Slit Image Research Articles

Adaptive SPECT imaging with crossed-slit apertures.

Preclinical single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an essential tool for studying the progression, response to treatment, and physiological changes in small animal models of human disease. The wide range of imaging applications is often limited by the static design of many preclinical SPECT systems. We have developed a prototype imaging system that replaces the standard static pinhole aperture with two sets of movable, keel-edged copper-tungsten blades configured as crossed (skewed) slits. These apertures can be positioned independently between the object and detector, producing a continuum of imaging configurations in which the axial and transaxial magnifications are not constrained to be equal. We incorporated a megapixel silicon double-sided strip detector to permit ultrahigh-resolution imaging. We describe the configuration of the adjustable slit aperture imaging system and discuss its application toward adaptive imaging, and reconstruction techniques using an accurate imaging forward model, a novel geometric calibration technique, and a GPU-based ultra-high-resolution reconstruction code.

Optics of light scattering in the human eye lens

AbstractThe visual phenomenon of radiation of light around a bright light source (“ciliary corona”, glare, quantified as straylight) is known as result of forward light scattering in the eye. The slitlamp image (or the Scheimpflug image) of the human eye lens, results from backward light scattering. Solid physical theory exists for the relation between characteristics of the scattering elements, and the angular and wavelength dependence of the scattered light. Reversely from angular and wavelength dependence predictions for the scattering elements can be derived. Optical bench study of human eye lenses will be presented. Backward scatter is found to contain two components; a wavelength independent and strongly localized component identified as “Wasserspalten”, and a Rayleigh type component diffusely localized throughout the lens, originating from the crystalline molecules. The degree of ordering of the crystallines is critical for the size of this component. Forward scatter is dominated by particles of around 1 micrometer size. So, different processes govern forward and backward scatter, explaining why the slit image is not an accurate predictor of forward scatter or straylight. Commercial interest

Experiments of ocean surface waves and underwater target detection imaging using a slit Streak Tube Imaging Lidar

This letter describes a flash Lidar imaging technique that uses a streak tube camera as a receiver to detect short scale surface wave fields for oceanographic, underwater target and coastal measurements. The range and intensity imaging of short scale sea-waves and underwater targets can be supplied by this system through light reflected from the surface of the sea and targets. Through a surface scattering model, more accurate range and intensity information can be extracted. The technique can be applied to surface wave measurements and underwater target detection with high resolution. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by applying the technique to data acquired by shipborne Streak Tube Imaging Lidar (STIL) in the Yellow Sea and also the East and South China Seas.

Automated image curvature assessment and correction for high-throughput Raman spectroscopy and microscopy

Raman spectroscopy and microscopy can provide molecular information for complex materials such as biological tissue and cells. In these applications, light-collection throughput is essential for speedy acquisition of high-quality data. To im- prove throughput, two-dimensional detectors and high numerical aperture (NA) optical systems have been employed. However, owing to the out-of-plane diffraction in grating-based dispersive spectrograph, the entrance slit image formed at the detector plane is curved along the vertical direction. Direct vertical binning of individual detector rows without correcting the curvature results in degraded spectral resolution and peak misalignment. We evaluate two software approaches to remove the image cur- vature after high-throughput data acquisition, with the objective to retain instrument spectral resolution and peak accuracy as if a linear-array detector were used. Curvature correction and detection are achieved in two steps: calibration of the image curva- ture using a Raman active material and application of the correction to future curved images. This method has been employed for a high-NA, large CCD Raman spectroscopic system deigned for non-invasive glucose sensing, a medium-NA, medium-size CCD line-scan Raman microscope designed for high-throughput tissue and cellular imaging, and an active-illumination Raman microscope. We show that remarkable improvement in data fidelity can be obtained as assessed by peak misalignment, distri- bution of data variance, and the waveform of principal component spectra. High quality curvature correction is essential for quantitative analysis such as the multivariate calibration, spectral pattern recognition, and peak shift detection based techniques. The software approach is highly flexible for instrument modification.

An RGB approach to prismatic colours

Teaching prismatic colours usually boils down to establishing the take-home message that white light consists of ‘differently refrangible’ coloured rays. This approach explains the classical spectrum of seven colours but has its limitations, e.g. in discussing spectra from setups with higher resolution or in understanding the well saturated colours of simple edge spectra. Besides, the connection of physical wavelength and colour remains obscure—after all, colour and wavelength are not equivalent. In this paper, we suggest that teachers demonstrate these impressive experiments in the classroom by using a video projector and a prism to disperse black-and-white slit images. We introduce experimental and diagrammatic methods for establishing the connection between the original slit image and the wavelength composition of the resulting spectrum. From this (or any other given) wavelength composition, students can systematically derive the colours with a simple RGB approach, thus gaining a more accurate picture of the relation between wavelength and colour.

Development of a polar direct-drive platform for studying inertial confinement fusion implosion mix on the National Ignition Facility

Experiments were performed to develop a platform for the simultaneous measurement of mix and its effects on fusion burn. Two polar direct drive implosions of all-plastic capsules were conducted for the first time on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). To measure implosion trajectory and symmetry, area image backlighting of these capsules was also employed for the first time on NIF, an advance over previous 1-D slit imaging experiments, providing detailed symmetry data of the capsules as they imploded. The implosion trajectory and low-mode asymmetry seen in the resultant radiographs agreed with pre-shot predictions even though the 700 kJ drive energy produced laser beam intensities exceeding laser-plasma instability thresholds. Post-shot simulations indicate that the capsule yield was reduced by a factor of two compared to pre-shot predictions owing to as-shot laser drive asymmetries. The pre-shot predictions of bang time agreed within 200 ps with the experimental results. The second shot incorporated a narrow groove encircling the equator of the capsule. A predicted yield reduction factor of three was not observed.

Influence of readout process on presampled modulation transfer function in computed radiography system

In a computed radiography (CR) system, there are a number of different mechanisms that cause blurring. The aim of this study was to analyze intrinsic system factors of CR systems that could affect the modulation transfer function (MTF), such as afterglow during readout and the anti-alias filter before analog to digital converter. Methods and Materials: Mathematical slit and edge images were generated from analytical functions. These images were arranged perpendicularly to the laser scan and the plate scan directions, respectively. The influence of afterglow and the anti-alias filter was simulated by using Microsoft Excel. The MTF values calculated from those simulation images were compared with the theoretical MTF values obtained analytically. Results: MTF values in the laser scan direction measured with the slit and edge methods were significantly lower than MTF values in the plate scan direction. The degree of influence on MTF with respect to afterglow and the anti-alias filters was different depending on the measurement method and the scan directions of CR systems. The influence of the anti-alias filters mainly contributed to the differences between MTF values with the slit and edge methods in the laser scan direction.

Corneal Thickness Measurement Using Orbscan, Pentacam, Galilei, and Ultrasound in Normal and Post-Femtosecond Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Eyes

To compare corneal pachymetry assessment using slit scanning imaging (Orbscan), rotating Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam), dual Scheimpflug system (Galilei), and ultrasound pachymetry in normal and post-femtosecond (FS) laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) eyes. Sixty eyes of 60 patients were enrolled for this study, which consisted of 30 unoperated eyes (normal corneas) and 30 eyes after FS-LASIK (post-LASIK corneas). Central corneal thickness was measured sequentially using Orbscan II, Pentacam, Galilei, and ultrasound pachymetry, and the average value of measurements obtained by the 4 different methods were compared in each group. In normal corneas, corneal thickness measurements were not different by all 4 methods [P = 0.202, 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. In post-LASIK corneas, the measurement was significantly different among those achieved by 4 methods (P < 0.001, 1-way ANOVA). Orbscan measurement was thinner than those yielded by Galilei, Pentacam, or ultrasound pachymetry with average of 47.7, 38.5, and 34.4 μm, respectively (all P values < 0.001, 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test) in post-LASIK corneas. Orbscan, Pentacam, and Galilei measurements showed good agreement with ultrasound pachymetry data in both groups, except Orbscan data in post-LASIK corneas showed a statistically significant difference from ultrasound pachymetry measurements (P value = 0.001, 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test). Any of central corneal thicknesses obtained by all 4 measurement modalities might be acceptable before refractive surgery. However, in post-FS-LASIK eyes, measurements using Orbscan were thinner than those obtained with other modalities; in contrast, those with Pentacam or Galilei were comparable with ultrasound pachymetry.

Pilot Study for OCT Guided Design and Fit of a Prosthetic Device for Treatment of Corneal Disease.

Purpose. To assess optical coherence tomography (OCT) for guiding design and fit of a prosthetic device for corneal disease. Methods. A prototype time domain OCT scanner was used to image the anterior segment of patients fitted with large diameter (18.5–20 mm) prosthetic devices for corneal disease. OCT images were processed and analyzed to characterize corneal diameter, corneal sagittal height, scleral sagittal height, scleral toricity, and alignment of device. Within-subject variance of OCT-measured parameters was evaluated. OCT-measured parameters were compared with device parameters for each eye fitted. OCT image correspondence with ocular alignment and clinical fit was assessed. Results. Six eyes in 5 patients were studied. OCT measurement of corneal diameter (coefficient of variation, CV = 0.76%), cornea sagittal height (CV = 2.06%), and scleral sagittal height (CV = 3.39%) is highly repeatable within each subject. OCT image-derived measurements reveal strong correlation between corneal sagittal height and device corneal height (r = 0.975) and modest correlation between scleral and on-eye device toricity (r = 0.581). Qualitative assessment of a fitted device on OCT montages reveals correspondence with slit lamp images and clinical assessment of fit. Conclusions. OCT imaging of the anterior segment is suitable for custom design and fit of large diameter (18.5–20 mm) prosthetic devices used in the treatment of corneal disease.

Videografie mit der Spaltlampe

Many new diagnostic instruments have been introduced for imaging in ophthalmology, particularly for retinal diseases and diagnostics in glaucoma. The slit lamp, however, as the most important instrument in practical ophthalmological work, has been largely unchanged for decades. It will be shown that a video slit lamp can be used for monitoring of a much broader spectrum of ophthalmological diseases than is commonly used at present. We name the required methods and techniques collectively videography. There are only few additional technical requirements (fundus lenses, minus lenses, recentration prism, generally available computer programmes). The following methods and techniques are applied in slit lamp videography: 1) special considerations of illumination; 2) sequential analysis of video recordings; 3) picture composites especially for topographic overviews; 4) the flicker test to detect changes in ocular tissue by virtual movement. These methods and techniques of videography open new fields for slit lamp imaging in ophthalmology - equally of the retina (e.g., follow-up in glaucoma and macular disease) and face (e.g., photography of squint). Illustrative examples are given. Ophthalmologists, especially those without access to a professional photographic unit, should be encouraged that with a video slit lamp nearly all clinical findings can be documented efficiently if clear concepts - as given by videography - exist as to what is to be done.

Electron beam density study using a portable slit imaging system at the Shanghai Electron Beam Ion Trap

In this work, a portable slit imaging system is developed to study both the electron beam diameter and the profile of the newly developed Shanghai Electron Beam Ion Trap (Shanghai EBIT). Images are detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) sensitive to both X rays and longer wavelength photons (up to visible). Large scale ray tracings were conducted for correcting the image broadening effects caused by the finite slit width and the finite width of the CCD pixels. A numerical de-convolution method was developed to analyse and reconstruct the electron beam density distribution in the EBIT. As an example of the measured beam diameter and current density, the FWHM (full width at half maximum) diameter of the electron beam at 81 keV and 120 mA is found to be 76.2 μm and the density 2.00 × 103 A·cm−2, under a magnetic field of 3 T, including all corrections.

Improved sensitivity for the atmospheric infrared sounder instrument

We present infrared spectrometer design options offered through a wave propagation analysis throughout the optical system that would not be known otherwise. A recent inclusion of wave propagation into the atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) design model to account for an unanticipated measured spectral line narrowing with wavelength has shown that a wider slit option could have been used on the spectrometer to improve energy throughput. The underlying slit image width that narrowed could have been traded for a wider entrance slit increasing the instrument light sensitivity up to 15%, restoring the original un-narrowed slit width baseline, and recovering the spectral sampling requirement of two detectors per line profile. Of the 11 slits on the AIRS spectrometer, each slit width could have been spectrally tailored to become wider as the dispersed wavelength band increased, leading to a more optimal sounder configuration. We will show the newer suggested AIRS slit array below for future sounder design consideration after first reviewing past results that substantiate the wave propagation model being used.

A Knock-In Mouse Model for the R120G Mutation of αB-Crystallin Recapitulates Human Hereditary Myopathy and Cataracts

An autosomal dominant missense mutation in αB-crystallin (αB-R120G) causes cataracts and desmin-related myopathy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report the development of an αB-R120G crystallin knock-in mouse model of these disorders. Knock-in αB-R120G mice were generated and analyzed with slit lamp imaging, gel permeation chromatography, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, histology, and muscle strength assays. Wild-type, age-matched mice were used as controls for all studies. Both heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice developed myopathy. Moreover, homozygous mutant mice were significantly weaker than wild-type control littermates at 6 months of age. Cataract severity increased with age and mutant gene dosage. The total mass, precipitation, and interaction with the intermediate filament protein vimentin, as well as light scattering of αB-crystallin, also increased in mutant lenses. In skeletal muscle, αB-R120G co-aggregated with desmin, became detergent insoluble, and was ubiquitinated in heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice. These data suggest that the cataract and myopathy pathologies in αB-R120G knock-in mice share common mechanisms, including increased insolubility of αB-crystallin and co-aggregation of αB-crystallin with intermediate filament proteins. These knock-in αB-R120G mice are a valuable model of the developmental and molecular biological mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of human hereditary cataracts and myopathy.

Focal and panretinal photocoagulation with a navigated laser (NAVILAS®)

Editor, L aser photocoagulation is a well evidence-based standard therapy for both proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular oedema (DME), recently supplemented by e.g. anti-VEGF treatment (Elman et al. 2010). Over the last decades, numerous technical advances have been introduced to laser therapy including subthreshold techniques (Nakamura et al. 2010) and pattern laser generation (Bolz et al. 2010). However, the advantages of computerized precision well known from refractive surgery (‘eye tracking’) have not become widely available despite several technical approaches towards that goal (Naess et al. 2002). Navilas is a novel fundus imaging and laser treatment device (ODOS GmbH, Teltow, Germany) that allows imaging (infrared, colour, fluorescein angiography) and integrated laser treatment of the retina, including pattern laser generation. Besides documentation, safety and patient comfort, the main theoretical advantages lie in retina navigation. The device offers retina navigation by computerized image and target assistance systems, resulting in high precision and reproducibility of theoretically <60–110 lm (Neubauer et al. 2009). It fundamentally differs from other laser devices by applying not a slitlamp, but a scanning slit-based instrument. The instrument takes approximately 25 images per seconds in imaging or treatment mode. For focal laser treatment, the field of view is 50 , and the optical resolution with the instrument used in this study was 1280 · 1024 pixels, for that angle, resulting in approximately 20– 26 pixels ⁄degree. For panretinal laser treatment, a specific widefield lens, resulting in 85 field of view, is used. Because of the slit imaging principle, images of high contrast and sharpness can be obtained (Neubauer et al. 2010). Another difference to slitlampbased laser devices is the touch-screen monitor used for imaging, planning and treating fundus changes (Fig. 1). This allows the retina surgeon to plan laser spots on the screen and then apply automated patterns and single spots as appropriate. A prepositioning mode may be used to automatically advance the targeting aiming beam from targeted retinal position to position after the aiming beam, and the preplanned target can be stabilized on the living fundus. For treatment, the surgeon actuates the laser manually after the target lock has been verified by the surgeon. Exemplarily, we report on two cases of in vivo-navigated laser treatment applying the Navilas device for focal and peripheral laser treatment in diabetic retinopathy. A 52-year-old man suffering from type 2 diabetes for 8 years and mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) on both eyes attended our clinic for routine control. Visual acuity of the right eye had decreased from 20 ⁄ 20 to 25 ⁄ 30 over the last year, the left eye was 20 ⁄ 20. Funduscopy revealed moderate NPDR and retinal thickening originating from the upper vessel arcade extending into the macular region. On fluorescein angiograpy, significant exudation was present in this area. Therefore, focal macular laser photocoagulation for clinically significant macular oedema was performed on the right eye utilizing Navilas. Treatment was preplanned on the software system based on colour fundus imaging (Fig. 2A). Navigated, semi-automatic pattern laser application was conducted without complications (laser settings: spot size: 100 lm, time 100 ms, energy 80–100 mW). One week after treatment, Navilas fundus imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the treated areas were conducted, and confirmed laser application to the preplanned area (Fig. 2B and C). A 69-year-old man with a longstanding history of type 2 diabetes and NPDR presented with a decrease of vision of his right eye. Visual acuity had decreased from 20 ⁄30 to 10 ⁄ 100 during the last month; visual acuity on the left eye was 25 ⁄30. Clinical examination revealed PDR with multiple areas of peripheral retinal neovascularisation and a mild vitreous haemorrhage on the right and moderate NPDR on the left eye. Panretinal full scatter photocoagulation (usually applied over 3–4 sessions at our institution) was suggested as a treatment for the right eye. However, the first treatment session using a conventional 532 -nm slitlamp-based laser and a standard contact lens (‘TransEquator’ by Volk, USA) had to be aborted after 50 laser spots. The patient did not agree to continue treatment, as he could not tolerate the contact lens and felt significant pain from retinal laser application. One week later, panretinal pattern photocoagulation using the Navilas laser device was conducted. Because of the optical design of the device, laser treatment can be applied either with or without the use of a contact lens. Although currently not recommended by the manufacturer in selected cases, such as in patients with corneal irritations or blepharospasm, it might be advantageous to not apply Fig. 1. Navilas fundus imaging and laser treatment device applying a slit-based camera and touch-screen monitor for imaging, planning and treating fundus changes.

Detection of Chest Trauma With Whole-Body Low-Dose Linear Slit Digital Radiography: A Multireader Study

The objective of our study was to compare the performance of low-dose linear slit digital radiography (DR) with computed radiography (CR) for the detection of trauma sequelae in the chest including rib fractures, pneumothorax, and lung contusion. Eighty trauma victims (62 males, 18 females; mean age, 51.5 years) with a total of 612 rib fractures and 80 consecutive patients without rib fractures (59 males, 21 females; mean age, 39.5 years) were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had undergone whole-body linear slit DR and consecutive chest CT, and 87 patients underwent follow-up CR of the chest within 24 hours of DR and CT. Four blinded readers assessed image quality, rib fracture localization with diagnostic confidence, and the presence of pneumothorax and lung contusion on linear slit DR and CR images. Sensitivity for rib fractures and image quality were compared using the Wilcoxon's test. For the detection of pneumothorax and lung contusion, the difference in the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated. The rate of correctly identified rib fractures was higher (true-positive findings per image, 2.55 vs 2.21, respectively; p = 0.02), the rate of missed fractures was lower (false-negative findings per image, 4.98 vs 6.19; p = 0.02), and the diagnostic confidence was greater (2.03 vs 1.73 on a 3-point scale; p = 0.01) with linear slit DR than with CR, respectively. Image quality and performance for detecting pneumothorax and lung contusion with both techniques were not statistically different (p = 0.22, 0.85, and 0.55, respectively). Linear slit DR is a reliable substitute for CR in the initial evaluation of chest trauma, with better sensitivity for detecting rib fractures and similar performance in assessing pneumothorax and lung contusion.

A Computer-Aided Diagnosis System of Nuclear Cataract

Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide, and nuclear cataract is the most common form of cataract. An algorithm for automatic diagnosis of nuclear cataract is investigated in this paper. Nuclear cataract is graded according to the severity of opacity using slit lamp lens images. Anatomical structure in the lens image is detected using a modified active shape model. On the basis of the anatomical landmark, local features are extracted according to clinical grading protocol. Support vector machine regression is employed for grade prediction. This is the first time that the nucleus region can be detected automatically in slit lamp images. The system is validated using clinical images and clinical ground truth on >5000 images. The success rate of structure detection is 95% and the average grading difference is 0.36 on a 5.0 scale. The automatic diagnosis system can improve the grading objectivity and potentially be used in clinics and population studies to save the workload of ophthalmologists.

Quantitative assessment of conjunctival microvascular circulation of the human eye

Accessibility to the bulbar conjunctival microvasculature provides a means to assess blood supply to the cerebral cortex and thus optimize therapeutic interventions designed to prevent or reduce the risk of cerebral vascular disease and stroke. The feasibility of a method for quantitative measurements of conjunctiva blood vessel diameter, blood velocity, and flow in the human eye is reported. The method is based on slit lamp biomicroscope digital imaging coupled with a space time image analysis technique. A sequence of conjunctiva microvasculature images was captured at a rate of 50 Hz. The images were analyzed to determine blood vessel diameter, velocity and flow. Blood vessel diameter measurements ranged between 8.7 and 24.3 microns, with a mean value of 15.5 microns. Blood flow rate ranged between 27.3 and 296.9 pl/s, with a mean value of 111.8 pl/s. The relationship between blood flow and vessel diameter was fit with a power law curve ( R = 0.87). The application of this technique for in vivo quantitative assessment of blood flow dynamics has potential to impact diagnosis and monitoring of various cardiovascular and blood disorders.

Monochromatic X-ray Imaging System Using a W/C Multilayer Mirror

The possibility of monochromatic X-ray imaging using a conventional X-ray tube and a tungstencarbon (W/C) multilayer mirror was examined. The W/C multilayer mirror was designed to choose the characteristic X-ray (17.5 keV) generated from an X-ray tube with a molybdenum target and was fabricated by using an ion-beam sputtering deposition system. The X-ray reflectivity and the monochromaticity of the W/C multilayer mirror combined with the X-ray tube were 0.62 and 0.26 keV, respectively. Monochromatic X-ray slit images for a test sample were obtained from the monochromatic X-ray imaging system with a scanning stage. The slit images were combined together, and a full sample image was obtained. The monochromatic X-ray imaging system showed a spatial resolution of 26 lp/mm at 10% MTF, a better contrast, and a better signal-to-noise ratio compared with polychromatic X-ray imaging.

Assessment of the performance of a compact concentric spectrometer system for Atmospheric Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract. A breadboard demonstrator of a novel UV/VIS grating spectrometer has been developed based upon a concentric arrangement of a spherical meniscus lens, concave spherical mirror and curved diffraction grating suitable for a range of atmospheric remote sensing applications from the ground or space. The spectrometer is compact and provides high optical efficiency and performance benefits over traditional instruments. The concentric design is capable of handling high relative apertures, owing to spherical aberration and comma being near zero at all surfaces. The design also provides correction for transverse chromatic aberration and distortion, in addition to correcting for the distortion called "smile", the curvature of the slit image formed at each wavelength. These properties render this design capable of superior spectral and spatial performance with size and weight budgets significantly lower than standard configurations. This form of spectrometer design offers the potential for exceptionally compact instrument for differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) applications from LEO, GEO, HAP or ground-based platforms. The breadboard demonstrator has been shown to offer high throughput and a stable Gaussian line shape with a spectral range from 300 to 450 nm at 0.5 nm resolution, suitable for a number of typical DOAS applications.

Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography imaging of hereditary granular dystrophy

This case report examines the clinical characteristics of hereditary granular dystrophy through the use of slit lamp digital photography, confocal microscopy (CM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A review of the literature describing the histopathological and genetic associations of stromal dystrophies, suggest it may be possible to differentiate dystrophies based on their clinical manifestations, and appearances of CM and OCT images, with or without the use of genetic testing. Two sisters, previously diagnosed with Granular (Groenouw I) Dystrophy, were examined. Examination included the use of digital slit lamp photography, CM and OCT imaging. "Breadcrumb" opacities were visualized in the anterior two-thirds of the stroma with all three imaging techniques. Opacities were demonstrated in the posterior third of the stroma with the digital photography and OCT techniques. The digital photography, CM and OCT images support the sister's diagnosis of Granular (Groenouw I) Dystrophy. Currently, genetic and histopathological testing are the only techniques available to determine exactly which corneal dystrophy and gene mutation are present. The results of this case report demonstrate that slit lamp digital photography, combined with CM and OCT may be capable of providing sufficient diagnostic information to diagnose corneal granular dystrophies in a clinical setting.