techniques in the designing of a low profile, horizontally polarized omnidirectional (HPO) patch antenna with omnidirectionality in the H-plane using a defected ground structure is presented in this study. The HPO patch antenna is designed by sequentially etching four rectangular and four open diagonal slots symmetrically on the patch and the antenna's ground plane. It creates four quarterwavelength open stubs that produce an in-phase circulating current on both the ground and the patch. Narrow bandwidth is achieved by using the four quarter-wavelength open stubs and by printing sequential slots only on the ground. Another set of four quarter-wavelength shorted stubs is achieved by sequentially etching four rectangular and open diagonal slots on the patch to resonate with another frequency and to increase the bandwidth by merging these two resonance frequencies. Combining these two resonance frequencies covers the applications of 2.39–2.52 GHz WiFi bands. The overall dimension of the proposed antenna structure is 0.32 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ×0.32 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ×0.006 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> with 5.51% bandwidth and moderate gain of 2.2dBi and roundness within 1 dB in the azimuth plane.

A Slotted Patch Antenna Design and Analysis for Detecting Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, a common and deadly cancer for woman, is gradually increasing each year. It can be cured at early stages. Magnetic resonance imaging, Mammography, Tomography, Ultrasound, and Biopsy are some of the medical technologies that can be used to identify breast cancer. However, none of them are as simple and effective as a microwave imaging (MI) technique. MI is a non-ionizing, noninvasive, tumor-sensitive, low-cost approach that consumes low power. The performance of MI is primarily determined by the antenna employed in the system. In this paper, we propose a new partial ground plane and slots-based miniature patch antenna designed for breast tumor detection within the FCC’s authorized range (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz). The dimension of this antenna is 30 × 20 mm2. High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design a breast phantom with and without a tumor, and the antenna is separately simulated on both the tumored and tumor-free breast phantoms. The presence of a tumor within the breast is clearly depicted by the changes in return loss, VSWR, current density, electric field, and magnetic field strengths. The findings demonstrate that the proposed antenna is a suitable sensor which can detect a very tiny size tumor (2 mm) due to its compact size and broad bandwidth.

Design of a Novel Efficient High-Gain Ultra-Wide-Band Slotted H-Shaped Printed 2×1 Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications with Improvement of Bandwidth and Gain via the Feed Line and Elliptical Edges

This paper describes design procedure of a high-performance miniaturized antenna with an array configuration, which contributes to enhancing the communication system’s performance. The basic antenna features a compact size (6 x 6) mm2, and its single element is an H-shaped slotted patch printed on the top side of a Rogers RT5880 substrate, with a relative permittivity and thickness of 2.2 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The edge-to-edge distance of the 2 × 1 array antenna is 9 x 14 mm2, and the isolation between its radiation elements is 4.5 mm. To increase the capabilities of the antenna in terms of gain and bandwidth, we proceeded to use the 2 × 1 array configuration and then optimized the model via either the width of the feed line or the elliptical edges of the patch. The miniaturized array antenna achieved a peak gain of 12.56 dB, a directivity of 13.11 dBi, and a return loss of -47.52 dB at a resonance frequency of 91.5 GHz, with a radiation efficiency of more than 91% over an operating bandwidth of 15.83 GHz, ranging from 79.7 GHz to 95.6 GHz. The design and simulation results of the proposed antenna were obtained using the CST Studio software.

A wideband and low‐profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna

AbstractThis article presents a wideband and low‐profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna. It consists of a circular slotted top patch connected with a circular ground plane by four shorting vias and eight extended curved branches. These curved branches are introduced around both the patch and the ground plane with proper angle separation, achieving a 90‐degree phase difference between the vertical and horizontal radiating parts. In this way, the wideband circularly polarized characteristic is realized. The final optimized structure is very compact, with a dimension of only 322 × π × 6 mm3 (0.372 × π × 0.07 = 0.03 λ03). Besides, the measured results agree well with the simulated ones, with a simulated/measured impedance bandwidth of 28.4/32.2% and an axial ratio bandwidth of 46.7/42.3% being obtained. And the maximum realized gain is 1.1 dBic, with a gain variation of less than 1.0 dB.

Miniaturized Coplanar Waveguide-Fed UWB Antenna for Wireless Applications

This study presents a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) with huge bandwidth for the demands of modern wireless communities. To overcome some technical limitations of the employed substrate and UWB antenna design, a slotted patch resonator was used to create and simulate this antenna based on Locked-Key topology. It has been printed on a 1.5 mm-thick FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4. A feeder with characteristic impedances of 50 Ω has been employed. A CST electromagnetic simulator has been employed to simulate and analyze the antenna design. It is operated within the UWB spectrum with a bandwidth of 10.354 GHz, spanning 3.581 to 14 GHz. The overall surface area is 27 × 25 mm2. The gain and maximum efficiency within UWB are better than 3 dBi and 82%, respectively. The antenna is fabricated, and the simulated results are correlated with the measured ones. Finally, the equivalent circuit models for the antenna and rectifier circuit are simulated and measured.

A Compact Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterial Integrated Wideband High-Gain MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Applications.

This article demonstrates a compact wideband four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system integrated with a wideband metamaterial (MM) to reach high gain for sub-6 GHz new radio (NR) 5G communication. The four antennas of the proposed MIMO system are orthogonally positioned to the adjacent antennas with a short interelement edge-to-edge distance (0.19λmin at 3.25 GHz), confirming compact size and wideband characteristics 55.2% (3.25-5.6 GHz). Each MIMO system component consists of a fractal slotted unique patch with a transmission feed line and a metal post-encased defected ground structure (DGS). The designed MIMO system is realized on a low-cost FR-4 printed material with a miniature size of 0.65λmin × 0.65λmin × 0.02λmin. A 6 × 6 array of double U-shaped resonator-based unique mu-near-zero (MNZ) wideband metamaterial reflector (MMR) is employed below the MIMO antenna with a 0.14λmin air gap, improving the gain by 2.8 dBi and manipulating the MIMO beam direction by 60°. The designed petite MIMO system with a MM reflector proposes a high peak gain of 7.1 dBi in comparison to recent relevant antennas with high isolation of 35 dB in the n77/n78/n79 bands. In addition, the proposed wideband MMR improves the MIMO diversity and radiation characteristics with an average total efficiency of 68% over the desired bands. The stated MIMO antenna system has an outstanding envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.045, a greater diversity gain (DG) of near 10 dB (>9.96 dB), a low channel capacity loss (CCL) of <0.35 b/s/Hz and excellent multiplexing efficiency (ME) of higher than -1.4 dB. The proposed MIMO concept is confirmed by fabricating and testing the developed MIMO structure. In contrast to the recent relevant works, the proposed antenna is compact in size, while maintaining high gain and wideband characteristics, with strong MIMO performance. Thus, the proposed concept could be a potential approach to the 5G MIMO antenna system.

Microwave Imaging Approach for Breast Cancer Detection Using a Tapered Slot Antenna Loaded with Parasitic Components

In this paper, a wideband antenna is proposed for ultra-wideband microwave imaging applications. The antenna is comprised of a tapered slot ground, a rectangular slotted patch and four star-shaped parasitic components. The added slotted patch is shown to be effective in improving the bandwidth and gain. The proposed antenna system provides a realized gain of 6 dBi, an efficiency of around 80% on the radiation bandwidth, and a wide impedance bandwidth (S11 < -10 dB) of 6.3 GHz (from 3.8 to 10.1 GHz). This supports a true wideband operation. Furthermore, the fidelity factor for face-to-face (FtF) direction is 91.6%, and for side by side (SbS) is 91.2%. This proves the excellent directionality and less signal distortion of the designed antenna. These high figures establish the potential use of the proposed antenna for imaging. A heterogeneous breast phantom with dielectric characteristics identical to actual breast tissue with the presence of tumors was constructed for experimental validation. An antenna array of the proposed antenna element was situated over an artificial breast to collect reflected and transmitted waves for tumor characterization. Finally, an imaging algorithm was used to process the retrieved data to recreate the image in order to detect the undesirable tumor object inside the breast phantom.

Parameter enhancement and size reduction of metasurface reflector loaded decagon antenna for wireless applications

This paper proposes a miniaturized metasurface reflector-loaded decagon antenna for wireless applications. A metamaterial (MTM) loaded with complementary split-ring resonators is used to reduce the size of the antenna by 70 % in comparison to a conventional antenna. The proposed slotted decagon patch antenna has CSRR on the ground plane. At 0.24 λ0 × 0.24 λ0 × 0.013 λ0 (λ0 corresponds to the center frequency at f = 2.4 GHz), the antenna is extremely compact. The antenna was constructed using the FR4 substrate, which has a thickness of 1.6 mm and a εr value of 4.40. The experimentation shows that using the metasurface reflector structure considerably increased gain from 1.8 to 8.12 dB when compared to the decagon antenna without the MSR. Additionally, MSR-loaded antennas in dimensions of 5 × 5, 4 × 4, 3 × 3, and 2 × 2 have also been investigated. The metasurface reflector-loaded decagon antenna provides a bandwidth of 40 MHz (2.42–2.46 GHz). 0.48 λ0 × 0.47 λ0 × 0.013 λ0 (λ0 corresponds to the center frequency at f = 2.4 GHz) is the overall dimension of the MSR-loaded antenna. The values of simulated and measured are fairly in agreement, except for a minor deviation. It is appropriate for wireless applications to use the proposed antenna.