Slippery Rock Research Articles

Lee the Soldier (review)

BOOK REVIEWS253 ceitful actions cost him three months in the Old Capitol Prison. Even in his personal life Kilpatrick demonstrated contemptible and immoral behavior. His open liaisons with common prostitutes became a well-established factthroughout the army. His romp with camp follower Annie Jones received the attention of President Lincoln; and, after the war, while serving as ambassador to Chile, his affair with "a woman of abandoned morals" nearly cost him his diplomatic post. During the war, he even sank so low as to desecrate several churches located in enemy territory. Taken altogether, Hugh Judson Kilpatrick could very well be regarded as the most contemptuous and despicable officer in the Union army. While Martin is quick to recognize Kilpatrick's moral failings, he does occasionally rise to the defense of his subject. According to the author, the general was often effective when raiding into enemy territory and disrupting lines of communication and supply. He concedes that, in most instances, Kilpatrick was only marginally successful in accomplishing his military objectives; however, this was generally more than his peers could achieve. Following his unsuccessful attempt to rescue federal prisoners in a raid on Richmond in March 1 864, Kilpatrick was transferred to Sherman's command at Chattanooga.As Martin points out, "Kill-Cavalry" could be counted on to prosecute a destructive "total war" advocated by his superior. According tothe author, Sherman looked the other way while Kilpatrick's cavalry vandalized and burned civilian dwellings from Atlanta to the sea. Readers will be pleased to learn that Judson Kilpatrick's misdeeds during the war did not go unpunished. Hoping to capitalize on his military record in order to secure public office, Kilpatrick s "character would become the main issue in every political race, and his opponents would successfully exploit this conspicuous weakness" (236). Martin concludes his biography with a brief but entertaining look at the general's descendants. One granddaughter, Thelma Morgan, carried on a fiveyear affair with the Prince of Wales. Another granddaughter, Gloria, married into the powerful Vanderbilt family and became embroiled in one of the most famous custody suits is in history, the case of "Little Gloria" Vanderbilt. This is an engaging biography ofa soldier who, for the most part, bluffed his way through the war and left a legacy that is still regarded as one of the most shameful episodes in the history of the Civil War. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, a colorful yet wretched man, was truly deserving of the name "Kill-Cavalry." David Dixon Slippery Rock University Lee the Soldier. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. Pp. xxv, 620. $45.00.) Was Robert E. Lee a good soldier?This anthology does not provide a definitive answerto that question. Instead, GaryW. Gallagher gathers a tremendous amount 254CIVIL WAR HISTORY of information from both primary and secondary sources well-known to armchair generals and serious scholars alike. The result is a thick compilation that will be a useful and popular addition to the bookshelves of those who are interested in learning more about Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia . However, those who are interested in other aspects of Lee's military career—from West Point to Mexico and later to Texas and western Virginia— will have to look elsewhere. The material in this volume focuses almost exclusively on the period from 1862 to 1865. Gallagher begins with a historiographie review of Lee's reputation as a general , then presents his selections in four sections. The first subdivision allows Lee to speak for himself through postbellum interviews with three Confederate veterans. Two, William Allan and William P. Johnston, served on the faculty at Washington and Lee College; the third, Edward C. Gordon, fought under Lee during the war and visited him afterward. In these exchanges, Lee talks as frankly as he ever did about decisions made at the beginning of the war, on the Peninsula , in Maryland and Pennsylvania, at Chancellorsville, in the Wilderness, and at Spotsylvania. Significant in their omission are any references to the final months at Petersburg and the retreat to Appomattox. The second subdivision of this work contains ten assessments of Lee as commander oftheArmy of Northern Virginia. Excerpts...

China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952 (review)

Reviews 345 All in all, while Bajo un Mismo Techo does not contain pafhbreaking new scholarship, it is a very interesting refocusing and redeployment ofexisting research to spodight a crucial transition period, and the questions it raises ought to cause analogous questions to rise in readers' minds about the fate ofthe Chinese family during China's present turbulent social transformation. Katherine Carlitz University of Pittsburgh Katherine Carlitz is adjunctfaculty in theAsian Studies Program ofthe University of Pittsburgh, specializing in studies ofMingfiction, drama, and social history. N OTE S 1. Patricia Ebrey, "The Chinese Family and the Spread ofConfucian Values," in Gilbert Rozman, ed., The EastAsian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 78-82. Gregor Benton. China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History ofChinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952. Revolutionary Studies. Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1996. 269 pp. Hardcover, $55.00, isbn 0-391-03921-0. Paperback $19.95, isbn 0-391-03947-4. Gregor Benton's recent work, China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History ofChinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952, is, according to the author, "a digest of research and thinking . . . over the past fifteen years," in the continuing and still somewhat fragmented search for a clear picture of Chinese Trotskyism. The book is structured in two parts. First, Benton provides his account of Chinese Trotskyism by examining the topic from a selection of useful points ofview. After discussing the historical context into which Chinese Trotskyism emerged as a form of oppositional politics to the early CCP, Benton examines its origins both in China and in the Soviet Union. Then he relates the role of Chen Duxiu and Peng Shuzhi in the development of the movement. Lastiy, he assesses the influence of Chinese Trotskyism on such areas as the larger CCP, the war against Japan , the worldwide Trotskyist movement, Chinese literature, and the develop-©1997 by University ment ofdemocracy in China. The second section ofthe volume consists of ofHawai ?Pressextensive appendixes, including Zheng Chaolin's special studyofChen Duxiu's relationship to Trotskyism, a section regarding Wang Fanxi's critique ofTang 346 China Review International: Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall 1997 Baolin's History ofChinese Trotskyism, and a biographical list of the principal figures in the Chinese Trotskyist movement. Benton presents an assiduously researched account of a topic whose story is complicated by the intense political fracas that surrounded it and by the fact that it was forced underground for its alleged heresies. This is a history pieced together from archives, interviews, memoirs, and letters, including published and unpublished material in a wide range oflanguages, which, thanks to Benton's impressive linguistic and research skills, are now made accessible to an English-reading audience . The author advises die reader to resist viewing the book as a comprehensive study of the sum of archival material on Chinese Trotskyism, suggesting instead that it be regarded as an appraisal-to-date of the ongoing and still incomplete "explorations" into the topic. Despite the author's very tentative approach to his findings, he does undertake to evaluate the material for its insight into why the Chinese Trotskyist movement played such an inconsequential role in Chinese politics after 1931. Benton assumes that the destiny of a political party can be foretold by assessing four major components: "the goals that it sets itself, the methods that it adopts to realize them, the resources (human and material) that it can apply to that end, and the odds that it encounters in so doing." He then proceeds to evaluate Chinese Trotskyism in light of these factors. Overall an impressive and convincing study, the quality of the volume is only mildly affected by occasional recourse to bias-laden vocabulary that, although it enlivens the reading process, deprives us of die reassuring scholarly objectivity that such fine research deserves. Margaret B. Denning Slippery Rock University Peggy Denning is a professor ofhistory specializing in Chinese history during the Sino-Japanese War. ...

Sustainable Agriculture—Another Method of Attracting Highquality Students

While enrollment is dropping in many commodity-based curriculums, one key program area of interest to many students is sustainable agriculture. Some land-grant universities are initiating undergraduate and graduate programs, or concentrations in Sustainable Agriculture, to meet this student demand. Many smaller colleges (for example, Delaware Valley College, Slippery Rock Univ., and Warren Wilson College) are also offering a focus in this area as well. These programs often include an experiential learning component through internships and other hands-on activities. Examples of some of the courses being offered include Principles and Practices of Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Ecosystems, Sustainable Agriculture Processes in Plant Horticulture and Animal Husbandry, and Fertility Considerations in Regenerative Agriculture. In this presentation, I summarize ongoing programs nationwide, and discuss the impact these programs are having on student enrollment.

Asking the right question: Formulating effective search strategies for electronic databases

This article describes a simple technique that enables students to practice skills in formulating search strategies for electronic databases. Currently used in some library instruction classes at Slippery Rock University, this technique employs cooperative learning and critical thinking skills, requires relatively little time, and is effective with both undergraduates and graduates. In particular this technique clearly demonstrates that information retrieval is greatly affected by the manner in which the questioned is asked.

Black Belt Scalawag: Charles Hays and the Southern Republicans in the Era of Reconstruction (review)

BOOK REVIEWS347 of his predecessors relied largely on artistic recreations of the clothing and equipment. Instead, McChristian's book is lavishly illustrated with over two hundred photographs of the actual uniforms, weapons, belts, haversacks, holsters , tin cups, canteens, rifles, and other items of military life. Central to the author's theme is a running discourse on the military procurement system during the period. Throughout the narrative McChristian points out that the army faced inefficiency, waste, corruption, nepotism, and stupidity in trying to outfit its troops. In addition, the army also had to contend with a stingy Congress that believed military appropriations held a low priority. The author's discussion of this exasperating procurement system will likely evoke images of those legendary $400 toilet seats supposedly purchased by the military in the 1980s. Despite all of the obstacles that the army faced in equipping its soldiers, McChristian maintains that developments in military goods made in the 1870s led to important modifications that helped bring standardization to the service in a later generation. While The U.S. Army in the West is certainly a welcome addition to the literature in the field, it is not a book designed for the general reader interested in the Indian-fighting army. Much of the author's descriptions of military hardware and uniforms are highly technical in nature, and discussions regarding the intricacies ofmilitary procurement may be viewed as somewhat tedious. Nonetheless, the book does serve as a fascinating and valuable reference source for advanced students of the frontier military and the living history community. David Dixon Slippery Rock University Black Belt Scalawag: Charles Hays and the Southern Republicans in the Era of Reconstruction. By William Warren Rogers, Jr. (Athens: University ofGeorgia Press, 1993. Pp. 279. $32.50.) Although "scalawags" were important to the political outcome of Reconstruction , only a few of these native white Republicans have received extensive examination. William Warren Rogers, Jr., adds to that number this very fine study ofCharles Hays, an Alabamian who served in the 1867 state constitutional convention, the state senate, and, for four terms in Congress. Unlike many "scalawags," Hays was a once-wealthy, former slave owner from a black-belt county who had, though perhaps reluctantly, supported secession and served in the Confederate army. By the summer of 1867, however, Hays's realism had convinced him that the loss ofthe war necessitated changes, even as he saw that the Democrats remained "wedded to the past and oblivious to the war's mandate" (42). As a result, Rogers argues, Hays worked with the Union League and became an influential Republican. Early in this process, he opposed the disfranchisement of former Confederates and later, in Congress, cast votes against high tariffs and for an inflationary currency. Despite his 348CIVIL WAR HISTORY moderation on these issues, Rogers rightly maintains, Hays in fact became a Radical Republican. Although not free from the taint of racism, Hays had a "genuine compassion" (xii) for the freed people. He consistently fought for their political and other rights. He supported, if not as consistently, but still quite forcefully and prominently, the use offederal force to ensure those rights. Rogers credits Hays with sincere convictions on these and other issues, but he also admits that Hays harbored strong political ambitions and raises the possibility that mounting postwar debts left Hays in need of public office. Rogers's considerable accomplishment in explaining Hays's actions is more impressive still because of the nature of the sources with which he has to work. Hays left no diary and only what appears to be a small cache of papers, which are still in the possession of the family. Rogers therefore works primarily from letters in other people's papers and, especially, from an impressive array of newspapers. These sources, though, limit what Rogers can do. For example, attributing Hays's initial conversion to Republicanism to his realism and acceptance of the mandate of the war, although convincing, does not seem fully sufficient. One of his speeches credited God and his conscience with leading him to support African American rights, but, save for saying Hays married in the Episcopal Church, the book reveals little about his religious life. Nor does Rogers...

Book Reviews

Rivers of the United States. Ruth Patrick. Reviewed by William H. Renwick, Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires. P. J. Crutzen and J. G. Goldammer, eds. Reviewed by C. Mark Cowell, Department of Geography, Geology and Anthropology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. Earth Follies: Coming to Feminist Terms with the Global Environmental Crises. Joni Seager. Reviewed by Suzanne M. Michel and Sarah J. Halvorson, Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder. Deep Ecology for the 27st Century. George Sessions, ed. Reviewed by David Zurick, Department of Geography and Planning, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky. American Technological Sublime. David E. Nye. Reviewed by Patrick McCreevy, Department of Anthropology, Geography and Earth Science, Clarion University, Clarion, Pennsylvania. The National Parks Compromised: Pork Barrel Politics and America's Treasures. James M. Ridenour. Our National Park System: Caring for America's Greatest Natural and Historic Treasures. Dwight F. Rettie. Reviewed by Lary M. Dilsaver, Department of Geology and Geography, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama. Naturalist. Edward O. Wilson. Reviewed by Paul F. Starrs, Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada. African Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives. Dennis D. Cordell and Joel W. Gregory, eds. Reviewed by Mohamed B. Ibrahim, Department of Geology and Geography, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York. Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity. Norman N. Miller and Rodger Yeager. Reviewed by Ted Bernard, Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Women and Work in South Asia: Regional Patterns and Perspectives. Saraswati Raju and Deipica Bagchi, eds. Reviewed by Carolyn V. Prorok, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania. Postmodernism & Social Inquiry. David R. Dickens, Andrea Fontana, eds. Reviewed by Matthew C. Hannah, Department of Geography, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Metropolis: Centre and Symbol of Our Times. Philip Kasinitz, ed. Reviewed by Timothy J. Bailey, Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Contesting Images: Photography and the World's Columbian Exposition. Julie K. Brown. Reviewed by Robert W. Rydell, Department of History, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. The Canyon Revisited: A Rephotography of the Grand Canyon, 1923/1991. Donald Baars, Rex C. Buchanan, with rephotography by John R. Charlton. Reviewed by Thomas R. Vale, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Atlas of Religious Change in America, 1952-1990. Peter L. Halvorson and William M. Newman. Reviewed by David L. Clawson, Department of Geography, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana. Historical Atlas of Louisiana. Charles R. Goins and John M. Caldwell. Reviewed by Rocky L. Sexton, Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Atlas of Micronesia. Bruce G. Karolle. Reviewed by: Lincoln A. DeBunce, Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Documentary Archaeology in the New World. Mary C. Beaudry, ed. Reviewed by Laurie A. Wilkie, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California. Innovations in GIS: Selected Papers from the First National Conference on GIS Research UK. Michael F. Worboys, ed. Reviewed by Elizabeth A. Wentz, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Geography. Peter Haggett, ed. Reviewed by Christopher L. Salter, Department of Geography, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

Joseph Horowitz. <italic>Wagner Nights: An American History</italic>. (California Studies in 19th-century Music.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 389. $30.00

Journal Article Joseph Horowitz. Wagner Nights: An American History. (California Studies in 19th-century Music.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 389. $30.00 Get access Horowitz Joseph. Wagner Nights: An American History. (California Studies in 19th-century Music.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 389. $30.00. Alan H. Levy Alan H. Levy Slippery Rock University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 101, Issue 1, February 1996, Pages 248–249, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.1.248-a Published: 01 February 1996

CREATING AN ACTUARIAL SCIENCE OPTION FOR STUDENTS

ABSTRACT Actuarial science is an attractive career alternative for a mathematics major; however, most departments lack the resources to offer an entire program in this area. On the other hand, most institutions do offer courses that can be beneficial in preparing for an actuarial career. Over the past several years, using those that were already available at Slippery Rock, I have developed a package of courses designed to give students the option of entering the actuarial profession.

Multiple pre-Wisconsinan glaciations along the northwestern edge of the Allegheny Plateau in Ohio and Pennsylvania

Stratigraphic studies of the glacial geology of the northwestern margin of the Allegheny Plateau of northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania include evidence for multiple pre-Wisconsinan glaciations. Near the former eastern margin of the Scioto lobe at Mount Gilead, Ohio, Millbrook, Gahanna, and Chesterville tills have an inferred Illinoian age based on thermoluminescence ages of 146 000 ± 25 000 and 124 000 ± 16 000 BP from an overlying silt interpreted as loess. Northampton Till overlies Millbrook Till of the Killbuck lobe and its correlative Mogadore Till of the Cuyahoga lobe, but does not overlie the correlative Titusville Till of the Grand River lobe. There are signficant differences in carbonate contents among these tills. Millbrook Till and its equivalents contain more kaolinite than other tills, and the Northampton Till contains more clay. Millbrook Till and its correlatives represent the most extensive Illinoian glaciation of the plateau, whereas the other Illinoian tills were deposited by ice that flowed a shorter distance onto the Allegheny Plateau. Butler, Mapledale, and Slippery Rock tills, formerly assigned to an Illinoian glaciation, are pre-Illinoian in age. Scarcity of materials for the dating and the lack of recognizable paleosols separating the tills from Wisconsinan deposits inhibits the reliability of the chronological classification of these tills.

Hannah Johnston Bailey: Publicist for Peace

Hannah Johnston Bailey: Publicist for Peace John M. Craig* In 1897, Hannah Johnston Bailey attended the third annual Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, held at fellow Quaker Albert Smiley's Catskill Mountain resort. In Bailey's address to the group, the superintendent ofthe Women's Christian Temperance Union's (wctu) department ofpeace and arbitration talked about the relationship ofwomen and war. Observing that "The subject ofpeace is one ofvital importance to women," she explained: It is her mission to bring life, not death, to this world. It is not consistent with this mission thatshe shouldbring sons into the world, and in sorrow andselfsacrifice bring them to noble manhood to be slainin battle. The life ofone boy (ifhe were my boy) is ofmore value than the perpetuation ofa government. His soul will live when all governments have passed away. Bailey also pointed to the "myriad evils" resulting from war that women faced, including "breaking up the home." After offering a brief overview ofthe work ofher department inthewctu, she closedon an optimistic note, predicting that the "time when there will be a brotherhood of nations is surely coming, and we will rejoice that women can have apart in hastening its advent" (1897 Lake Mohonk Conference Report 88). Peace advocate Hannah Bailey's emphasis on the special desire of women to end war reflected notions consistent with prevailing American attitudes of the late Victorian era. Bailey and the other reformers who attended the Lake Mohonk Conference accepted without question that gender differences existed, and that activist women, as the nation's "moral housekeepers," should play a prominent role in eradicating vice, intemperance , poverty, and warfare, among other evils. Beginning decades earlier, many thousands of reform-minded women joined together in voluntary, gender-exclusive organizations. The notion of separate spheres rationalized the exclusion of women from voting and from some other forms of political involvement. But it alsojustified the movement ofwomen into the public realm. When Hannah Bailey spoke atLake Mohonk in 1897, woman reformers served as recognized leaders within a host ofreform movements. Certainly, the cause ofpeace and arbitration represented such a movement . Though some Quaker women participated in antiwar activities even before the American Revolution, widespread involvement ofwomen in the peace reform began during the nineteenth century. The Massachusetts Peace Society contained at least one female member as early as 1813, and within a decade its Andover branch alone included 21 women. A separate *John M. Craig is a Professor of History at Slippery Rock University. 4 Quaker History female peace society was founded in Cincinnati in 1821 (Curti 113-14). During the middle years of the century, prominent activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Julia Ward Howe spoke out against war, and by 1871 the nation's leading peace organization, the American Peace Society (APS), allowed women to serve as officers (Alonso 47). Throughout the latter decades ofthe nineteenth century, the number of women involved in peace advocacy gradually increased. As APS leader Benjamin Trueblood noted in 1910, "for the last three or four decades women have been, in this country, quite as numerous as men in the peace organizations, and at the present time probably outnumber them" (Trueblood). Some efforts by women on behalf ofpeace took the form of separate activism. And among the dozens of women's groups who establishedpeace departments or committees, none were more active or successful than the WCTU, led by Hannah Johnston Bailey. Hannah Clark Johnston was born at Cornwall-on-the Hudson, New York, in 1839, the first child of David and Letitia Johnston. Her father— a tanner, farmer, and Quaker preacher—and mother (also an active member of the Society of Friends) headed a deeply religious household that included seven children who survived infancy. Hannah attended a Friends boarding school and public schools near her home in Plattekill, Ulster County, where she continued to live for the first thirty years of her life (Willard and Livermore 44-45; National Cyclopaedia ofAmerican Biography 10: 421-22; Byrne 83-85). From the time Hannah was a young girl growing up in the Hudson River Valley, her faith and extensive Christian scholarship influenced every aspect of her life. Consistent with the belief...

4th annual meeting of the international academy of business disciplines: Globalization of business-implications for the future: 1992, April 2–5 Washington, DC, USA Contact: Abbase Alkhafaji, Asst Program Chair, Department of Management & Marketing, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA. Tel: (412) 738-2060

4th annual meeting of the international academy of business disciplines: Globalization of business-implications for the future: 1992, April 2–5 Washington, DC, USA Contact: Abbase Alkhafaji, Asst Program Chair, Department of Management & Marketing, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA. Tel: (412) 738-2060

Slip-Shod or Safely Shod: The Bighorn Sheep as a Natural Model for Research

Over a million injuries caused by slipping of footwear are believed to require treatment by doctors every year in the United Kingdom and many domestic animals are injured by slipping. Recent research has revealed that surface roughness of solings and floors is an important determinant of grip on lubricated surfaces and it is also known that soling friction is affected by hardness. The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) an animal species which has adapted to a slippery environment, was studied to elucidate optimum roughness and hardness and other features which influence grip. Four adult ewes were examined in the London Zoo. The cloven hooves of this species are very mobile and the cranial tips of the hooves are the first parts to make contact with the ground. A very small contact area ensures penetration of a film of water. Mean roughness of the contact area was found to be 53 microns Rtm and the mean hardness 63 Shore A. These characteristics appear to facilitate an excellent grip on wet slippery rock but not on smooth ice. Further studies of the feet of wild species could contribute to an understanding of the factors which determine the safety of solings and floors.

A medical student's view of paediatrics

Over a million injuries caused by slipping of footwear are believed to require treatment by doctors every year in the United Kingdom and many domestic animals are injured by slipping. Recent research has revealed that surface roughness of solings and floors is an important determinant of grip on lubricated surfaces and it is also known that soling friction is affected by hardness. The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) an animal species which has adapted to a slippery environment, was studied to elucidate optimum roughness and hardness and other features which influence grip. Four adult ewes were examined in the London Zoo. The cloven hooves of this species are very mobile and the cranial tips of the hooves are the first parts to make contact with the ground. A very small contact area ensures penetration of a film of water. Mean roughness of the contact area was found to be 53 microns Rtm and the mean hardness 63 Shore A. These characteristics appear to facilitate an excellent grip on wet slippery rock but not on smooth ice. Further studies of the feet of wild species could contribute to an understanding of the factors which determine the safety of solings and floors.

Software Reviews : THE POWER OF NATION STATES Reviewed by James C. Hughes, Slippery Rock University Publisher: Data Disc International, Inc., 1430 Willamette, Ste. 577, Eugene, OR 97401 (no telephone) Year of Publication: 1987 Materials: Two 5.25-inch data disks using four sides or a single 3.5-inch disk, a 16-page teacher's guide, a 53-page text Price: $95, including on-site licensing; demonstration

The package comes with a number of files that may be accessed with APPLEWORKS, including word-processing files of the text (which may be revised by the teacher). There are six computer exercises, which use two database files and a spreadsheet, all provided. The exercises familiarize students with the countries of the world, the differences between various types of countries (rich/poor, etc.), and the ways that one might measure the relative power of countries and alliances.

Science as a Process: An Essential Component of the University Liberal Arts Philosophy

Research Article| May 01 1987 Science as a Process: An Essential Component of the University Liberal Arts Philosophy Richard J. Medve, Richard J. Medve Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Frank A. Pugliese Frank A. Pugliese Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1987) 49 (5): 277–281. https://doi.org/10.2307/4448519 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Richard J. Medve, Frank A. Pugliese; Science as a Process: An Essential Component of the University Liberal Arts Philosophy. The American Biology Teacher 1 May 1987; 49 (5): 277–281. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4448519 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1987 National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Inferences in the Classroom and Everyday Life

Research Article| May 01 1986 Inferences in the Classroom and Everyday Life Richard J. Medve, Richard J. Medve Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Frank A. Pugliese Frank A. Pugliese Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1986) 48 (5): 272–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/4448291 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Richard J. Medve, Frank A. Pugliese; Inferences in the Classroom and Everyday Life. The American Biology Teacher 1 May 1986; 48 (5): 272–277. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4448291 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1986 The National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Authoritarianism and Academic Achievement of Men and Women: A Canonical Profile

Counseling and ValuesVolume 28, Issue 2 p. 76-81 Authoritarianism and Academic Achievement of Men and Women: A Canonical Profile JOHN L. BADGETT, JOHN L. BADGETT Professor John L. Badgett is a professor in the Curriculum and Instruction Department, at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorRICHARD F. HUNKLER, RICHARD F. HUNKLER Professor Richard F. Hunkler is a professor and Chairperson of the Computer Science Department, at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorC. MACK PORTER, C. MACK PORTER Professor C. Mack Porter is a professor in the Counseling and Educational Psychology Department, all at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author JOHN L. BADGETT, JOHN L. BADGETT Professor John L. Badgett is a professor in the Curriculum and Instruction Department, at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorRICHARD F. HUNKLER, RICHARD F. HUNKLER Professor Richard F. Hunkler is a professor and Chairperson of the Computer Science Department, at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorC. MACK PORTER, C. MACK PORTER Professor C. Mack Porter is a professor in the Counseling and Educational Psychology Department, all at Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1984.tb01151.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume28, Issue2January 1984Pages 76-81 RelatedInformation

Maastrichtian Charophyte Gyrogonites from Jamaica

A well-preserved charophyte gyrogonite assemblage consisting of Platychara grambastii, Porochara cf. anluensis, and Porochara oblonga is herein reported from the upper part of the Slippery Rock Formation from the Central Inlier in Jamaica. The assemblage indicates a Maastrichtian age for the upper part of the Slippery Rock Formation. This is the first systematic account of a charophyte gyrogonite assemblage to be published from the Caribbean region. Maastrichtian charophyte gyrogonites from Jamaica

Recreation and Resource Management Bulletin. Vol. 1, no. 3, Fall 1981. Department of Parks and Recreation, Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057

Recreation and Resource Management Bulletin. Vol. 1, no. 3, Fall 1981. Department of Parks and Recreation, Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057

Distribution and Ecology of Pisolithus tinctorius on Bituminous Stripmine Spoils in Western Pennsylvania

MEDVE, R. J. and S. M. GILL (Dept. Biol., Slippery Rock State Coll., Slippery Rock, PA 16057). Distribution and ecology of Pisolithus tinctorius on bituminous stripmine spoils in western Pennsylvania. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 35-38. 1982-The increase in bituminous coal spoils revegetated with conifers has resulted in an increase in favorable conditions for the growth of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch. This ectomycorrhizal fungus was found associated with seven conifers and two hardwoods growing on bituminous spoils. Larix leptolepis and Picea glauca are two new records as Pisolithus associates. Tree species averaged 1.5-4.4 basidiocarps per tree with an average basidiocarp dry weight of 52.19 g. More than one-third of Pinus strobus trees were associated with Pisolithus basidiocarps. Most tree species had less than 1% of the trees associated with Pisolithus basidiocarps. Approximately 98% of the basidiocarps were found in a zone up to 162 cm from the outside of the tree dripline. This zone was sparsely vegetated and averaged 11% ground cover. No Pisolithus basidiocarps were found on limestone or sand-gravel spoils or bituminous spoils revegetated with grasses and legumes.