Sleepy Hollow Research Articles

Brom Bones Meets the Count de Buffon: Race, Biopower, and Natural History in ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’

ABSTRACT In Washington Irving’s short story ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’, animals are everywhere and almost seem interchangeable with humans. Nevertheless, the story’s pervasive animal imagery has received scant critical attention. In this paper, I consider the blurring human/animal binary in the story as a proxy for blurred lines between different ‘races’ of humans coexisting in Early America. Washington Irving uses his satirical Dutch narrator Dietrich Knickerbocker’s engagement with the Count de Buffon’s Natural History to question categorization based on the interrelated concepts of species and race, which were becoming important in an increasingly biopolitical early United States. I place Irving’s engagement with natural history in context before considering the ‘racial’ tension between the Dutch and the Yankees that Knickerbocker constructs in ‘Sleepy Hollow’. Irving marks this tension as satire in part through Knickerbocker’s deployment of bears and lions, two animal metaphors with special significance in Buffonian natural history. Close attention to the implications of these metaphors complicates our understanding of Brom Bones, a central but understudied character. I also discuss how this satirical use of race could deepen our understanding of ‘Sleepy Hollow’s’ actual racialized characters. Focusing on the animals in ‘Sleepy Hollow’ reveals Irving’s critique of using science to categorize humans into distinct racial groupings for political convenience and complicates our understanding of how early Americans grappled with the interplay between shifting scientific and political paradigms.

The vestibular system: Contributions of Lorente de Nó.

Rafael Lorente de Nó was a neuroscientist that worked alongside two of the giants of Medicine, the Nobel Prize winners Cajal and Bárány. To describe the contributions of Lorente de Nó to vestibular neuroscience. Detailed review of the publications of Lorente de Nó and analysis of the archives from Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas at Residencia de Estudiantes (Madrid, Spain), Casa de Salud Valdecilla at Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander, Spain), Becker Medical Library at Washington University (St. Louis, MO, USA), Rockefeller Archive Center (Sleepy Hollow, New York, NY, USA), Archivo Fernando de Castro (Madrid, Spain), Biblioteca Nacional de España (Madrid, Spain) and Legado Cajal at Instituto Cajal (Madrid, Spain). Most of this material is unpublished and includes over a hundred letters to or from Lorente. Lorente de Nó made a substantial contribution to our understanding of the vestibular system. Amongst these, he meticulously detailed the course of the vestibular nerve and its central projections. He described the vestibulo-ocular reflex as the consequence of an integration of the various nuclei and connections across the vestibular system, rather than a simple three-neuron arc. He also highlighted the role of the reticular formation in the generation of the fast phase of the nystagmus. Lorente de Nó was a pioneer of modern neuro-otology, having made outstanding contributions to vestibular neuroscience, forging novel discoveries that still burn true today.

Phantasmal ruralism: A terror of folk ecology in Washington Irving’s ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’

This article considers Washington Irving’s ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ as a work of nineteenth-century American folk horror for how the story’s depiction of nature suggests provincial people as an especially fearful collective entity. With additional consideration of Tim Burton’s film adaptation, Sleepy Hollow (1999), this article provides an ecocritical analysis of the tale’s landscapes and objects to assert that supernatural belief is manufactured partly by the idea of rural existence as physically and culturally separate from urban areas. Moreover, the article illustrates how reading the story’s phantasmal terrors as sourced by environmental catalysts can diminish hierarchies that are rooted in rural and urban dichotomies.

Humanity, Nature, and the Supernatural in Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Humanity, Nature, and the Supernatural in Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Architecture as Metaphor in Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Architecture as Metaphor in Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Tom Stoppard: A Life

Tom Stoppard: A Life

Derivational Suffixes in the Novel “The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow”

The study concerns with derivational suffixes in the novel “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” by Washington Irving. Descriptive qualitative method were used to identify the types and process of derivational suffixes found in the data source. This study found 213 data, consist of 23 data (11%) derivational suffixes Noun to Adjective, which were: -ish, -ous, -ful. 51 data (24%) derivational suffixes Verb to Noun, which were: -ance, -er, -ion. 16 data (8%) derivational suffixes Adjective to Noun, which was: -ness. 20 data (9%) derivational suffixes Verb to Adjective, which was: -able. 101 data (47%) derivational suffixes Adjective to Adverb, which was: -ly. The last one was 2 data (1%) derivational suffixes Noun to Verb, which was: -ish. This study concluded that the most accurrence data that was found in this analysis was derivational suffixes Adjective to Adverb.

Editorial Comment.

No AccessJournal of UrologyAdult Urology1 May 2022Editorial CommentThis article comments on the following:Fragmentation of Stones by Burst Wave Lithotripsy in the First 19 Humans Michael Grasso Michael GrassoMichael Grasso Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Sleepy Hollow, New York More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002446.01AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Editorial Comment." The Journal of Urology, 207(5), p. 1075 © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesJournal of UrologyMar 21, 2022, 12:00:00 AMFragmentation of Stones by Burst Wave Lithotripsy in the First 19 Humans Volume 207Issue 5May 2022Page: 1075-1075 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Michael Grasso Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Sleepy Hollow, New York More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

The Bronze Lady of Sleepy Hollow

Legend scholarship has often focused on how legend translates to behavior in the form of legend trips. This article explores how accounts of a legend trip appear in oral tradition, print culture, and in various platforms on the internet, using the example of the legend of the Bronze Lady of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Relying on notions of hybridity in both folklore and the study of literature, I discuss the hybridization of the legend that occurs online, leading to an analysis of the legend as it has merged the “Get Ready with Me” make-up tutorial video. Based on ethnography and the examination of digital and print texts, this analysis attempts to articulate the affordances of new media and different context for narrative.

Influences and Transformations: Mohsin Hamid’s Mongrelization of the West and the East in The Reluctant Fundamentalist

Influences and Transformations: Mohsin Hamid’s Mongrelization of the West and the East in The Reluctant Fundamentalist Biling Chen In his conversations with various interviewers, Mohsin Hamid often uses the idea of mongrelization to express his view of identity formation in an age when migration occurs with frequency and globalization proceeds at a fast pace. “This mongrelized, migratory thing is something we all participate in […] And there are people who don’t recognize they are mongrels. But there isn’t anybody who isn’t one” (“Exit West” 36:40–37:50).1 In Hamid’s dictionary, mongrelization is a neutral word, signifying a variety of contemporary human conditions, including multicultural dissemination and influence. By his own admission, the influences he has received from reading others’ writings are countless: “I am influenced by everyone that I read. The more I like someone, the more likely I’d be influenced. I am not always aware of my influences” (“The Reluctant Fundamentalist: Mohsin Hamid in Conversation with Akhil Sharma” 49:47–49:51). Mongrelization, accordingly, not only indicates a person’s continuous becoming, but also the process of a literary work’s production. The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007),2 filled with direct as well as discursive references to world literatures and religions, is a case in point. Changez, Hamid’s well-read narrator, literally mentions F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 masterpiece while revealing his ambition to emulate Jim, his boss, who owns a house in the Hamptons: “a magnificent property that made me think of The Great Gatsby” (TRF 43). Aggressive in his pursuit of the American Dream, the Pakistani transplant likens his fearless state of mind to that in “Sufi mystics and Zen masters” (TRF 13). In [End Page 511] the realm of romance, his competition with the spirit of Chris, however, feels like an inadvertent sacrilege of the Holy Communion between Erica and her late boyfriend, “a religion that would not accept me as a convert” (TRF 114). Ironically, his genuine conversion happens when the Chilean publisher Juan-Bautista, meaning John the Baptist, “baptizes” him with a story about the janissaries, prompting his journey to a newfound religion: Pakistani nationalism. After being suspected of instigating riots against the US government, the evolving postcolonial subject draws on Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899) to express his complicated sentiment: “I have felt like a Kurtz waiting for his Marlow” (TRF 183). He cites Washington Irving’s gothic tale “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (1820) as unnerving his American guest into a rude awakening that the contemporary United States of America is as indifferent to the outside world as the village of Sleepy Hollow. Other textual influences are subtler, but the evidence of these influences can still be identified in Hamid’s essays and interviews. In “Get Fit with Haruki Murakami” (Discontent 98–101), Hamid acknowledges his longterm admiration for the Japanese writer. When Jai Arjun Singh points out in his conversation with Hamid the similar mental illness suffered by Erica and Naoko, the female protagonist of Murakami’s Norwegian Wood—a Bildungsroman also inspired by The Great Gatsby—Hamid agrees: “And what I did in my book was to embody that in an American woman” (see Singh). Accordingly, it is safe to say that Hamid’s portrayal of the ill-fated love triangle has its roots in the sexual-spiritual entanglement between Toru, Naoko, and Kizuki in Norwegian Wood. In a less straightforward fashion, Hamid revealed his reading of a Hindu sacred text while responding to an audience member’s question at a book festival (“Mohsin Hamid: How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia” 49:49). Arguably, the Hindu scripture Hamid did not name is the Bhagavad Gita (2nd century BCE), given the popularity of the story in the Indian subcontinent and the geographical proximity of Lahore, his and his protagonist’s hometown, to Kurukshetra, also known as the Land of Bhagavad Gita. Arjuna’s dialogue with his charioteer and spiritual guide, Krishna, is evoked in Changez’s conversations about the fundamental principles of Underwood Samson & Company (i.e., Uncle Sam) with his colleague, with his mentor, and even with his cab driver, whom he addresses as “a charioteer” (TRF 157). Gerard...

Is acupuncture effective for the treatment of hypertension in adult patients?

Northwell-Phelps Family Medicine Residency Program, Sleepy Hollow, NY The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

A simulation study of carbon storage with active reservoir management

AbstractAs part of the Integrated Midcontinent Stacked Carbon Storage Hub (IMSCS‐Hub) project led by Battelle Memorial Institute, a study was conducted to determine the feasibility of storing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the stacked saline rock formations of the Sleepy Hollow Field (SHF), located in Red Willow County, southern Nebraska.A series of CO2 injection simulation scenarios, with and without active reservoir management (ARM; brine extraction), were evaluated to investigate the feasibility of storing 50+ million tonnes (Mt) of CO2. The results indicated CO2 injection combined with ARM may enable permanent storage of 50+ Mt of CO2.The area of review (AOR), the area in which underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) might be endangered during CO2 injection, was assessed for the simulation scenarios. In comparison to a case without ARM, brine extraction resulted in a much smaller AOR, covering an area of 42 square miles (108.8 km2), roughly one‐fourth the size of an AOR resulting from CO2 injection without ARM.The findings presented in this paper indicate that CO2 injection with ARM can improve the CO2 storage capacity of a geologic storage complex up to 100% while also reduce the rate of pressure buildup in the subsurface, resulting in a 75% reduction in AOR. This may help in lowering carbon capture and storage project costs, risks, and effort needed to meet monitoring requirements for a storage project. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

«Зеленый человек»: трансформация образа в литературе англоязычных стран

The purpose of the study is to identify the paradigm of the Green Man’s transformed folklore images recorded in the texts belonging to the literature of the English-speaking countries. The article clarifies mythological and folklore prototypes of most representation variants of the Green Man’s image in the poem “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, W. Shakespeare’s comedy “The Merry Wives of Windsor”, W. H. Ainsworth’s novel “Windsor Castle” and W. Irving’s short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and also identifies models of their functioning in each text. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the issue of the Green Man’s (Cernunnos’s) image representation and transformation has remained on the margins of literary criticism. As a result, it is proved that the images found in the English-language literature, ranging from the Green Knight to the Headless Horseman, go back to traditional cyclical forms of god Lugh.

Narrative Functions in Burton’s Sleepy Hollow Movie

Narrative is the primary aspect of literary work. The quality of work is represented by narrative. In prose and drama, they both involve story and characters to present events in narrative. The writer chose to analyze narrative functions because the writer wanted to examine the validity of Propp’s theory which considers character’s action as fundamental element of narrative structure. In this research, the writer aimed to find out the narrative functions by analyzing character’s action and to know how the functions are depicted in the movie of Tim Burton’s Sleepy Hollow. The reason of this movie is analyzed since Sleepy Hollow movie had never been analyzed by other researchers. In analysis, the writer used Vladimir Propp’s model since it emphasizes character’s action as fundamental element of narrative structure. This research used formal method which excludes discussions concern with the creator as the main subject of research. the result showed that Sleepy Hollow movie is constructed by 25 functions such as interdiction, violation, reconnaissance, delivery, complicity, villainy, lack, mediation, beginning counteraction, departure, the first function of the donor, the hero’s reaction, provision or receipt of a magical agent, guidance, struggle, initial misfortune or lack is liquidated, return, pursuit, rescue, unrecognized arrival, difficult task, exposure, transfiguration, punishment, and wedding.

VAŞİNQTON İRVİNQİN “YUXULU DƏRƏ ƏFSANƏSİ” VƏ “RİP VAN VİNKL” ƏSƏRLƏRİNDƏ AMERİKA GERÇƏKLİYİ

This article analyzes Washington Irving's two most popular novels in American literature, "Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle." The main issue is the issue of identity in this period of history. The author of these short stories answers everyone who asks about the American people's quest for freedom and what it means to be an American. These novels are a source of inspiration for Americans to build their own culture. Key words: novella, Revolutionary war, colonialism, spirit, personality

Development of an Integrated Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Hub in the United States

The Integrated Midcontinent Stacked Carbon Storage Hub (IMSCS-HUB) is a first of a kind carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) project in the midwestern United States. The project is supported under the US Department of Energy’s Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) program. The IMSCS-HUB will collect 15 million metric tonnes (MT) per year or more in Iowa and Nebraska and transport it to saline and CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) storage sites in western Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Sources include multiple ethanol plants (approximately 1.8 MT/Year), coal fired electric plants (approximately 12.6 MT/Year), and natural gas fired electric plants (approximately 0.6 MT/Year). The passage of an updated tax credit for storage in February 2018 provides a strong economic driver for all of the sources in the hub to develop a hub project. The tax credit provides approximately $50/T for CO2 stored in saline storage units and $35/T for CO2 stored as part of CO2-EOR production. In addition, the inclusion of many bio-energy sources such as ethanol plants allows for early implementation of the project by taking advantage of inexpensive capture ($10/MT to $12/MT) and subsidies from California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard program. Capture cost estimates for the electric utilities is approximately $33/MT. Transport costs range from $0.6/MT to $5.40/MT. Storage costs range from $3/MT to $4/MT. The hub partners include Battelle, Advanced Resources International, Archer Daniels Midland, Nebraska Public Power District, and others. The region of the project stretching from eastern Iowa to southwestern Nebraska acts as a source corridor, where sources add CO2 to the transport network. The transportation network will consist of a common carrier trunk line designed to connect the largest sources. Smaller sources will be connected through spur lines. The final routing will be selected using the location of existing rights away and environmental factors such as resource locations the critical species habitats. SimCCS and other tools will be used to finalize the routes. The region of the project from southwestern Nebraska to southwest Kansas in a storage corridor where CO2 may be stored in either saline projects or CO2-EOR projects. South of Kansas the CO2 will be transported to Texas for utilization in CO2-EOR. Two saline storage sites and two EOR opportunities have been identified as anchor projects for the storage corridor. The anchor sites are at the northern and southern sides of the storage corridor and will act to validate the storage potential of the entire corridor. In Nebraska saline storage is being planned in Perkins county and CO2-EOR is being studied at Sleepy Hollow Field in Red Willow county. In Kansas, saline storage and CO2- EOR are being planned for Patterson-Heinitz-Hartland (Patterson) Field in Kearney County. Multiple storage formations occur vertically at each site allowing for stacked storage minimizing the surface footprint for monitoring and maximizes the use of storage resources at each site. Data from new tests wells or seismic surveys for each of the sites has been used to create detailed geologic and reservoir models. Modeling for each of the anchor saline sites indicates at least a 50 million tonne storage capacity. The CO2-EOR projects are expected to utilize 2.2 MT and 3.9 MT of CO2 and produce 4.3 and 9.8 million barrels of oil for Sleepy Hollow and Patterson Fields, respectively. The inclusion of CO2-EOR along with saline storage adds an additional economic driver for the project with an estimated revenue of $128/MT and $154/MT of CO2 utilized. The results of the first two phases of the project demonstrate the feasibility of the midcontinent hub concept that couples a diverse set of redundant sources to multiple saline and CO2-EOR projects. The results show that the economics and geology are favorable for early implementation of commercial scale CCUS. The existence of low carbon fuel standard subsidies, storage tax credits, and revenue from produced oil act as economic drivers to support the hub in addition to the climate benefit gained by storing CO2 the hub supports local agriculture and oil production helping to create public support. This presentation will discuss the project development and project economics and how they relate to both stacked saline storage and CO2-EOR in the development of a storage hub. The development of a hub project allows the transport of CO2 from areas such as Iowa that have poor storage potential to areas such as western Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas that have high storage potential. This is critical to the implementation of CCUS in the midcontinent US. The presentation will also discuss the advantage of including redundant sources and sinks to develop a CO2 market that can sustain itself as a commercial enterprise after government funding ends.

Subsurface Characterization for Secure CO2 Storage in the Pennsylvanian-permian Storage Complex in the Midcontinent Region, U.S.A.

Subsurface characterization of target injection and confining zones is essential for developing a safe and successful Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) project. The Integrated Midcontinent Stacked Carbon Storage Hub (IMSCS-HUB) Project is assessing the feasibility of commercial-scale CCUS implementation in the Midcontinent Region of the United States of America (USA) as part of the U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (DOE-NETL) Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) initiative. The IMSCS-HUB project area is comprised of a carbon dioxide (CO2) source corridor that runs from eastern Iowa to western Nebraska and a stacked CO2 storage corridor that spans across western Nebraska and Kansas, representing the first large-scale CCUS project for the Midcontinent Region. The deep saline reservoirs and caprocks of the IMSCS-HUB stacked storage corridor subsurface make up a Pennsylvanian-Permian Storage Complex which is characterized by thick stratigraphic successions of marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks, (i.e. cyclothems). These stratigraphic successions provide alternating sequences of deep saline formations, oil-bearing reservoirs, shale, and evaporite units that are conducive to vertically stacked CO2 injection for geologic storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Selected areas within the IMSCS-HUB storage corridor have been identified for detailed CO2 storage site characterization in southwest-central Nebraska (Sleepy Hollow Site), in western Nebraska (Madrid Site), and in western Kansas (Patterson Site). As part of the IMSCS-HUB project, characterization wells were drilled, whole and sidewall core were acquired, advanced geophysical well logs were collected, and well testing was conducted the knowledge gaps at the selected storage sites. Regional and site-specific subsurface analyses of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Storage Complex in the Midcontinent Region are conducted to validate caprock integrity through stacked-injection simulations, and to inform the post-injection monitoring plan. The lateral and vertical extents of the formations of interest are defined through well log analysis and geologic mapping. The stress regime is defined using image log data, mini-fracture tests, and drill stem tests. Petrophysical and geomechanical properties of reservoir and caprock intervals are determined through core laboratory testing, advanced well log analysis (sonic and image logs), and well testing (mini-fracture and drill stem tests). The well testing data is also used to determine the fracture pressure gradient/injection pressure constraints. The core laboratory testing includes routine core analysis (porosity, permeability, net confining stress, and grain density), mercury injection capillary pressure, effective permeability, threshold entry pressure, and triaxial compressive strength. The results of the subsurface characterization are used to construct and populate the static earth model and are key inputs for stacked-injection simulations. Three-dimensional simulations assess the baseline stresses in the subsurface and provide information on the fracture gradient to estimate the maximum permissible injection pressure, simulate the mechanical integrity of the caprocks, and evaluate the risk of induced seismic events using an injection scenario of 50 million metric tons, per the CarbonSAFE objective. The IMSCS-HUB project is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Technology Laboratory Agreement No. DE-FOA-0031623.

In Memoriam

In Memoriam Emma Lapsansky-Werner, J. William Frost, and Charles Cherry Memorial Minute for Hugh Stewart Barbour Emma Lapsansky-Werner Hugh Stewart Barbour of Sleepy Hollow, New York, departed this life on January 8, 2021, at the age of 99. Born in Beijing, China on August 7, 1921, Hugh was the son of George Brown Barbour, a geologist renowned for his study of Chinese stratigraphy, and his wife, Dorothy Dickinson Barbour–a religious-education teacher at Hartford Theological Seminary. Inspired by the lives of his parents—who, shortly after their marriage, were dispatched by the London Missionary Society to Peking, China where they worked with the Famine Relief Commission—Hugh Barbour pursued a long and prolific intellectual and religious career as Professor of Religion at Earlham College and Professor of Church History at Earlham School of Religion. Like his parents, Hugh was a "hands-on" intellectual, serving on the Friends Historical Association publications committee, and on the editorial board of Quaker History, as well as contributing articles and book reviews to Quaker History. Often collaborating with colleagues to synthesize his extensive knowledge into texts for undergraduate and popular audiences, Hugh also teamed up with archivists and librarians to democratize access to Quaker documents. Not one to hide in an academic ivory tower, Hugh has been described by one admirer as "concerned for the contemporary world of Friends, [devoting] vast chunks of time to Indiana Yearly Meeting, and to Ohio Valley Yearly Meeting, as well as to Friends United Meeting, Friends General Conference, and Friends World Committee for Consultation. He was convinced that Friends of all types could find common ground, which sometimes [End Page 138] led him to witness in unlikely places, like the Realignment Conference in Des Moines in the early 1990s." While Google Scholar documents more than 16,000 instances of Hugh's scholarly contributions to, and intersections with, a larger scholarly community—including several widely-cited articles in Quaker History—Hugh's friends, protégés, students, colleagues and admirers also remembered his "encyclopedic knowledge of an extraordinary range of topics," and his broad grasp of "the totality of Quaker history." Awarded his doctorate in 1952, from Yale University, for his dissertation on "The Early Quaker Outlook Upon 'the World' and Society, 1647–1662," the devoted-and-distinguishedscholar Hugh published continuously—independently and collaboratively—for the next six decades. But Hugh was not only a distinguished scholar. Those who knew him celebrated his teaching, his personal kindness, and his way of being "an extraordinarily generous person, always willing to share his time, books, and suggestions for research." Beloved by his students (who often were the children of his former students!), one observer noted: "and yes, [he was loved for] his endearing absent-mindedness." The community of scholars-of-religion was much enriched by Hugh Barbour's sojourn on this earth. Hugh is survived by Sirkka, his wife of more than 60 years; by his daughters Elisa, Celia and Maida; and by three grandchildren. [End Page 139] Memorial Minute for Kenneth Carroll J. William Frost Kenneth Lane Carroll (1924–2021) will be remembered as a scholar of the Bible, an historian of Quakers, and a longtime supporter of Friends Historical Association for which he served as board member, vice-president, and president from 1989 to 2012. He endowed the Carroll prize given every three years for the most significant article in Quaker History and in his will left collections of books and archives to the Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College and the Maryland Room of the Talbot County Free Library. His scholarship, expressed in books and dozens of articles, eschewed broad interpretations as he focused on important topics including the history of Friends on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, John Perrot, antislavery and early Irish Quakers. He also rescued individuals and topics from obscurity: Thomas Loe, Robert Southeby, the Nicolites, Elizabeth Hooten, Quakers in Venice. Born in Easton, Maryland, Carroll learned about the rough side of life early because his father became sheriff and the family lived in the same building as the jail. In his autobiography (2017), he tells of how his father saved a prisoner from a lynch mob. As a young man, he worked...

“By Supernatural Means”: Environment and Ambiguity in Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

“By Supernatural Means”: Environment and Ambiguity in Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” Benjamin Crawford Benjamin Crawford https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-4648 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, isaa119, https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isaa119 Published: 05 October 2020 Article history Received: 15 October 2018 Revision received: 18 March 2020 Editorial decision: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 15 July 2020 Published: 05 October 2020

The use of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in EFL Classrooms

Considering the value of literary texts as authentic language materials to provide real uses of lexical and syntactic items and interesting subjects for students to connect better with the language. In addition, taking in account the characteristic of light horror presented by Irving in the story proves adaptable for different levels and ages, we should use this factor to attract the student for the subjects of our planning. As the use of literature in language lessons stimulates mostly the use of three skills: reading, writing and speaking. This short article collects activities prepared to help EFL students to advance in these areas, and, by the addition of the video as a resource, which presents a context of leisure and entertainment, and could modify student’s posture and expectations in relation to its use (MORÁN, 1995).