Slight Symptoms Research Articles

Isolates of Phytophthora cryptogea Pathogenic to Wheat and Some Other Crop Plants

Abstract A fungus of the genus Phytophthora, frequently isolated from diseased spinach roots and also from field‐grown wheat plants in an area in the south of Sweden, was identified as P. cryptogea on the basis of morphology, growth characters and cardinal temperatures. Mycelium or zoospores applied as inoculum in a series of pathogenicity tests induced symptoms in spinach, sugarbeet, wheat, cucumber, oil‐seed rape, pea and oats. These ranged from death of all (spinach) or some inoculated plants (sugarbeet and wheat), to only slight root symptoms (oats). Successful re‐isolations from all plants tested, confirmed infectivity in all cases. This is the first report of the occurrence of P. cryptogea in Sweden and, as far as we know, of pathogenicity of this fungus to wheat, oil‐seed rape and oats.

Spectral characteristics of ozone-treated conifers

The reflectance spectra of three conifer species, Douglas fir, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine, show clear changes in response to simulated ambient ozone (O 3) exposures in open top chambers after one growing season. Ponderosa pine seedlings had slight symptoms of needle mottle-chlorosis associated with O 3 injury and showed the greatest magnitude of spectral changes; lodgepole pine exhibited an intermediate spectral response following trends similar to those in ponderosa pine; Douglas fir showed no spectral or visible response to the O 3 exposures. These results suggest that despite species-specific responses to O 3 exposure, the pattern of spectral changes is similar. Reflectance patterns change across the visible and infrared spectrum, however, the greatest changes occurred in the region of chlorophyll absorbance (600–725 nm) and are indicative of chlorosis. Scheffe values are significant ( P 0.90) for treatment differences in ponderosa pine at all wavebands in the 475–740 nm region. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a mechanism for rapid quantitative non-destructive estimation of environmental stress and may be linked to carbon balance or other ecosystem models. Simulation models of spectral mixtures typical of many environmental conditions indicate that early stages of O 3-induced injury to the ecosystem could be identified with a high spectral and spectral resolution satellite scanner, such as the proposed Eos imaging spectrometer, HIRIS.

Mycorrhiza development in 4 forest dieback stands in West Germany

No correlation was detected between needle symptoms and the development of fine roots (branching) and mycorrhizas when observations were made of stands of Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) with slight and severe symptoms of forest decline in more or less acidic soils overlying sandstone or limestone. Irrespective of forest decline a greater diversity of types of mycorrhizas was observed in soils overlying limestone than in those over sandstone.

手舟状骨骨折の治療経験

Scaphoid fractures are difficult to diagnose at the early stage because of unclear radiographic findings and slight symptoms. However, if the fractures are left untreated, they will cause carpal instability.In this paper we reported the results of scaphoid fractures in our hospital and pointed out a few important problems. We had 28 fractures (male 23, female 5) for the past 9 years (1979-1988). 12 were managed by conservative treatment and 10 were managed by operative treatment. The patients' mean age was 28.1 years. They were followed-up for an average of 33.9 months.The rate of union was 81.8% and the rate of return to the same job prior to the injury was 72.7%. In this study, we also found that the lunate became to be dorsiflexed following the natural course of the scaphoid fracture, but it was improved after treatment.As a result we had a renewed understanding of the importance of the early and proper treatment of scaphoid fractures.

An outbreak of rotavirus infections in newborns — New aspects?

In the context of a prospective study for detection of rotavirus infections, an outbreak in neonates was observed in April 1986 at the Schweizerische Pflegerinnenschule in Zurich. Altogether, 103 neonates were investigated by means of genome gel electrophoresis for rotaviruses (HRV, human rotavirus) in the feces in the course of April 1986. Of these 103 neonates, 51 (49%) were HRV-positive and 52 (51%) were HRV-negative. Of the 51 HRV-positive neonates, 42 (82%) showed clinical symptoms, especially a typically altered pathological quality of the feces and an increased frequency of fecal passage. Vomiting and fever were observed less frequently. The pathological quality of the feces proved to be significantly correlated with the infection of rotaviruses in the neonate at risk. Besides this, reduced feeding behavior, circulatory signs and in one neonate a convulsive state of unclear etiology were also observed. This has only been rarely described up to now in rotavirus infections in neonates. This study confirms that rotavirus may cause frequently slight symptoms in neonates, but sometimes also symptoms of a clinically significant extent.

Long-term morbidity after infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy in young men with testicular cancer.

Long-term morbidity was evaluated in 357 patients with testicular cancer who were treated by infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy between 1970 and 1982. Myelopathy developed in four patients, radiation osteomyelitis in one, and radiation hepatitis in another after treatment. Posttreatment gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded in the medical records of 4% of patients but were mentioned by 41% of 199 who answered a questionnaire. The moderate gastrointestinal problems were recorded by 17% of the patients compared with 6% in a control group of healthy men. Postirradiation peptic ulcer occurred in 9%. A dose relationship existed, the risk of posttreatment gastrointestinal problems being less when the midplane dose was less than 40 Gy. Forty-one of 63 men who wished to do so fathered at least one child after their radiotherapy. The overall posttreatment quality of life was comparable to that of the control group. The authors conclude that the risk of major posttreatment morbidity is minimal for testicular cancer patients who undergo infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy after orchiectomy. Slight gastrointestinal symptoms are relatively common without major impact on quality of life. Gonadal toxicity is not a significant complication. Infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy is a safe, routine adjuvant treatment of seminoma in orchiectomized patients with Stage I seminoma. The midplane dose should not exceed 36 Gy in these patients.

Crop yields from lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars displaying gradations in resistance to wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum)

SummaryYields from lucerne cultivars grown on land infested with Verticillium albo-atrum, a cause of wilt disease, were studied over the period 1969–77. Field experiments established in 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1973 were maintained for periods of 4–6 years. Reactions by cvs Europe and Vertus were of principal interest. Europe is considered to be moderately susceptible, initially producing yields exceeding those of resistant types on uninfested land. In comparison cv. Vertus has considerable resistance derived from a polygenic system. In the first 2 cropping years on infested land, Europe yielded similarly to Vertus with only slight symptom expression. In year 3, Europe maintained comparable yields to Vertus but with increasing disease expression. During succeeding years Europe was badly affected by discase and yields were below those achieved by Vertus. Data from other cultivars indicated a positive correlation between symptoms in years 4 and 5, a negative correlation between dry-matter yield in year 5 and symptom severity in year 4, and a negative correlation between symptom severity and yield in year 5. Symptom expression and pathogen build-up appear to occur at similar rates in the latter years of a lucerne crop. Disease development in one season has a considerable effect on future productivity. These findings are discussed in terms of the primary (extra-vascular) and secondary (intra-vascular) determinants of resistance to wilt pathogens. It is suggested that the apparent moderate susceptibility of cv. Europe in seasons two and three relates to a rapid growth rate.

Difference of Xanthomonas campestris Strains Isolated from Soybean, Cowpea and Mung Bean in Pathogenicity and Bacteriological Properties

Fourty-eight bacterial strains were isolated from the leaves of pustule infected soybean and blight infected cowpea and mung bean collected from Japan and Thailand. These strains were devided into 3 pathovars. Twenty-seven strains isolated from soybean caused severe pustule on soybean leaves but very slight symptom of blight on cowpea and mung bean suggesting that they belonged to Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines. Among 15 strains isolated from cowpea, 14 strains showed severe symptom on cowpea and slight symptom on soybean and mung bean suggesting that these strains belonged to X. c. pv. vignicoh. One strains was not pathogenic to cowpea but to mung bean slightly. Six strains isolated from mung bean were strongly pathogenic to mung bean but slightly to soybean and not pathogenic to cowpea. These strains belonged to X. c. pv. phuseoli. These 3 pathovars are similar in most of the bacteriological properties tested but different each other in such properties as utilization of glycogen, maltose, D-ribose and D+melibiose. X. c. pv. glycines and X. c.pv. phaseoli were serologically identical while they were different from X. c. pv. vignicoh

Combined Sarcoidosis and Disseminated Visceral Giant Cell Vasculitis

A middle-aged man with only slight symptoms of disease of short duration died suddenly. On autopsy he was found to have not only disseminated visceral giant cell vasculitis with involvement of large and medium-sized arteries and veins, but also sarcoid granulomas in many organs, especially in enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes as well as in several vessel walls. Death was caused by myocardial infarction due to granulomatous vasculitis. This combination of diseases has not previously been described, and the question is whether it represents giant cell arteritis and sarcoidosis, separately, or whether it is a manifestation of a broad spectrum of the same disease.

Differential Reaction of Tepary Bean Lines to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Abstract The leaf and pod reactions of 18 tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) accessions and one susceptible dry bean check, ‘Spinel’ (P. vulgaris), to five common blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) strains of diverse origin were determined in greenhouse tests. Tepary accessions showed incompatible reaction, slight symptoms, or moderate to severe symptoms on the leaves and pods. Statistical interactions of bacterial strains × host compatibility for both leaves and pods were evident. There were intermediate to moderately high positive correlations between the reaction of leaves and pods for four strains and a low correlation with one strain. Selection for resistance should be done in both pods and leaves.

Isolation of Brucella abortus from experimentally infected dromedary camels in Sudan: A preliminary report

Six camels were experimentally infected with two strains of Brucella abortus, four with S19 and two with a field bovine strain. In all cases antibody titres were detected within 6 to 11 days. Serum agglutination titres peaked between days 11 and 32 and complement fixation titres between days 11 and 52; both titres then declined steadily. No clinical signs were observed in the four camels inoculated with S19. Slight non-specific symptoms were seen in the two camels infected with the field bovine strain. On post mortem examination no gross lesions were observed although histopathological sections showed focal granulomata in the liver and a generalized lymphadenitis. The organism was recovered mainly from the lymph nodes of the head and genital tract.

Short-term respiratory effects of sulfuric acid in fog: a laboratory study of healthy and asthmatic volunteers.

To explore short-term respiratory health risks from acid-polluted fog, 22 normal and 22 asthmatic adult volunteers were exposed in an environmental control chamber to light fogs (∼0.1 g/m3 liquid water content, 10 μm median droplet diameter, 10°C) containing nominally 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/m3 of sulfuric acid. Fog was produced by atomizing dilute acid solution Into purified air humidified to near 100 percent by steam injection. Exposures were administered in random order at 1-week intervals, lasted 1 h, and Included three 10-min periods of moderately heavy exercise. Responses were measured in terms of forced expiratory function, airway resistance, Irritant symptoms, and bronchial reactivity to methacholine aerosol. Sulfuric acid per se showed no more than a slight effect on pulmonary function, even at the highest concentration. Asthmatics experienced bronchoconstrlction, attributable to exercise, under all exposure conditions. Despite the lack of substantial function changes, modest statistically significant Increases in respiratory symptoms occurred with increasing acid concentrations. This unusual response pattern suggests that acid fog effects occur via a mechanism somewhat different from those which govern responses to Irritant gases like SO2 or O3. To the extent these results are relevant to ambient “acid fog” exposures, they predict that no pulmonary dysfunction, and only slight respiratory symptoms if any, are likely to occur.

Clinical features and management of lithium poisoning.

Lithium salts, in particular the carbonate and citrate, were formerly in widespread use, forming part of alkaline salt mixtures which were used for treatment of the many disorders belonging to the uric acid diathesis. Among these disorders were mania, depression, acute mania, acute melancholia and periodic depression. Satisfactory prophylactic effects on periodic depression were directly claimed. Daily doses of 3 to 26 mmol of lithium were recommended as standards. Only slight or moderate symptoms of poisoning were reported in a very few cases during the period in question (1860 to 1930), when the popularity of these lithium-containing prophylactic drugs with a favourable therapeutic index was at its peak. Lithium intoxication was not a serious clinical problem until 1949 when Cade introduced his fortuitously effective, but nevertheless high, dosage regimen which was continued until signs of recovery from mania appeared. For the maintenance dose, Cade in principle recommended, but seldom adhered to, 17 mmol/day. Chronic lithium intoxication starts insidiously with silent affliction of the kidneys followed by 'prodromal' symptoms, and when moderate severity has been reached, an accelerating renal vicious circle with decreasing kidney function is imminent. After this point the chronic intoxication resembles acute intoxication. Active detoxification at this, or an earlier stage, leaves the patient with a good chance of recovery. At a later stage, with the occurrence of oliguria, semi-coma or coma, and latent convulsive movement, recovery is less certain. There is no specific antidote for the toxic effects of lithium. Haemodialysis is the most effective treatment for acute lithium poisoning. For patients with impaired, or potentially impaired renal function, peritoneal dialysis may be an alternative, but less effective, treatment. Forced diuresis demands unimpaired renal function, and is little more effective than withdrawal of treatment, supplemented with correction of water and electrolyte balance. Sodium overloading is not recommended. Patients on lithium prophylaxis are treated on an outpatient basis. Prevention of intoxication depends on cooperation between patient and clinician, and possibly on the use of smaller, low risk dosages in most patients.

気管支ぜん息児童血清中のＰＡＦアセチルハイドロラーゼ活性

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase has been recognized as an enzyme to inactivate PAF. We developed the convenient method to determine human serum PAF acetylhydrolase activity, that was based on the measurement of [14C] -acetate from 1-O-alkyl-2- [14C] -acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on the precipitation of the complex of radioactive substrate and albumin by adding trichloro acetic acid to the incubation mixture. Thirty-two subjects with the deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase were found in 816 healthy adult Japanese. The low PAF acetylhydrolase activity in the deficient serum was not due to the presence of the enzyme inhibitor. Both the sensitivity to PAF and the metabolism of PAF in platelets from subjects with PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency were almost the same as that of the normal subjects. The deficiency in serum PAF acetylhydrolase is apparently transmitted according to autosomal recessive heredity among four Japanese families.Asthmatic children were grouped into five classes (Remission, Wheezy, Mild, Moderate and Severe groups) on the basis of symptoms according to the grade of bronchial asthma of Japanese Society of Pediatric Allergy and Clinitical Immunology. The probability of PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency in group with severe symptoms (Moderate and Severe, 5 subjects per 42) was significantly higher than that in a healthy group without a history of wheezy (one subject per 36), a group with slight symptoms (Remission and Wheezy, one subject per 100) and healthy adult Japanese (32 subjects per 816) .These results suggest that the deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase might be one of factors which lead asthmatic children to more severe state in respiratory symptoms.

Lithium, thyroid function and antithyroid antibodies

1. 1. Lithium is known to affect thyroid function. It can cause both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism that may involve in some instances an autoimmune mechanism. 2. 2. Sixty (60) psychiatric patients, already under treatment with lithium for at least 6 months, were administered additional thyroid tests and monitored over a one-year period to study the implication of the autoimmune system in the development of hypothyroidism and thyroiditis during lithium therapy. 3. 3. At the beginning of the study, 16 patients presented biological hypothyroidism (laboratory values under normal limits) and only 4 of them showed some slight clinical symptoms. Initially, antithyroid antibodies were detected in 20% of the patients (6 hypothyroids and 6 euthyroids): 12 had antimicrosomal antibodies and only 8 antithyroglobulin antibodies. 4. 4. During the study, only one additional patient (euthyroid) developed antimicrosomal antibodies. All patients with antithyroglobulin antibodies had antimicrosomal antibodies and 6 hypothyroid patients had both types of antibodies.

異なる温度及び湿度条件下に貯蔵したハッサク果実のこ斑症発生について

The occurrence of rind-oil spot, a postharvest physiological disorder of Hassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) fruits stored at 2°, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°C uder low (75-80%) and high (90-95%) relative humidity for 3 months was investigated. In addition, color development (“a/b” value) of peel surface, weight loss, peel moisture, fruit temperature and fruit firmness were also determined. Rind-oil spot as regards surface pitting occurred mostly at the equatorial zone and the development of symptoms spread to the stylar end and rarely to the stem end of the fruits. The symptom was initially observed at the first inspection after 30 days in storage and became more evident after 60 days in storage and to the end of the storage period. When fruit was stored at temperatures above 10°C, surface pitting markedly occurred, whereas the symptoms appeared at lower temperatures (<10°C). The development of slight symptoms increased under low humidity as compared with high relative humidity.

Incidence of Colletotrichum trifolii on lucerne in New South Wales, its host range and reaction of lucerne cultivars to inoculation

Colletotrichurn trifolii, the cause of stem anthracnose and crown rot of lucerne, was detected in all major lucerne growing areas of New South Wales. The disease was more common and more severe in regions north of latitude 33�S. Most outbreaks occurred from February to June. The highest concentrations of spores for inoculations were produced on lima bean agar. Carnation leaf-piece agar was also satisfactory and was used as a routine medium for spore production. Viability of spores declined rapidly in cultures older than 7 days. Isolates of C. trifolii from New South Wales were most virulent on lucerne. Less severe symptoms were produced on other Medicago spp. and some Trifolium spp. Several grain legumes were inoculated but only chickpea showed slight symptoms. Two methods were used to evaluate the reaction of a range of lucerne cultivars and breeder's lines to C. trifolii. The standard inoculation method used in experiments in other countries and in local experiments produced the most severe symptoms and the ratings obtained agreed generally with known field reactions. A germination-inoculation method resulted in less severe symptoms and the ratings were poor indicators of field performance. Several cultivars showed a significantly higher resistance (P&lt; 0.05) to C. trifolii and should prove useful in areas where the disease is endemic.

Identities and pathogenicities of phytophthora spp. causing root rot of red raspberry

Phytophthora syringae, P. drechsleri, P. cactarutn, P. cambiuora and P. megasperma were isolated from the roots of red raspberry plants affected by severe root and crown rot with associated cane death. Phytophthora megasperma occurred most frequently and consisted of two types of isolates which differed in colony morphology, growth rates, and oogonial, oospore, sporangial and zoospore size, and pathogenicity to a range of plants. One type with large oospores was typical of P. megasperma var. megasperma, and was non‐pathogenic to red raspberries, while the other with smaller oospores and which grew more slowly in culture than the first, was highly pathogenic, producing symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Highly pathogenic isolates from Germany and the USA were of this type.All red and black raspberry cultivars tested were susceptible to the pathogenic type, although North American cultivars were generally less affected than British ones. Inoculated plants had reduced shoot and root weights, stem lesions and wilted and yellowed leaves. The blackberry × raspberry hybrid Tayberry and its blackberry parent were immune.Phytophthora drechsleri, P. cactorum and P. cambivora produced small to moderate amounts of root rot on red raspberry, and P. cambivora also caused slight symptoms on shoots.

Physiology

Abstract The effects of climatic conditions and plant nutrition on the appearance of Mg deficiency in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in rockwool were studied. Humid conditions as a consequence of double glass layers and thermal screens aggravated Mg deficiency symptoms. Raising the temperature in the root environment from 19 to 24C lessened the symptoms. High EC‐values in the root environment, obtained by increased nutrient concentrations, strongly increased Mg deficiency symptoms. High as well as low K/Ca ratios reduced the symptoms. With respect to cation ratios, however, the most striking effect was found with the relative Mg content. In nutrient solutions, the supplied Mg appears to be at least 9% of the cations and in the root environment at least 16%. Yields were not affected by slight and moderate Mg deficiency symptoms. Severe deficiencies hampered fruit setting and reduced yields. Magnesium concentration of leaf tissues usually displayed a close relationship with the extent of the symptoms. However, prediction of Mg deficiency symptoms by means of tissue analyses was somewhat dependent on plant age and tissue sampled. A concentration of about 150 mmol Mg per kg dry matter was sufficient to prevent severe deficiencies.

Etiology of a newly described root rot of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Australia caused by Phytophthora cryptogea

An isolate of Phytophthora obtained from diseased roots and stems of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) growing in waterlogged soil from Dalby. Queensland. was identified as Phytophothora cryptogea (P. drechsleri). Sex organs were not observed, Pathogenicity to guar seedlings was established under glasshouse conditions either by using a hypocotyl‐wound inoculation technique, or adding motile zoospores to seedlings growing under saturated conditions. This appears to be the first report of this disease. Seven isolates of P. drechsleri from hosts other than guar were shown to be pathogenic to guar following hypocotyls‐wound inoculation.The host range of the guar isolate was studied using both hypocotyl‐wound inoculation and zoospores. After hypocotyl inoculation, the following species were found to be susceptible: cantaloupe. cowpea, cucumber, mungbean, pea. pigeon‐pea, safflower. sunflower, tomato and watermelon. Slight symptoms were observed on bean and chickpea. When zoospores were used as the inoculum, only pea. pigeon‐pea, sunflower and safflower were highly susceptible. A range of guar cultivars and breeding lines were screened for resistance using zoospore inoculum, and although no genotypes were highly resistant, there were significant differences between disease reactions.