Abstract
To address the growing energy use of data centers, waste heat recuperation offers a solution to better integrate these facilities into the broader energy system, thus facilitating a transition to the decarbonization of the energy system. The use of liquid coolants for full immersion cooling or local heat extraction from high power density components is considered for this purpose. However, heat can also be extracted by novel air cooling approaches, perhaps in combination with localized liquid cooling. To optimize heat extraction from air-cooled systems and maximize the heat grade, synthetic jets (SJs) can be used for targeted adaptive cooling in conjunction with air ducting to facilitate maximum heat recuperation potential in rack or server-mounted air-to-liquid heat exchangers. Internal server layouts can be optimized numerically, e.g., using a multiple objective genetic algorithm approach based on minimization of entropy generation rates. However, since SJs are inherently transient flow phenomena, this would require transient flow simulations, which forms a bottleneck in a numerical optimization loop. This research aims to develop a simplified steady-state representation of a synthetic jet actuator (SJA) with slot orifice using a localized body force to generate a similar time-averaged flow field to a real SJA, suitable for steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations within a numerical optimization loop. Both flow fields are compared in terms of the mean flow field, jet spreading rate, and turbulence intensity distributions.
Highlights
IntroductionFan convective cooling can be optimized by computing resources has led to a rapid growth of more dense proper control of the fan speed depending on the actual server and powerful data centers, making them significant energy workload [7,8,9]
The steady-state model requires ~2% of the computational time of the dynamic mesh model resulting in significant time and resource-saving. This is the central motivation of this research: in order to integrate synthetic jet numerical modelling into larger, more complex systems, such as that of a data center server, rack, or room, it is essential to minimize the computation expense of the process
The aim of this paper was to develop a simplified steady-state CFD model able to mimic the time-averaged flow field produced by a synthetic jet actuator in the far-field, i.e. for x/D ≥ 30
Summary
Fan convective cooling can be optimized by computing resources has led to a rapid growth of more dense proper control of the fan speed depending on the actual server and powerful data centers, making them significant energy workload [7,8,9]. The COVID-19 An energy-efficient solution for data centers is hybrid crisis in 2020-2021 has led to a dramatic surge in internet traffic cooling. To (microprocessors and DIMM memory modules) and air cooling maintain a sustainable trend, the strong growth in demand for for low power components (power supplies, storage disk drives, data center services needs to be counteracted by efficiency printed circuit boards) [10,11,12].
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