Slice Method Research Articles

PENGAMATAN EPIDERMIS DAUN MENGGUNAKAN METODE PRINTING DAN IRISAN PARADERMAL

Observation of leaves, especially the epidermis, is often the focus of research because this part is directly exposed to the environment, so changes that occur in this part can indicate changes in the plant's metabolism. Observation of leaf skin requires preparation in advance, especially in observing wet preparations. There are various methods of leaf skin sample preparation including the printing method and leaf paradermal slices. The purpose of this study was to compare leaf preparations with preparations using the printing method and paradermal slices carried out by students of the Biology at PGRI Ronggolawe University in the Plant Anatomy Practicum course. Data in the form of preparations of leaves Morinda citrifolia and Solanum melongen were observed using an electric microscope with a magnification of 400 times, while Ixora sp. leaves were observed using a light microscope with a magnification of 400 times. The results of the study can be concluded that the printing and paradermal incision methods are optimal for the purpose of observing different leaf characters. The optimal printing method is used on leaves that have little or no trichomes and is very good for observing stomatal openings. While the paradermal slice method is good for use on leaves that have trichomes or not, the use of this method requires good practical skills, besides this method cannot represent leaf stomatal openings at the time of observation because the stomata tend to close.

Transformer High-Voltage Primary Coil Quality Detection Method Based on Machine Vision

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency and low accuracy in manual detection of winding angle and wire spacing during automatic winding of high-voltage primary coils of transmission and distribution transformers, a detection scheme using machine vision is proposed. Firstly, the coil image is acquired by the industrial camera, the detection region is segmented, and the ROI (region of interest) image is pre-processed. For winding angle detection, we propose a slicing method for image graying to reduce the interference caused by uneven light irradiation. The gray image is converted to a binary image, and wire skeleton extraction is performed; the skeleton is identified using the Hough transform for feature straight lines, and the winding angle is then calculated. For wire spacing detection, we propose an intersection of the perpendicular lines method, which extracts edge coordinates using contour images and performs endpoint pixel expansion and shape classification. Use the intersection of the vertical lines to determine the centroid coordinates of the wire outline, calculate the pixel distance of the adjacent centroid, and obtain the wire spacing by combining pixel calibration. Comparison experiments have shown that the solution has a high detection accuracy (0.01 mm), and the error of the integrated detection results is not higher than 10%, which enables the real-time detection of coil winding status and corrects the winding process according to the visual real-time detection result to improve the finished product quality of coils.

Load-Oriented Nonplanar Additive Manufacturing Method for Optimized Continuous Carbon Fiber Parts.

The process of the additive manufacturing (AM) of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) parts based on the process of fused deposition modeling (FDM) has seen considerable research in recent years, which amplifies the importance of adapted slicing and pathplanning methods. In particular, load-oriented techniques are of high interest when employing carbon fiber materials, as classical methods, such as tape-laying and laminating, struggle with highly curved and complex geometries and require the costly production of molds. While there have been some promising propositions in this field, most have restricted themselves to a planar slicing approach, which severely limits the ability to place the fibers along stress paths. In this paper, a nonplanar slicing approach is presented that utilizes principal stress directions to construct optimized nonplanar constituting layers on which pathplanning can be carried out. These layers are oriented such that the effect of the weak interlayer adhesion is minimized. Support material is adaptively generated to enable the use of arbitrary part geometry. Furthermore, a continuous pathplanning method and post-processor are applied to yield manufacturing instructions. The approach is verified for its viability of application through experimental investigation on a multi-axis robotic 3D printer. This constitutes an important step in allowing the fabrication of CFRP parts to further utilize the possibilities of additive manufacturing.

Dynamic characteristics of helical gear with root crack and friction

Helical gear transmission is smooth and has many advantages. However, long-term operation will cause root cracks, which will reduce the time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS) of the gears, increase the transmission error (LSTE), and reduce the load distribution ratio (Lsr). According to the slice method and the energy method, a TVMS calculation model for a helical gear pair with cracks was established, and the effects of the crack initiation width, termination width, effective contact length and crack propagation angle on the gear were studied. Then, the changes of TVMS, LSTE, and Lsr under the time-varying friction and crack are considered. Build failure dynamics model, and fourth-order Runge-Kutta solution for vibration and amplitude-frequency characteristics. And wavelet transform and variational mode decomposition (VMD) are used to analyze the vibration signal, and statistical indicators are used to analyze the sensitivity of vibration. The results show that the TVMS with tooth root cracks will gradually decrease, LSTE will increase, the Lsr will decrease, and the vibration displacement (VD) will increase. When the two faults are combined, due to the damping characteristics of friction, the TVMS will increase, the LSTE and the VD will decrease. This offers a theoretical foundation for studying the dynamic characteristics of the coupling of gear cracks and friction faults, as well as vibration and noise reduction.

An Active Structured Light 3D Point Cloud Measurement for Orange Shape Based On Adaptive Co-Opposite-Direction Slicing Method

An Active Structured Light 3D Point Cloud Measurement for Orange Shape Based On Adaptive Co-Opposite-Direction Slicing Method

CNN with Embedding Transformers for Person Reidentification

For person reidentification (ReID), most slicing methods (such as part‐based convolutional baseline (PCB) and AlignedReID) introduce a lot of background devoid of pedestrian parts, resulting in the cross‐aliasing of features in the deep network. Besides, the resulting component features are not perfectly aligned with each other, thus affecting model performance. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) with embedding transformers (CET) person ReID network architecture based on the respective advantages of CNN and transformer. In CET, first, the residual transformer (RT) structure is first embedded in the backbone network of CNN to obtain a feature extractor, named transformers in CNN. The feature aliasing phenomenon is improved by utilizing transformer’s advantage in grasping the relevance of global information. Second, a feature fuse with learnable vector structure for fusing the output vector is added to the output of the transformer at the end of the network. A two branches loss structure is designed to balance the two different fusion strategies. Finally, the self‐attention mechanism in transformer is used for automatic part alignment of human body parts to solve the part alignment problem caused by inaccurate detection frames. The experimental results show that CET network architecture achieves better performance than PCB and some other block‐slicing methods.

Understanding the Structural Stability of the Tehri Dam: A Comprehensive Analysis

The Tehri dam is the highest dam in India. The height of dam is 260 m. It is situated on the Himalayan region which is in earthquake prone region. A Sengupta in 2006 found that the predicted deformation due to an M=7.0 earthquake are not large enough to compromise the safety of the dam. However the deformation predicted by Seed and Makdisi’s method, and Bureau’s method for an M=8.5 earthquake are large enough to compromise the safety of dam. The Seed and Makdisi’s procedure predicted the maximum deformations, while the minimum deformations are computed by Jansen’s method. In the present work, the stability analysis four type of analysis such as structural stability analysis, Centre of slip circle by genetic algorithm, stability of dam under sudden draw down condition and dynamic analysis are considered Structural stability analysis have done by Fellenius method and radial slice method. In Fellenius method three number of slip circles are taken which cuts the slope at two third distances from top of slope. By finding the resisting moment and driving moment the factor of safety is found that for first slip circle, second slip circle and third slip circle are 1.997, 2.103 and 2.045 respectively. In the radial slice method the failure wages are divided into number of slice radially by joining the line from the center of slip circle to the arch. The factor of safety is found as 1.15. The coordinate of centre of slip circle has found by genetic algorithm. In order to validate the genetic algorithm method, the input data has been imported from the results of graphical method. The centre coordinate of slip circle is obtained as (210,485) which was found to be very close the value of centre of slip circle by graphical method. Numerical analysis has been made by using commercially available software PLAXIS under sudden draw down condition. The deformation in X-direction was 16.99 m. Dynamic analysis has been used by PLAXIS software and the total deformation is obtained as 0.4150 m.

Theoretical and experimental study of inversion of spectral absorption function using experimental data of laser absorption spectrum with slow scanning and fast modulation of wavelength

Based on the tested data of laser absorption spectra, a matrix slicing method is proposed to invert the absorption function of spectral lines by using the two parameters of laser modulation frequency and laser scanning range as well as transmitted wave signal and reference wave signal under the condition of slow uniform scanning wavelength and fast periodic modulation wavelength. When the modulation is single frequency sinusoidal modulation, an accurate contour of the spectral line absorption function can be obtained by using the matrix data consisting of the values of the transmitted wave signal by the reference wave signal through the minimum value of two slice integrals with the interval of half modulation period, and the amplitude of modulation can be estimated. When the fast modulation of the wavelength is distorted to the multi-frequency superposition modulation, the absorption function is also formed by using the complementarity of multiple slices. The method above is utilized for investigating a real absorption function inversion process involving multiple overlapping absorption lines in the range of the scanning wavelengths. Moreover, the scanning range of laser wavelength can be calibrated by the interval parameters of several spectral lines in the scanning wavelength range. The absorption function of CO at 4300.700 cm<sup>–1</sup> and CO<sub>2</sub> at 6336 cm<sup>–1</sup> are successfully obtained by using this matrix slice method for experimental verification.

Study of Slope Stability Using the Bishop Slice Method: An Approach Combining Analytical and Numerical Analyses

Study of Slope Stability Using the Bishop Slice Method: An Approach Combining Analytical and Numerical Analyses

Additive manufacturing of non-planar layers using isothermal surface slicing

Most conventional additive manufacturing (AM) processes fabricate the designed 3D model in a planar-layer-based manner, which significantly limits the printing quality with poor surface roughness, weak strength, and wasting material and time for supporting structures. This study presents a heat-guided algorithm to generate non-planar layers using isothermal surfaces to address these drawbacks of planar layers. The designed model is placed virtually on a heated freeform substrate. The substrate's heat flows through the 3D model, which mimics the material accumulation in 3D printing. The “virtual” isothermal surfaces naturally slice a 3D model into curved layers. Different curved layers with desired functionalities can be created by tailoring the boundary conditions and the thermal conductivity for the “virtual” heat transfer problem. In addition, customized three-axis and five-axis 3D printers were prototyped to evaluate the proposed slicing method. Several test cases demonstrated the benefits, leading to a 63 % decrease in surface roughness, a 14 % increase in tensile strength, and a 50 % printing time reduction in multi-material 3D printing. Further, the presented non-planar slicing algorithm was utilized for conformal printing and to smoothen the printed parts with planar layers.

Dynamically Resource Allocation in Beyond 5G (B5G) Network RAN Slicing Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient

Network slicing makes it possible for future applications with a variety of adaptability requirements and performance requirements by spliting the physical network into several logical networks. Radio access network (RAN) slicing’s main goal is to assign physical resource blocks (RBs) to mMTC, eMBB, and uRLLC services while ensuring the Quality of service (QoS). Consequently, it is challenging to determine the optimal strategies for 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) slicing because of dynamically changes in slice needs and environmental data, and conventional approaches have difficulty addressing resource allocation issues. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient deep deterministic policy gradient resource allocation (EE-DDPG-RA) method for RAN slicing in 5G networks to choose the resource allocation policy that increases long-term throughput while satisfying the requirements of B5G systems for quality of service. This method’s main goal is to remove unnecessary actions in order to lower the amount of available action space. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms boundaries by enhancing deep-rooted throughput and effectively managing resources.

French consumer evaluation of eating quality of Angus x Salers beef: Effects of muscle cut, muscle slicing and ageing

Based on the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) methodology, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the eating quality of grass-fed Angus x Salers beef by French consumers, across different muscle cuts (m. triceps brachii caput longum, m. longissimus dorsi et thoracis and m. rectus abdominis), ageing times (5 and 14 days) and muscle slicing and grilling methods (being distinguished by 2 different sides on the grill), and to further quantify whether the MSA model could predict the eating quality of the meat produced by these lean crossbred animals. The results showed that French consumers can discern significant differences in eating quality traits across muscle cuts but not between ageing times and muscle slicing methods. In this study, the accuracy of eating quality score (MQ4)-assigned MSA grade was 64.5%. Due to the lack of MSA data on these lean crossbred animals, the prediction of eating quality from carcass characteristics was less accurate than usual. However, these results do indicate that the MSA sensory testing protocol, the MQ4 calculation and the MSA quality grades could be used to support a consumer-based quality grading system in France.

Effects of Different Power Levels Used in Microwave Drying Method on Color Changes of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

Color of dried edible material is one of the most essential considerations for consumers when making product purchases. The similarity between the color of the dried product and the color of the fresh product increases their marketability. The primary objective of drying operations is to dry products with minimal energy consumption, to prevent the growth of microorganisms, preserve their flavor and nutritional value, to make the moisture content suitable for storage, and to ensure that the color change after drying closely resembles that of the fresh product. This study seeks to dry Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) at different drying power levels (90 W, 180 W, 360 W, and 600 W) using the microwave drying method of thin slices and to determine the color changes of the dried mushrooms. As a result of the trials carried out in the laboratory, it was discovered that the increase in drying power caused the samples to dry faster. At the end of the drying period, the colors of the mushrooms became darker than the initial levels. The highest change in brightness was recorded during the drying process at a power of 90 W. In the investigation, it was determined that the drying time was longer and the color change of the dried product was greater when the power was 90 W. Based on this, it can be stated that the color changes of the product will exhibit less deformation if the desired humidity level is obtained quickly during the drying process using the thin slice microwave drying method. However, this should just be viewed as a suggestion for minimizing color change. Numerous criteria, including color change, drying duration, nutrient content, and shelf life, should be assessed concurrently while determining the drying process.

Process planning of cylindrical printing for a novel 2T2R-type rotary 3D printer and an initial feasibility investigation

Due to solid freeform fabrication (SFF)’s manufacturing capability, additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing, is developing rapidly and has received much attention, leading to various aerospace, military and robotics applications. Slicing and path planning are two critical steps of AM, determining the manufactured part’s geometric accuracy and mechanical performance to a large extent. Many research works focus on the detailed strategies and algorithms of slicing and path planning. However, instead of 3D printing, most available studies concentrate only on 2.5D printing, where slicing and printing along the Z direction and filling 2D contours in the XY plane are applied. Although multi-direction and curved layer slicing have been proposed, little attention has been paid to path planning on the curved layers, especially tool path generation for the revolving parts requiring supports, such as screw conveyors and the propeller or fan. Hence, the primary purpose of this paper is to propose a novel cylindrical slicing strategy (a type of curved layer slicing) based on the triangle mesh model for curved layer Material Extrusion (CLMEX). It could be learned that the support structure is necessary for cases with traditional bottom-up printing, while supportless printing may be feasible with cylindrical slicing. Besides, a preliminary experiment is conducted to illustrate the proposed method and validate its feasibility based on a novel 2T2R-type rotary Material Extrusion (MEX) 3D printer designed in the authors’ previous research. This early-stage work generally intends to investigate the process planning and show the initial feasibility of cylindrical printing using a novel 2T2R-type rotary 3D printer. This research provides process designers with a novel and feasible slicing method for multi-axis 3D printers having a rotary build platform.

Preterm rabbit-derived Precision Cut Lung Slices as alternative model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preclinical study: a morphological fine-tuning approach

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of preterm delivery, with significant morbidity and mortality in a neonatal intensive care setting. Research in this field aims to identify the mechanisms of late lung development with possible therapeutic targets and the improvement of medical management. Rabbits represent a suitable lab preclinical tool for mimicking the clinical BPD phenotype. Rabbits are born at term in the alveolar phase as occurs in large animals and humans and in addition, they can be delivered prematurely in contrast to mice and rats. Continuous exposure to high oxygen concentration (95% O2) for 7 days induces functional and morphological lung changes in preterm rabbits that resemble those observed in BPD-affected babies. The preclinical research pays great attention to optimize the experimental procedures, reduce the number of animals used in experiments and, where possible, replace animal models with alternative assays, following the principle of the 3 Rs (Replace, Reduce and Refine). The use of in vitro assays based on the ex vivo culture of Precision Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) goes in this direction, representing a good compromise between controlled and flexible in vitro models and the more physiologically relevant in vivo ones. This work aims to set up morphological analyses to be applied in preclinical tests using preterm rabbits derived PCLS, cultured up to 7 days in different oxygen conditions, as a model. After a preliminary optimization of both lung preparation and histological processing methods of the lung slices of 300 µm, the morphological analysis was conducted evaluating a series of histomorphometric parameters derived from those widely used to follow the phases of lung development and its alterations in vivo. Our histomorphometric results demonstrated that the greatest differences from pseudo-normoxia and hyperoxia exposed samples at day 0, used as starting points to compare changes due to treatments and time, are detectable after 4 days of in vitro culture, representing the most suitable time point for analysis in preclinical screening. The combination of parameters suitable for evaluating PCLS morphology in vitro resulted to be Tissue Density and Septal Thickness. Shape Factor and Roughness, evaluated to highlight the increasing complexity of the airspaces, due to the formation of septal crests, gave useful information, however, without significant differences up to day 4. Other parameters like Mean Linear Intercept and Septal Density did not allow to highlight significant differences between different oxygen conditions and time points. Instead, Radial Alveolar Count, could not be applied to PCLS, due to the tissue changes following agar infusion and culture conditions.

Opportunistic capacity based resource allocation for 6G wireless systems with network slicing

With the rapid increase of wireless application demand, 6G Wireless Systems need to further support the heterogeneous communication service contents with limited spectrum resources. Network slicing and cognitive radio are two promising technology to solve this problem. However, the network slicing in 6G wireless communication systems with uncertain shared spectrum barely exists in the literatures. This paper proposes an opportunistic capacity based resource allocation method for network slicing contained 6G wireless communication networks with uncertain shared spectrum. In particular, a 4D conflict graph model to describe the conflict relationship in the process of resource allocation for network slicing is constructed under scenarios of 6G wireless systems. Then, a novel Hasse traversal algorithm is proposed to achieve conflict free node set. To improve the spectrum utilization of shared spectrum, we present a novel statistical spectrum sharing model for shared channel to describe the uncertainty and derive the opportunistic capacity of shared channel. Hence, an opportunistic capacity based resource allocation method is formed for network slicing in 6G wireless systems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can effectively improves channel utilization and make good use of the shared channel.

Improved algorithm of tooth surface topological modification and nonlinear dynamic analysis of herringbone gears

This paper presents an improved algorithm of herringbone gear's tooth surface topological modification based on overlap ratio, and the superiority of improved topology modification gear pair is verified from two aspects of statics and dynamics. Firstly, the static analysis is carried out to verify that the improved topology modification gear pair has good static performance. Secondly, time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) and static transmission error of modified herringbone gear pair are calculated by slice method, and the change of contact state is considered. Thirdly, taking dynamic meshing force as the main factor affecting the change of contact state, the dynamic model of the modified gear pair is improved. Finally, dynamic equations are solved by numerical method, and the nonlinear dynamic performance of herringbone gear pair under three cases of no modification, traditional topology modification, and improved topology modification are compared. The results show that compared with the traditional topology modification, the improved topology modification can make the load share between teeth of the gear pair more uniform. And the nonlinear dynamic performance of the gear pair after improved topology modification is better than that of the traditional topology modification gear pair.

Non-uniform roller-race contact performance of bearings along width in the rotor-bearing system under dynamic loads

Under complex dynamic loads, the motions of the rotor and bending of the shaft can make the inner and outer races being of support bearings nonparallel in the rotor-bearing system, which will significantly affect the contact performance between the roller and race of support bearings. In this study, a rotor-bearing system with a cantilevered pinion is established by coupling the kinematic equations of the rotor with the determination of deflection deformation of the shaft. The time-varying mesh stiffness of gear pair, interactions between the roller and race of support bearings, and dynamic forces induced by dynamic rotor eccentricity are comprehensively considered in this model. In addition, a spatial rolling bearing dynamics model considering the radial load distribution along width and flexible roller is especially involved in this dynamic system using the slice method. The effect of traction torque, rotor eccentricity, and external excitation is analyzed. The results indicate that the non-uniform loads induced by gear engagement, dynamic rotor eccentricity, and external excitation will lead to local fatigue failures for support bearings. The fatigue lives of bearings are significantly lower than those calculated based on the static loads. Taking the traction motor of a railway locomotive as an example, this study is proven to be capable to provide a more reasonable method to investigate the service conditions of rolling bearings and assess the corresponding fatigue lives.

Helical tool path generation based on the triangle mesh model for a rotary four-DOF 3D printer

PurposeThe rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing makes it familiar in daily life, especially the fused deposition modeling 3D printers. The process planning of traditional flat layer printing includes slicing and path planning to obtain the boundaries and the filling paths for each layer along the vertical direction. There is a clear division line through the whole fabricated part, inherited in the flat-layer-based printed parts. This problem is brought about by the seam of the boundary in each layer. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel helical filling path generation with the ideal surface-plane intersection for a rotary 3D printer.Design/methodology/approachThe detailed algorithm and implementation steps are given with several worked examples to enable readers to understand it better. The adjacent points obtained from the planar slicing are combined to generate each layer's helical points. The contours of all layers are traversed to obtain the helical surface layer and helical path. Meanwhile, the novel rotary four-degree of freedom 3D printer is briefly introduced.FindingsAs a proof of concept, this paper presents several examples based on the rotary 3D printer designed in the authors’ previous research and the algorithms illustrated in this paper. The preliminary experiments successfully verify the feasibility and versatility of the proposed slicing method based on a rotary 3D printer.Originality/valueThis paper provides a novel and feasible slicing method for multi-axis rotary 3D printers, making manufacturing thin-wall and complex parts possible. To further broaden the proposed slicing method’s application in further research, adaptive tool path generation for flat and curved layer printing could be applied with a combination of flat and curved layers in the same layer, different layers or even different parts of structures.

Assessment of ova collection with or without centrifugation after ovarian slicing for In vitro fertilization of slaughterhouse specimens of Iraqi Awassi ewes

This study aims to determine the most appropriate method for oocyte collection based on their quality and quantity by slicing with or without centrifugation and testify its ability for in vitro embryo production (IVP). The ovum was collected in the Artificial Insemination Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul city between 1/9/2020 to 1/11/2020. A total twenty females Genitalia slaughtered at local abattoir were collected. In vitro fertilization was done according to private lab protocols (Soran laboratory related to Soran Private Hospital for fertility disease and embryo transfer) in Irbil city/Iraq. Results of the study show no significant changes between the two methods in the extraction of Grade A oocytes. However, the slicing method, which was 33.60% of ova recovery than centrifugation ORC techniques 22.73%, ORCs method in presence Grade C oocyte higher than ORCs method which were 29.09 and 20.00%, respectively also results of in vitro fertilization show that slicing method produces embryo in high percentage 45.4% than ORCs method 25.0%. We can conclude that the best method for oocyte collection was the slicing method and this method results in the best embryo production during in vitro fertilization compared with the ORCs method.