Slotted Orifice Research Articles

CFD investigation on a novel pen partition-attached jet air supply for mitigating heat stress among lactating sows

To effectively mitigate heat stress among lactating sows, this study proposed a novel pen partition-attached jet air supply (PJAS) and compared its performance with commercial ceiling jet air supply (CJAS) by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Each PJAS unit, comprising a circular distribution duct with 5 slot orifices at each side, was installed at the pen partition between two adjacent pens to direct air towards lactating sows to enhance convective heat removal. The cooling performances of air supplier were primarily evaluated by assessing the convective heat flux from lying sows. The effect of jet angles induced by PJAS and CJAS on convective heat flux were investigated as well as the consequence of reducing the inlet dimension of CJAS. The results revealed that reducing the inlet dimension of CJAS doubled the speed of supplied air. However, it also limited the amount of air impinging on sow due to the narrowing of the inlet air jet. Consequently, the combined effect only marginally increased the convective heat flux when the inlet area of CJAS was reduced. By placing air supplier closer to lactating sows, the air jet induced by PJAS impinged on sows’ bodies directly and therefore significantly increased the convective heat removal. Compared to CJAS, PJAS required approximately 45% less ventilation rate to induce the same convective heat flux. When the ventilation rate was identical, PJAS could increase the convective heat flux by up to 27.6%. These results highlight PJAS as a promising energy-efficient localized cooling device for mitigating heat stress among lactating sows. To determine the optimal design and control strategy of PJAS based on industrial requirements, further research is still needed.

Measurement of Aerosol Transmission Through a Stress Corrosion Crack–Like Geometry

The formation of a stress corrosion crack (SCC) in the canister wall of a dry cask storage system (DCSS) has been identified as a potential issue for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The presence of a SCC in a storage system could represent a through-wall flow path from the canister interior to the environment. Modern, vertical DCSSs are of particular interest due to the commercial practice of using relatively high helium backfill pressures (up to approximately 800 kPa) in the canister to enhance internal natural convection. This pressure differential offers a comparatively high driving potential for blowdown of any particulates that might be present in the canister in the event of a through-wall SCC. In this study, the rates of gas flow and aerosol transmission of a spent fuel surrogate through an engineered microchannel with dimensions representative of a SCC were evaluated experimentally using coupled mass flow and aerosol analyzers. The microchannel was formed by mating two gauge blocks with a linearly tapering slot orifice nominally 13 μm (0.0005 in.) tall on the upstream side and 25 μm (0.001 in.) tall on the downstream side. The orifice is 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) wide by 8.89 mm (0.350 in.) long (flow length). Surrogate aerosols of cerium oxide (CeO2) were seeded and mixed with either helium or air inside a pressurized tank. The aerosol characteristics were measured immediately upstream and downstream of the simulated SCC at elevated and ambient pressures, respectively. The next iteration of testing involves replacing the engineered microchannel with lab-grown SCCs. Preliminary clean flow testing has been conducted on SCC samples provided by the Electric Power Research Institute. These data sets demonstrate a new capability to characterize SCCs under well-controlled boundary conditions. Preliminary testing efforts are focused on understanding the evolution in both the size and quantity of a hypothetical release of aerosolized spent fuel particles from failed fuel cladding into the canister interior, and ultimately, through a SCC.

Noise and Jet Momentum of Synthetic Jet Actuators with Different Orifice Configurations

Sound pressure levels and flow characteristics of a synthetic jet actuator (SJA) are investigated experimentally using the following orifice configurations: a) a slender rectangular slot orifice and b) an array of circular orifices with two different orifice diameters. All configurations have similar total orifice neck area, orifice height, and cavity volume, resulting in a similar Helmholtz frequency. Experiments are conducted for orifices mounted on a flat plate under a quiescent condition. The mean jet velocity exhibits resonant peaks at several excitation frequencies, which also gave rise to the sound pressure levels. The resonant frequencies and peak jet velocities were found to depend on the excitation amplitude and orifice configuration. Investigation of the jet momentum penetration into the quiescent air above the different orifice configurations shows that the momentum issuing from the rectangular slot decays much quicker than that of the circular orifices, irrespective of whether the SJA is excited at resonance or not. The most favorable performance (i.e., the highest momentum in the jet core) was obtained with the array of circular orifices having a smaller orifice diameter, even at off-resonance excitations. The work herein shows the possibility of reducing the SJA noise by 8–10 dB by operating the SJA at a frequency away from the Helmholtz frequency while still achieving comparable levels of jet momentum penetration into the crossflow.

Numerical Analysis of the Differential Flowmeter: Standard Orifice and Slotted Orifices

The paper presents the results of simulation studies of fluid flow through a standard orifice and two slotted orifices. The research that has been carried out concerns the analysis of the effect of the orifice geometry on the velocity profiles, turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence energy dispersion. The profile studies were conducted at different distances behind the orifice so that the results could be compared with each other. The studied flow included an airflow whose inlet velocity was 15 m/s. The turbulence model k-ε was used for numerical calculations. The tested orifices were characterized by an orifice constriction equal to β = 0.5. The calculations involved flow through a pipeline with a diameter of 160 mm. The results show that for a standard orifice, the maximum velocity of the flow is about 95 m/s and this is recorded at a distance of about 10–20 cm behind the orifice, and then it decreases, and at a distance of about 60 cm, the flow velocity is about 27 m/s. In the case of slotted holes, the maximum velocity is about 30% lower compared to the flow rate through a standard orifice design. The maximum velocity behind slotted orifices occurs directly behind the orifice, and in the cases of slotted orifice 1 and slotted orifice 2, was about 70 m/s and 67 m/s, respectively. For slotted orifice 1, at a distance of 20 cm behind the orifice, the flow assumed a velocity of about 19 m/s, whereas for slotted orifice 2, the flow reached a speed of about 18 m/s, at a distance of about 30 cm behind the orifice. The values of the maximum kinetic energy of turbulence for the tested orifices are about 420 m2/s2 for the standard orifice, and about 250 m2/s2 and 220 m2/s2 for slotted orifices 1 and 2, respectively. The obtained simulation results demonstrated that slotted orifices lead to faster stream homogenization and do not disturb the flow as much as a standard orifice. Slotted orifices exhibit a higher flow coefficient.

Effects of discharge angle of jet from a slot orifice on cooling performance for a perforated air ducting system in dairy cattle barn

By employing a type of ventilation system that relies on perforated air ducting (PAD) and slot orifices, dairy farmers can help their cows avoid heat stress and in so doing increase milk production. However, the air jets from the orifices would be delivered at an angle, namely the discharge angle, which is the angle between the outflowing jet direction and the axis of the air duct. The discharge angle can affect the system’s efficiency and the jet will fail to deliver a sufficient amount of air if the angle is such that the jet does not properly target the cow. Consequently, by means of computational fluid dynamic simulation, this study sought to optimize the discharge angle on the cooling efficiency of PAD system, first by examining the factors (such as airflow rate and duct diameter) that affect the discharge angle and then by evaluating two types of air jet deflector (rectangular duct and rectangular plate) and also the effects produced by varying the spacing between the slot orifices. Results showed that the first orifice (counting from the inlet to the end of the duct) was mostly affected by the two investigated factors. Increasing the airflow rate from 376.3 to 564.5 m3 h−1 and the duct diameter from 0.8 m to 1.0 m had a limited effect on the discharge angle (around a 2° difference in the discharge angle). Also, as the number of sequential orifices increased, the discharge angle increased gradually, and the discharge angle of the last orifice remained at a constant 90°. Of all the discharge-angle mitigation tested, the rectangular-duct deflector produced the highest mean-convection heat transfer rate of the skin surface (98.37 W m−2) and the lowest standard deviation (±1.25 W m−2). The convection heat transfer rate registered by the cow positioned under the first orifice would increase by as much as 27.5% after the spacing between the orifices was modified (in comparison with the original case), while both an increase and a decrease in the convective heat transfer rate were observed to occur among the other cows. Given these findings, it was concluded that the PAD system’s performance could best be improved by adding a deflector with a rectangular duct to adjust the discharge angle.

Computational evaluation of air jet cooling from a perforated air ducting system to mitigate heat stress of cows in free stalls

Alleviating the heat stress suffered by dairy cows in order to increase their productivity depends on an effective ventilation system. For this reason, this study evaluated the heat mitigating performance of a perforated air ducting (PAD) system with special attention given to significant design parameters (e.g., the shape and size of the orifices and the speed and flow rate of the air jets) having to do with the jet flow pattern and its corresponding cooling efficiency. More specifically, this work aimed to evaluate, using numerical simulation, the effects produced by four different types of air-jet orifice (i.e., three-circular orifice, single-circular orifice, rectangular orifice, and slot orifice) and also the effects produced by different jet flow rates and by the bulk movement of indoor air with respect to the jet properties and their cooling performance in relation to cows reclining in free stalls. The outcomes show that the jet emitted from the slot orifice distributes air more effectively over the surface of a reclining cow and produces a more even range of skin temperatures. The jet cooling performance achieved with a jet flow rate of 470.4 m3 h−1 (50% of the recommended ventilation rate for 625 kg cow) and a jet temperature of 28 °C was equivalent to the cooling performance achieved by a 2 m s−1 wind stream of the same air temperature passing over the model cow’s body. Additionally, the convective heat dissipation rate of the reclining cow increased from 63.47 to 91.27 W m−2 as the jet flow rate increased from 212.0 to 564.5 m3 h−1, indicating that increasing the flow rate of a jet emitted through the slot orifice could improve the convective heat dissipation rate, but the rate of the increase in the convective heat transfer decreased simultaneously. The bulk movement of the indoor air (>0.2 m s−1) negatively affects jet flow and the corresponding cooling performance. Therefore, a PAD system equipped with slot orifices will most likely be more effective when atmospheric conditions are less agitated (such as those in naturally ventilated barns with minimal cross wind speeds or inside enclosed barns). In short, the findings of this study should warrant using the PAD system to ventilate free-stall dairy barns to mitigate heat stress of dairy cows.

Simplified Steady-State Representation of Slot Synthetic Jet Actuators to Enable Numerical Optimization With Steady RANS Simulations

To address the growing energy use of data centers, waste heat recuperation offers a solution to better integrate these facilities into the broader energy system, thus facilitating a transition to the decarbonization of the energy system. The use of liquid coolants for full immersion cooling or local heat extraction from high power density components is considered for this purpose. However, heat can also be extracted by novel air cooling approaches, perhaps in combination with localized liquid cooling. To optimize heat extraction from air-cooled systems and maximize the heat grade, synthetic jets (SJs) can be used for targeted adaptive cooling in conjunction with air ducting to facilitate maximum heat recuperation potential in rack or server-mounted air-to-liquid heat exchangers. Internal server layouts can be optimized numerically, e.g., using a multiple objective genetic algorithm approach based on minimization of entropy generation rates. However, since SJs are inherently transient flow phenomena, this would require transient flow simulations, which forms a bottleneck in a numerical optimization loop. This research aims to develop a simplified steady-state representation of a synthetic jet actuator (SJA) with slot orifice using a localized body force to generate a similar time-averaged flow field to a real SJA, suitable for steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations within a numerical optimization loop. Both flow fields are compared in terms of the mean flow field, jet spreading rate, and turbulence intensity distributions.

Synthetic Jet Actuators with the Same Cross-Sectional Area Orifices-Flow and Acoustic Aspects

In this paper, synthetic jet actuators (SJAs) with three different orifice shapes (circular, square, and slot) with the same cross-section area were investigated. The SJA efficiency and the synthetic jet (SJ) Reynolds number were calculated based on the time-mean reaction force measurement. The momentum velocity was measured with hot-wire anemometry and additionally, the sound pressure level (SPL) was measured. The efficiency was equal maximally to 5.3% for each orifice shape, but the square orifice characterized the higher Reynolds number. The compared centerline (axial) velocities and the radial velocity profile at a distance of 112 mm were similar for each orifice type. The SPL measurement results were surprisingly constant in relation to each other. The square orifice generates the lowest SPL, approximately 2.8dB lower than the circular orifice, and approximately 4.2dB lower than the slot orifice, at each investigated real power. Finally, the differences to other papers and limitations of the approach to comparing orifices presented in the present paper were indicated.

A Correction Method for Wet Gas Flow Metering Using a Standard Orifice and Slotted Orifices.

Flow measurements that utilize differential pressure meters are commonly applied in industry. In such conditions, gas flow is often accompanied by liquid condensation. For this reason, errors occur in the metering process that can be attributed to the fluctuations in continuous phase parameters in the flow. Furthermore, the occurrence of a dispersed phase results in flow disturbance and dynamic pressure pulsations. For the above reasons, new methods and tools are sought with the purpose of performing measurements of gas-liquid flows providing measurement results that can be considered as fairly accurate in the cases when flow involves a liquid phase form. The paper reports the results of a study involving measurement of wet gas flow using differential pressure flowmeters. The experiments were conducted for three constant mass air flow rates equal to 0.06, 0.078 and 0.086 kg/s. After stabilization of the air flow rates, water was fed into the pipe with flow rates in the range from 0.01 to 0.16 kg/s. The research involved a standard orifice and three types of slotted orifices with various slot arrangements and geometries. The analysis focused on the effect of orifice geometry on the flow metering results. On the basis of the results, it was found that the slotted orifice generates smaller differential pressure values compared to the standard orifice. The water mass fraction in the gas leads to overestimated results of measurements across the flowmeter. Regardless of the type of the orifice, is necessary to undertake a correction of the results. The paper proposes a method of gas mass flow correction. The results were compared with the common over-reading correction models available in the literature.

Design of sediment detention basins: Scaled model experiments and application

Sediment detention basins are implemented on mountain rivers to trap solid material that may aggravate the flooding of downstream settlements. However, retention structures built in the past may unnecessarily retain sediment during non-hazardous flood events, resulting in high maintenance costs and sediment deficit downstream. In addition, the so-called spontaneous self-flushing of previously retained sediment during floods has occasionally been observed. Recent research suggests to design sediment detention basins for controlling sediment passage with a guiding channel across the deposition area upstream of a hybrid barrier. Such barriers consist of a check dam with a slot orifice and an upstream bar screen with a bottom clearance in order to benefit from a combined mechanical-hydraulic retention control. The present paper enhances this pioneering research with the help of new experimental data, including a wide range of sediment mixtures and large wood, as well as variable barrier heights. Improved design criteria are provided regarding the bar screen and the basin storage capacity. The functionality of the enhanced concept for sediment detention is illustrated by a case study on a physical model: the protection of the Villard-Bonnot village (France) against torrential hazards.

Three-dimensional vortical structures generated by plasma synthetic jets in crossflow

In the present study, phase-locked tomographic particle image velocimetry measurements are performed to obtain the complex three-dimensional vortex system created by the interaction of plasma synthetic jets with external crossflow. Three orifice configurations (round, transverse slot, and longitudinal slot) are investigated. For the round orifice case, the vortex system consists of a starting vortex ring surrounding the jet head, a hanging vortex pair residing in the two lateral sides of the jet body, several shear layer vortices bridging the two legs of the hanging vortex pair, and a hairpin vortex induced by the low-speed secondary jet. For the slot orifice cases, the above vortex system is also present; nevertheless, the interconnections of the vortices are further intersected by the rib vortices that are branched out of the elongated vortex ring during axis switching. The counter-rotating vortex pair observed in the far field is essentially evolving from the hanging vortex pair in the near field.

MEASUREMENT OF TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW USING STANDARD AND SLOTTED ORIFICE

The differential pressure of gas measurement is very often used in industrial measurements. During the gas flow, liquid condensation often occurs. The result is that when measuring a gas flow, the gas-liquid mixture is essentially measured. Errors in the indications of measuring instruments are starting to appear due to a change in the properties of the continuous phase, which is gas. In addition, the appearance of liquid droplets leads to flow disturbances and pressure pulsations. Therefore, new methods and tools for measuring the flow of gas-liquid mixture are being sought. The work involves the use of slotted orifices for measuring gas-liquid mixtures. An analysis of the influence of the slotted orifice geometry on the measurement of the biphasic mixture stream was carried out. Standard orifice and three slotted orifices of various designs. The experiment included measuring the air flow with a small amount of water dispersed in the form of drops.

Comparative study of spectral-element and finite-volume solvers for direct numerical simulation of synthetic jets

Direct Numerical Simulations of synthetic jet flow fields issuing in a quiescent environment, performed by means of two extensively used open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes, Nek5000 and OpenFOAM solver pimpleFoam, are reported and compared. While the former employs a high-order spectral-element method, the latter is based on finite-volume, lower-order schemes. The present paper specifically refers to SJ fields produced by slotted orifice piezo-driven actuators. The dimensionless flow parameters adopted to perform the simulations basically match the experimental data of Yao et al. (2006), whilst a reasonably simplified geometry of the actuator is adopted. Results are generally in good agreement with the experimental data for both codes, in terms of first- and second-order moments of the long-time and phase-averaged velocity field, as well as of global engineering quantities. The performances of the two codes are compared thoroughly, with regard to accuracy and computer load as well. Overall, when high-fidelity of simulations is required for the problem under study, Nek5000 is found to be computationally more efficient.

On the Influence of the Slot Orifice in Diesel Common Rail Nozzle

Background:The paper deals with a diesel common rail nozzle in which a novel orifice layout is implemented.Objective:Its influence on the nozzle mechanical-hydraulic behavior and on the spray shape transient development is experimentally investigated.Methods:In the research, a solenoid injector for light duty diesel engines is equipped with the novel nozzle prototype and tested. The prototype layout is described, pointing out the features of the nozzle orifices, in which a Slot cross-section is adopted; the investigation is accomplished extending the hydraulic tests and the spray visualizations to a reference nozzle with standard holes. The influence of the hole layout on the mechanical-hydraulic behavior of the nozzle is assessed by experimental analysis based on the rate of injection measurement, in comparison with the reference nozzle. Once the hydraulic behavior of the novel nozzle has been characterized in terms of mass flow rate, the slot influence on the spray shape is assessed analyzing the macroscopic features such as the penetration distance and the spray angle, in non evaporative conditions. The study is carried out under transient injection conditions, for different injection pressures, up to 1400 bar.Results:The results on spray characteristics also provide reference information to set up spray models suited to take the Slot orifice into account.

Characteristics of orifices for modeling nonlinear power take-off in wave-flume tests of oscillating water column devices

Oscillating water column (OWC) devices for wave power extraction are appealing, but are still in need of research. In this study, a series of wave-flume experiments was conducted to examine the hydrodynamic performance of a rectangular OWC device fixed in regular waves. Two types of orifices, slot orifices and circular orifices, were used to simulate the nonlinear power take-off (PTO) mechanism, and the effects of orifice geometry were examined. A two-point measurement method was proposed to reconstruct the instantaneous spatial profile of the water surface inside the OWC chamber for reducing bias in the measured wave power extraction efficiency. The flow characteristics of PTO were described by a quadratic loss coefficient, and our experimental results showed that the quadratic loss coefficient of the slot orifices varied with wave period and slot geometry. Empirical formulas were proposed for the quadratic loss coefficients of the two types of orifices. The ability to determine the quadratic loss coefficient of an orifice will allow us to design orifices for small-scale tests and calculate the power extraction using only pressure measurement. Our results also suggested that the pressure coefficient should be more reliable than the amplification coefficient as an indicator of the power extraction performance of an OWC device.

Effect of slotted exit orifice on performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

This study experimentally investigates the influence of exit orifice shape on the performance characteristics of a three-electrode plasma synthetic jet actuator. High-speed Schlieren imaging system and phase-locked two-component PIV measurements are used for flowfield characterisation in quiescent conditions. Two actuator configurations with the same exit area but different exit orifice shape (round orifice and slot orifice) are studied. Results indicate a close correspondence between the shapes of the starting vortex ring with the shapes of the respective exit orifices. For the slot orifice, the elongated starting vortex ring gradually expands during propagation, while its ends become warped. A distinct K–H instability structure is observed, inducing continuous oscillation of the high-speed jet. Compared with the jet from the round orifice, the slot jet has a higher entrainment rate of surrounding air, thus resulting in a lower propagation velocity of the jet front. The exit velocity of PSJA within one period initially shows a rapid increase, then persists at a relatively high level (100–130 m/s), and finally drops with some small-scale oscillations. The oscillation amplitude is less than 10 m/s, and the oscillation period is approximately 600 µs. Under conditions of same exit area, orifice shape has little influence on the variation of the exit velocity.

Characterization of flow homogeneity downstream of a slotted orifice plate in a two-phase flow using electrical resistance tomography

Two-phase flows are complex and unpredictable in nature, commonly encountered in a majority of fluid transport systems. The accurate measurement of two-phase flow is critical for a wide range of applications from wet stream to multiphase flows. There are different methods to meter two-phase flow in various industries. One approach is to produce a flow meter that does not require the individual flow components to be separated and measured separately. This goal can be met if a homogenized mixture is produced which can be measured by a standard single phase flow meter. The slotted orifice plate was invented as a flow meter for single phase flows, it is independent upon upstream flow conditions. Slotted orifice plate flow meter's utilization in two-phase flow revealed that it is highly capable of working as a flow conditioner transforming most of the multiphase flow regimes into a fairly uniform mixture. This study measures how the relative homogeneity of an air/water mixture varies downstream of the slotted plate in a horizontal pipe for various upstream conditions including elongated bubble and slug flow regimes using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). According to this study, the optimal location with a maximum homogeneity was determined to be between 1.5 and 2.5 pipe diameters downstream of the slotted orifice plate. This indicates that placing a slotted orifice plate at the obtained distance upstream of another flow meter such as a venturi coupled with a density measuring device like a radiation based densitometer or an electrical impedance device will help in obtaining accurate multiphase flow rate measurement.

Multiphase flow measurements using coupled slotted orifice plate and swirl flow meter

Multiphase flow metering is a major focus for oil and gas industries. The performance of a modified version of a close coupled slotted orifice plate and swirl flow meter for multiphase flow was evaluated to provide further development of a new type of multiphase flow meter. The slotted orifice provides well homogenized flow for several pipe diameters downstream of the plate. This characteristic provides a homogeneous mixture at the inlet of the swirl meter for a wide range of gas volume fractions (GVF) and flow rates. In order to evaluate the performance of the designed flow-meter, its response was investigated for varying pressures and water flow rates. The proper correlations were established to provide high accurate two-phase flow measurements. The new proposed approach provides the GVF measurement with less than ±0.63% uncertainty for GVF range from 60% to 95%.

Features of precision slot cutting with a large number of calibers using the radiation of a single-mode fiber laser

The results of the experimental and theoretical investigations aimed at determining the characteristics and features of precision slot cutting with a large number of calibers in sheets of low-carbon steel using the radiation of a single-mode fiber laser with pulse power up to 1 kW are presented. The description of the experimental installation, performance conditions of investigations, and variable parameters are described. Precision cutting of low-carbon steel up to 10 mm with the number of calibers ranging from 30 to 70 at a slot width of ≈60 μm is performed for the first time. Such cutting occurs only in the pulsed-periodic mode using single-mode radiation with a pulse duration of 2–3 ms, a pulse ratio of 2–4, and oxygen, whose influence differs in principle both in various cut regions over the sheet thickness and from cutting with a CO2 laser. The cutting velocity (100–50 mm/min) of sheet steel up to thicknesses of 10 mm with deep channeling, roughness parameters, hardness of the cut surface, which insignificantly (by ≈20%) exceeds the hardness of untreated steel, the phase structure of steel, and the scales of their varying inside metal are measured. The efficiency (≈3%) of precision cutting and the efficiency of transportation of radiation (25%) in large-caliber slot orifices in the “waveguide” mode are determined by the experimental data. The useful specific energy contribution of the laser radiation is wl = Nl/(hbv) ≈ 2 × 1012 J/m2 for all studied thicknesses of sheet samples accurate to 20%. A qualitative model of the laser-oxygen precision cutting with deep channeling, which explains the cyclic and interrupting character of cutting and necessity of using oxygen as the cutting gas, is proposed.

Bubbly structures in a cavitating slot orifice

The research refers to the experimental study of cavitation phenomena when water was passing through the slot orifice. The contribution brought up by this article is the detailed time and space dependent analysis of bubbly structures identified using high speed video, microresistivity probes, optical fibre pressure probe, and hot film probe. Two principle experiments were carried out to study cavitation in a confined geometry. The first one was designed to study an induced single bubble cavitation when the water pressure was reduced below the atmospheric pressure, but was still high enough so that there was not any saturated pressure in the slot region. The second experiment was undertaken at a reference pressure which was sufficient to produce a massive cavitation in the slot region. The following flow regimes were identified and analyzed in detail: the so-called detachment regime where bubble breakup was observed in the case of the individual bubble cavitation; and in the case of the large scale cavitation, the regime of macroscopic bubbles clustering into bubble cloud and the regime of collapsing bubbles.