Sleepy Hollow Research Articles

New York and New England: Irving's Criticism of American Society

A LTHOUGH WASHINGTON IRVING's best-known tales, Rip Van and Legend of Sleepy Hollow, have been interpreted from a number of points of view, critics have missed a significant dimension in the stories by failing to take into account a fundamental regional conflict-the mutual hostility between New York and New England-that appears not only in these two tales, but in other of works as well.' That the New York-New England conflict is basic to Legend of Sleepy Hollow is obvious enough: Ichabod Crane is clearly a Connecticut Yankee invading-and threatening-a New York Dutch society. Less easily recognized, however, is that the same invasion seems to have occurred by the end of Rip Van Winkle. The inn of Nicholas Vedder has been supplanted by the Union Hotel of one Jonathan Doolittle, a name identified elsewhere in works as that of a Yankee;2 Bunker's Hill is one of the rallying cries of the lean, bilious-looking fellow who harangues the crowd; and Dame Van Winkle has been defeated at last by the one type of person, presumably, that she cannot overcome, the Yankee peddler (XIX, 6667, 70) 1 Although Daniel G. Hoffman treats Ichabod Crane as a typical Yankee, he does not discuss the specific regional conflict. See Irving's Use of American Folklore in 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' PMLA, LXVIII, 425-435 (June, I953), reprinted with minor alterations in Form and Fable in American Fiction (New York, I96I), pp. 83-96. Sara Puryear Rodes, in Washington Use of Traditional Folklore, Newv York Folklore QuarterIYJ XIII, 3-15 (Spring, 1957), mentions the conflict in passing (p. 8). 2The name appears in a list of Yankees in the first three editions of Knickerbocker's History of New York (New York, I809), I, 220; (New York, I812), I, 227; (Philadelphia, I8I9), I, 253. It may conveniently be found in the modern reprint of the I809 edition edited by Stanley T. Williams and Tremaine McDowell (New York, 1927), P. i99; or in that of the I8I2 edition edited by Edwin T. Bowden (New York, I964), P. I8I. The name is omitted in the corresponding list of Yankees in the I848 revision as reprinted in the Hudson edition of Works (New York, 1902). See XI, 260. All subsequent citations of works are to volume and page numbers in the Hudson edition. (I am indebted to Mr. Lewis M. Stark, Rare Book Division, New York Public Library, for information concerning the third edition, and to Professor Bowden for information concerning his edition of the book.)

Developments in Eastern and Northwestern Colorado and Western Nebraska in 1966

The total drilling in eastern and northwestern Colorado and western Nebraska declined from 979 wells in 1965 to 779 wells in 1966. This decrease of 20.5% was caused by a sharp decline in exploratory and development drilling in central and western Nebraska, and indicates lack of success in extending production northward in the Nebraska panhandle and along the Cambridge arch. Exploratory drilling declined by 76 wells in Nebraska and by 52 wells in Colorado; development drilling increased by 32 wells in Colorado and decreased by 104 wells in Nebraska. Discoveries in northwestern Colorado from reservoirs of Cretaceous age and southeastern Colorado from reservoirs of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian ages should lead to increased exploratory work. The Denver basin activity shoul continue at about the same level, whereas central Nebraska drilling activity may increase with the discovery of oil in Reagan Sandstone northwest of Sleepy Hollow. Geophysical activity will probably increase in northwestern Colorado in search of structural trends in the Dakota and in southeastern Colorado in search of structural trends in the Mississippian.

Sleepy Hollow Field of Red Willow County, Nebraska: ABSTRACT

The Sleepy Hollow field, on the southwest flank of the Cambridge arch, is a recently discovered oil field of major importance which produces from multiple pay zones at a relatively shallow depth. The oil accumulation is partly controlled by a structural nose, trending south-southwest across the field. A large area of limited reversal may be mapped near the center of the field. Good porosities across the southern half of the field are responsible for production from the Lansing-Kansas City limestones. The principal producing limestone of this group is the C zone. The build-up of porosity in the C zone is a part of a porosity trend which can be traced for a considerable distance east and west of the field. Production from the basal sand is controlled by an oil-water contact on the flanks of the structure and by a pinch-out or truncation of the sand at the northeast end of the field. Cumulative production from the Sleepy Hollow field exceeds 10 million barrels. The Lansing-Kansas City has contributed approximately 3 million barrels and the basal sand has produced approximately 7 million barrels. The wells in the field average 3,500 feet in depth and can be completed for less than $40,000. End_of_Article - Last_Page 116------------

Dante's Provençal Gallery

IN chapter two of second book of his De Vulgari Eloquentia Dante defines capital matters that ought to be treated supremely by poets; they are three: safety, love, and virtue, which are spelled out in specific language as prowess in arms, fire of love, and direction of will. He adds that the illustrious writers have written poetry in tongue on these subjects exclusively, namely Bertran de Born on Arms, Arnaut Daniel on Love, Giraut de Borneil on Righteousness, Cino of Pistoja on Love, his friend on Righteousness ... I do not find however that any Italian has as yet written poetry on subject of arms.' The passage well exemplifies Dante's fondness for categories and where possible, symmetry: three subjects, three poets (at least when gallery is complete as Provengal is and Italian not yet). Knowing Dante's attachment to his authorities and his cult of three, one could almost predict that if he were to write great poem it would have three divisions and each would contain representative of vulgar tongue which had been such an inspiration to him and other writers in his own vernacular. And so, in fact, it comes out; of all Dante's triads Provengal poets are most obviously and architectonically disposed, one for each cantica, each one clearly identified and prominently placed, varying only, I would say, in their degree of integration with their milieu. But before venturing any further statement on group as whole, I would like to pass chosen troubadours in review. Bertran de Born's dramatic and macabre appearance in bolgia of sowers of discord (Inferno XXVIII, 112 ff.) will not easily be forgotten. He appears carrying his own severed head in his hand a guisa di lanterna. Approaching Dante, he raises his arm con tutta la testa, gesture of spaventosa naturalezza;2 movement of line, as Crescini remarks,3 underlines painful effort required. Frightful scene is, to be sure, although grotesque here all but verges on comic. Where Dante got notion of portable head scholars have been unable to find out with any certainty; roots are probably in folklore and myth and most American readers of my generation at least are prepared for weird spectacle by stratagem of Brom Van Brunt, in Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Washington Irving, as has been pointed out by various critics,4 owed much to German folklore; probably even before Orpheus' head rolled down Hebrus pathetically calling on Eurydice as memorialized in Georgics, sight that terrified Ichabod Crane was familiar to our fanciful ancestors. Joyce's Virag illustrates that image continues to have an appeal. Cases have been cited from old literatures, Indian,

Review of Exploration Activity, Eastern Colorado and Western Nebraska in 1963: ABSTRACT

During 1963, 426 wells were drilled in eastern Colorado versus 606 for 1962, registering a 30 per cent decline in drilling activity. The 234 exploratory wells resulted in 21 discoveries, yielding a success ratio of 9 per cent. Important developments in 1963 included continued exploration and development in Washington County, and a revitalized emphasis on Pennsylvanian production in southeastern Colorado. Oil production declined from 21,898,579 barrels in 1962 to 16,809,109 barrels in 1963, while gas production remained about constant--28,289 MMCF in 1962 and 29,020 MMCF in 1963. During 1963, 537 wells were drilled in western Nebraska versus 645 for 1962, representing a 16.7 per cent decrease in drilling activity. The 288 exploratory tests resulted in 24 discoveries, for a success ratio of 8.05 per cent. Important developments in 1963 included a northwestern extension of the Sleepy Hollow field in Red Willow County, establishment of northernmost production in the Nebraska portion of the Denver basin at Scottsbluff County, and Lansing-Kansas City discoveries in Red Willow County between Ackman and the Silver Creek fields. Oil and gas production declined from 30,703,000 barrels and 24,200 MMCF in 1962 to 26,912,000 barrels and 15,470 MMCF in 1963. There was a 27 per cent decrease in geophysical activity in eastern Colorado but the decline was stronger, 77 per cent in Nebraska. Early statistics listing the drilling activity for the first half of 1964 indicate a reversal of the 1962, 1963 trend. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1883------------

Explaining away Singular Non-existence Statements

Nowhere in philosophy is there a more persistent kind of nuisance statement than the singular negative existential. Examples of this sort of statement are the descriptional statement(1) The teacher at Sleepy Hollow doesn't exist,and the referential statement(2) Ichabod Crane doesn't exist.Statements denying existence to a specific object have bothered philosophers from Parmenides to Ryle and Quine. Their high nuisance value rests in a simple paradox they generate. The paradox may be phrased as follows.

Ackman Field and Environs, Southwestern Nebraska

Discovery of the Ackman field, Red Willow County, Nebraska, in late 1959 encouraged exploration in that area to the extent that numerous other fields were found. Most of the production from these fields is derived from the Lansing-Kansas City Group, but basal Pennsylvanian sands have also contributed important reserves, particularly in the Sleepy Hollow field approximately 4 miles northeast of Ackman. The Ackman field was discovered as a result of seismic and subsurface work. Structurally, the field is related to the Cambridge arch, the axis of which is about 10 miles northeast. The Cambridge arch has undergone several important periods of diastrophic movement during its geological history, the most significant of which occurred at the end of Mississippian time. Ackman field structure is low-relief with some evidence of basement adjustment on the east side. Sediments within the field area range from Tertiary to Pennsylvanian; Triassic rocks are absent either by truncation or non-deposition. Production at Ackman is confined to beds of Pennsylvanian age. Six limestone zones within the Lansing-Kansas City Group and one limestone zone in the Shawnee Group are productive. There is no basal Pennsylvanian sand developed at Ackman. The thinly interbedded limestones and shales of the Lansing-Kansas City Group in southwestern Nebraska were apparently laid down by rapidly fluctuating shallow seas. Organic micro-build-ups over localized micro-structural-topographic features along with post-depositional modifications have resulted in the formation of competent reservoirs. The age of the productive basal sand in the Sleepy Hollow field is controversia because of its stratigraphic position. Indirect evidence favors Pennsylvanian age. A bar-complex origin is indicated for the sand body. Cumulative production of the Ackman field on November 30, 1961, was 961,230 barrels of oil with a variable water-cut and a negligible gas content. The field apparently does not have a water drive. An area of 2,040 acres has been proved productive on a 40-acre spacing program. Fifty-two wells have been drilled in the field; fifty are currently producing.

Developments in Colorado and Western Nebraska in 1960

Total wells drilled (906) in Nebraska during 1960 represented a 5% decrease from 1959, although exploratory drilling increased 6.1%. Success ratio for wildcat wells was 10.4%. Most significant were 6 new fields discovered on the west flank of the Cambridge arch, where in addition to Lansing-Kansas City production, Reagan sand (Cambrian (?)) was found productive at Sleepy Hollow. Total production in western Nebraska for 1960 was 23,921,487 bbls., an increase of 5.9% over the 22,584,096 bbls. produced in 1959. The Denver basin production increase amounted to only 2.6%, whereas Cambridge arch production increased over 806%. Drilling in Colorado totaled 703 wells, a decline of 16.1% from 1959. Exploratory drilling in eastern Colorado decreased 76.7%, while wildcat wells in western Colorado increased 11.8% over 1959. Success ratios for the two areas were 11.9% and 16.7%, respectively. Foremost in importance was the discovery of gas and condensate from the Mississippian and Devonian rocks at Southeast Lisbon in the Colorado part of the Paradox basin. Six gas fields and two oil fields were found in northwest Colorado, including a significant Weber (Pennsylvanian) discovery on the Danforth Hills anticline and several Cretaceous Mancos-Mesaverde transition zone gas discoveries. Total production in Colorado for 1960 was 47,427,297 bbls., a 2.1% increase of 973,885 bbls. over the 46,453,412 bbls. produced in 195 . Geophysical activity increased sharply on the Cambridge arch, south-central Nebraska, and in the Paradox basin of southwest Colorado, the latter area accounting for 54% of total seismic work in Colorado and Nebraska. These same areas provided the most active regions, leasing and trading-wise. The decline in Denver basin Cretaceous exploration, which was sharply down in 1960, is expected to continue during 1961. However, this will undoubtedly be offset by continued increased activity in western Colorado and on the Cambridge arch of south-central Nebraska. Changes during 1960 in the Mineral Leasing Act involving increased annual rentals of Federal lands will probably cause a more rapid evaluation of such lands during 1961.

Irving's Use of American Folklore in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

In this essay I hope to restore to Washington Irving a small measure of his fame as the first significant author of American fiction. Irving has been acclaimed as our literary mediator with England, where he was the first American to win critical praise. He is valued, too, as a pioneer, introducing Continental romanticism and the Gothic mode into American writing. But I wish to praise him on other grounds: as the first important American author to put to literary use the comic mythology and popular traditions of American character which, by the early nineteenth century, bad proliferated widely in oral tradition. The case for Irving's achievement in this direction rests primarily upon the personalities of Ichabod Crane and Brom Bones in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” There he gave our literature its first important statement of the clash of regional characters—the Yankee vs. the backwoodsman— who had already emerged as the dominant types in our regional folk traditions. The conflict between them was soon to become a major theme in our literature, as well as a continuing motif in a century and a half of folktales, and in our national history.

SOME SURVEY ODDITIES FROM BRITISH NORTH BORNEO

AbstractAbstractA Survey gang recently built a hardwood beacon on Bukit Toodan, 1,600 feet, overlooking the sleepy hollow of Kota Belud, and an observer on returning to the station a week later found that one of the four legs of the beacon had been torn to shreds by lightning and hurled many feet away, while the concrete slab marking the exact point was discovered to have been shattered to fragments. A week or two later an observer reported the Pulau Gaya hardwood trig. beacon to be lying at an angle from the perpendicular, and on observation with a powerful telescope it was disclosed that the whole beacon was covered with flying foxes roosting upside down, whose talons had in the course of time severed one of the beacon legs–rather a shock to any ordinary observer. But that is the kind of thing that surveyors in the East have to contend with quite frequently.

Reliving "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

Reliving "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

A Bibliography of Gilbert White, the Natural Historian and Antiquarian of Selborne

THERE are many places in England prettier than the little Hampshire village of Selborne, but none of them are so full of interest to the outdoor naturalist as the home of Gilbert White. Though more than a century has passed away since the simple student of nature's ways in the sleepy hollow of Selborne first gave the world the benefit of his observations and impressions, the book in which these notes are published is as fresh now as ever it was. The reason for this is, it seems to the writer, that Gilbert White was usually content to record facts as he found them, and he did not regard nature from the point of view of a pre-conceived theory. Accurate observations of natural objects and phenomena live for ever, but the explanation of such facts must alter from time to time as wider knowledge of the laws of nature is obtained.

Sleepy Hollow

Journal Article Sleepy Hollow Get access A. Montgomery Handy A. Montgomery Handy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s8-V, Issue 119, 7 April 1894, Pages 273–274, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s8-V.119.273f Published: 07 April 1894