Sleep Talking Research Articles

How COVID-19 Affected Sleep Talking Episodes, Sleep and Dreams?

The COVID-19 pandemic increased symptoms of stress and anxiety and induced changes in sleep quality, dream activity, and parasomnia episodes. It has been shown that stressful factors and/or bad sleep habits can affect parasomnia behaviors. However, investigations on how COVID-19 has affected sleep, dreams, and episode frequency in parasomnias are rare. The current study focuses on the impact of the pandemic on a specific parasomnia characterized by speech production (sleep talking, ST). We selected 27 participants with frequent ST episodes (STs) during the pandemic and compared them with 27 participants with frequent STs from a previous study conducted during a pre-pandemic period. All participants performed home monitoring through sleep logs and recorded their nocturnal STs for one week. We observed a higher frequency of STs in the pandemic group. Moreover, STs were related to the emotional intensity of dreams, independent of the pandemic condition. The pandemic was associated with lower bizarreness of dreams in the pandemic group. There were no differences in sleep variables between the two groups. Overall, these results suggest a stressful effect of COVID-19 on the frequency of STs. Both the pandemic and the frequency of STs affect qualitative characteristics of dreams in this population.

Parasomnias manifest different phenotypes of sleep-related behaviors in age and sex groups. A YouTube-based video research highlighting the age slope of sleepwalking

Study objectiveFinding typical patterns - phenotypes - of sleep behaviors characterizing parasomnias in different age and sex groups. MethodsWe analyzed YouTube videos on sleep-related behaviors likely representing parasomnias. We applied the search terms “sleepwalking”, “somnambulism”, “sleep eating” “sleep sex”, “sleep talking” and “aggression in sleep” in six languages. We classified those persons shown on the videos into estimated biological sex and age (child, adult, elderly) groups. We scored the activity types by a self-made scale and applied binary logistic regression to analyze the association between sleep behaviors versus sex and age groups by the STATA package, providing a 95 % confidence interval and the probability of statistical significance. Results224 videos (102 women; 68 children, 116 adults, and 40 elderly people) were scored. Elderly people had significantly (P < 0.012) less odds of ambulation in sleep likely consistent with somnambulism compared to adults and children. Adult females performed complex manual activities during sleepwalking more often, than males (P < 0.012). Elderly males had 40-fold odds compared to adults and children, to perform aggressive movements and 70-fold odds of complex movements in bed, compared to adults. Elderly people presented emotional behaviors less frequently than adults (P < 0.004), and females showed them twice as often as males. Adults sleep-talked full sentences more often than children and elderly people (P < 0.001). ConclusionOur results support the existence of age- and sex-specific parasomnia phenotypes, denoting possible safety measures. The remarkably low odds of sleepwalking in the elderly highlight the possibility of different pathomechanisms in higher age groups compared to children.

Impact of REM Sleep Behavior and Sleep Talking on Mortality in Parkinson's Disease.

Background REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a prodromal marker for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other alpha-synucleinopathies. Sleep talking (ST) is an isolated symptom and is frequent in PD and RBD. Here, we investigate the associations of ST and RBD with the mortality of PD patients. Patients and methods A total of 1,500 PD patients were randomly selected from the registry of the Finnish Parkinson's Association. Of the 855 that participated at baseline, 645 gave permission for follow-up studies. We gathered a completely filled sleep questionnaire and mortality information from 384 subjects. The Nelson-Aalen test and Cox hazard ratios (HR) were used for mortality analyses. Results The mean follow-up time was 4.3 years (0.3-7.0). PD patients with RBD or frequent ST had more non-motor symptoms. Depression, hallucinations, constipation, and excessive daytime sleepiness were more prevalent among subjects with RBD. Subjects with RBD and frequent ST (talking in their sleep ≥ once per week) had increased mortality (HR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.18-3.06). RBD without frequent ST was not associated with mortality (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.4-1.5). Frequent ST was associated with increased mortality when adjusted for age, PD duration, depression, gender, RBD, BMI, and hallucinations (HR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.10-4.51). Additionally, age, duration of PD, arterial hypertension, and lower BMI were associated with increased mortality. Male gender, dopaminergic medication, depression, and hallucinations were not significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions RBD with frequent ST and ST alone appearto berisk factors for mortality in PD. Frequent ST may be a sign representing wider neurodegeneration. RBD subjects and frequent sleep talkers demonstrated more non-motor symptoms compared to PD without RBD or ST. Our findings have clinical implications. It remains to be seen iffrequent ST indicates a poorer prognosis. Prospective studies are needed to find whether frequent ST is also a risk factor for developing PD.

Risk of sleep problems in a clinical sample of children who stutter

PurposePrevious studies have shown increased prevalence of sleep problems among people who stutter. However, there is a lack of knowledge about what these sleep problems may specifically be. MethodFifty children who stutter (CWS) from 6;0 to 12;9 years of age and 50 age- and gender-matched controls participated in this study. Parents did not report coexisting conditions, excepting stuttering and/or sleep problems. Sleep problems were investigated using a standardized questionnaire answered by parents. The questionnaire shows cut-off scores to identify the risk of sleep problems as a whole and on each one of the six subscales (i.e., disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep; sleep breathing disorders; disorders of arousal; sleep-wake transition disorders; disorders of excessive somnolence; and sleep hyperhidrosis). Scores above the cut-off are suggestive of sleep problems. ResultsTwenty-one CWS scored higher than the cut-off on the sleep questionnaire compared to only two controls (p < 0.00001). Specifically, CWS scored higher than controls in disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-wake transition disorders (especially jerking, sleep talking, and bruxism), and disorders of excessive somnolence (p < 0.0083, corrected for multiple comparisons). DiscussionCompared to controls, CWS are at greater risk for sleep problems, which are not consequences of coexisting disorders. Present findings confirm and expand current knowledge about sleep problems in CWS. Directionality possibilities and clinical implications are discussed.

Parasomnias manifest different phenotypes of sleep-related behaviors in age and sex groups. A YouTube-based video research highlighting the age slope of sleepwalking

Study objectiveFinding typical patterns - phenotypes - of sleep behaviors characterizing parasomnias in different age and sex groups. MethodsWe analyzed YouTube videos on sleep-related behaviors likely representing parasomnias. We applied the search terms “sleepwalking”, “somnambulism”, “sleep eating”, “sleep sex”, “sleep talking”, and “aggression in sleep” in six languages. We classified those persons shown on the videos into estimated biological sex and age (child, adult, elderly) groups. We scored the activity types by a self-made scale and applied binary logistic regression to analyze the association between sleep behaviors versus sex and age groups by the STATA package, providing a 95% confidence interval and the probability of statistical significance. Results224 videos (102 women, 68 children, 16 adults, and 40 elderly people) were scored. Elderly people had significantly (P < 0.012) lower odds of sleepwalking compared to adults and children. Adult females performed complex manual activities during sleepwalking more often than males (P < 0.012). Elderly males had 40-fold odds compared to adults and children, to perform aggressive movements and 70-fold odds of complex movements in bed, compared to adults. Elderly people presented emotional behaviors less frequently than adults (P < 0.004), and females showed them twice as often as males. Adults sleep-talked full sentences more often than children and elderly people (P < 0.001). ConclusionOur results support the existence of age- and sex-specific parasomnia phenotypes, denoting possible safety measures. The remarkably low odds of sleepwalking in the elderly highlight the possibility of different pathomechanisms in higher age groups compared to children. Brief Summary and study impactParasomnias present highly variable clinical forms and often cause injuries. Identifying typical phenotypes may help risk management and imply theoretical conclusions. Our study supports the existence of age-specific parasomnia phenotypes. We found that adult women have a high risk of performing dangerous activities during sleep, and elderly males often move violently in bed, likely representing dream enactment behaviors. Elderly people of both sexes have low odds of sleep ambulation- likely representing somnambulism; compared to adults and children, constituting a descending “age slope” of somnambulism that might reflect different underlying pathomechanisms in children versus adults and the elderly.

Prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi city: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSleep disorders refer to physiological and psychological states that cause adverse consequences due to the inability to fall asleep or poor sleep quality. The prevalence of sleep disorders varies greatly in different countries and regions due to different causes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi city, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with stratified random cluster sampling. Children aged 3–6 years old in one kindergarten randomly selected from each of the 8 districts of Urumqi from March to July 2022, and their parents were surveyed with a sleep quality questionnaire.ResultsThe prevalence of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi was 14.29% (191/1336), and the prevalence of different symptoms was 42.81% for limb movements, 19.61% for snoring, 18.11% for bruxism, 16.39% for sleep talking, 12.57% for sweating, 11.60% for nocturnal awakening, 8.46% for nightmares, 6.89% for bed wetting, 3.74% for apnea, and 3.29% for sleepwalking. The prevalence of body movements, snoring, sweating, night-wake, nightmares, bed-wetting, apnea, and sleepwalking among different ethnicities were significantly different (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the major risk factors of sleep disorders were difficulty adapting to new environments, unwillingness to express emotions, inconsistent attitudes of the family toward children’s education, running before bedtime, strict family education methods, etc.ConclusionThe prevalence of sleep disorders in preschool children in Urumqi is lower than the average level reported in other studies. Many factors affect the prevalence of sleep disorders in preschool children, but it is necessary to focus on the ability to adapt to new environments, psychological problems, and the impact of family education on sleep disorders. Further studies on the prevention and treatment of sleep disorders are needed for different ethnicities.

Do Sleep Disorders Influence the Prognosis and the Response to the Therapy in Enuretic Children?

The current study describes the prevalence of sleep disorders in enuretic children, playing as influencing factors in the response to treatment and risk of relapse. Data were collected from September 2020 to February 2021 in 114 children aged between 5 and 14 years, with a diagnosis of nocturnal enuresis and concomitant sleep disorders, referred to the Pediatric Unit, Campus BioMedico University, Rome. Enuretic children were subjected to an anamnestic and clinical assessment. Sleep disorders investigated were sleep apnea, sleep talking, snoring, bruxism, restless sleep, and somnambulism. Each patient was subjected both to pharmacological and to non-pharmacological treatments and monitored for 3 months to identify the presence of relapse. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to therapy response, and statistical analysis was performed to evaluate possible variables involved in enuresis relapse. A high prevalence of sleep disorders was documented: 8/114 children (7%) had sleep apnea, 47/114 (41.2%) had bruxism, 66/114 (57.8%) had snoring, 54/114 (47.3%) had sleep talking, 18/114 (15.7%) had restless sleep. Forty-three of 114 children (37.7%) had relapses: 21/43 (49%) relapses occurred in children with only 1 sleep disorder, while 22/43 (51%) relapses occurred in children with 2 or more sleep disorders. Lower risk of relapses was reported in children subjected to dual therapy. Sleep disorders were widely associated with nocturnal enuresis, acting as comorbidities in the clinical course of nocturnal enuresis. Combined therapy seems to be associated with a lower rate of relapse of enuresis in a 3-month follow-up. A multidisciplinary approach is required to improve patients' management.

Smoking-Induced Disturbed Sleep. A Distinct Sleep-Related Disorder Pattern?

The relationship between smoking and sleep disorders has not been investigated sufficiently yet. Many aspects, especially regarding non-obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSA)-related disorders, are still to be addressed. All adult patients who visited a tertiary sleep clinic and provided information about their smoking history were included in this cross-sectional study. In total, 4347 patients were divided into current, former and never smokers, while current and former smokers were also grouped, forming a group of ever smokers. Sleep-related characteristics, derived from questionnaires and sleep studies, were compared between those groups. Ever smokers presented with significantly greater body mass index (BMI), neck and waist circumference and with increased frequency of metabolic and cardiovascular co-morbidities compared to never smokers. They also presented significantly higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) compared to never smokers (34.4 ± 24.6 events/h vs. 31.7 ± 23.6 events/h, p &lt; 0.001) and were diagnosed more frequently with severe and moderate OSA (50.3% vs. 46.9% and 26.2% vs. 24.8% respectively). Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) (p = 0.13) did not differ between groups. Ever smokers, compared to never smokers, presented more frequent episodes of sleep talking (30.8% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.004), abnormal movements (31.1% vs. 27.7%, p = 0.021), restless sleep (59.1% vs. 51.6%, p &lt; 0.001) and leg movements (p = 0.002) during sleep. Those were more evident in current smokers and correlated significantly with increasing AHI. These significant findings suggest the existence of a smoking-induced disturbed sleep pattern.

Prevalence of Sleep Problems among Children in Saudi Arabia

Background: Sleep is a vital aspect of a child\&amp;apos;s development, impacting physical health, emotional well-being, and academic performance. This study delves into the prevalence of sleep problems among children, their association with demographic factors and sleep-related habits, and the potential influence on academic performance. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 198 boys and girls between the ages of 2 and 16 was conducted in Riyadh, the Western and Eastern Provinces. An online questionnaire, divided into six parts focusing on personal data, the quality of sleep, the relationship between trouble sleeping or resisting normal sleeping and the regularity of sleeping, sleeping and resting hours during weekdays and weekends, and the educational level, was administered. The data were analyzed using SPSS, with statistical significance tests used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that bedtime resistance was the most prevalent sleep issue, affecting over half of the participants, followed by sleep-onset delay and bedtime fears. Notably, a significant percentage of children reported not getting enough sleep and experiencing daytime fatigue, indicating potential sleep-related challenges within the cohort. Factors such as interrupted sleep, sleep talking, and difficulty waking up on weekdays and weekends exhibited significant age-related differences. Co-sleeping with parents was most common among the youngest children.. The study found that children who reported sleeping a lot due to various sleep-related issues tended to have lower academic performance. Sleep duration on both weekdays and weekends also correlated with academic outcomes. Conclusion: The study highlights the prevalence of sleep problems among children and their potential consequences for academic performance. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing these sleep-related challenges to support better educational outcomes in this demographic.

The Influence of Sleep Talking on Nocturnal Sleep and Sleep-Dependent Cognitive Processes.

Sleep talking (ST) is characterized by the production of unaware verbal vocal activations (VBs) during sleep. ST seems potentially linked to linguistic and memory consolidation processes. However, sleep and dream characteristics and the relationship between verbal vocalizations (VBs) and cognitive functions are still unknown. Our study aimed to investigate qualitative sleep and dream features in sleep talkers (STs) compared to healthy subjects (CNTs) through retrospective and longitudinal measures and explore the relationship between ST and memory consolidation. We recruited N = 29 STs and N = 30 CNTs (age range of 18-35). Participants recorded their dreams and filled out sleep logs for seven consecutive days. Vocal activations of STs were audio-recorded. On the eighth day, we administered a word-pair task. We showed that STs had significantly worse self-reported sleep quality. VBs were positively correlated with sleep fragmentation and negatively associated with the oneiric emotional load. No difference between groups was found in the memory consolidation rate. Although ST is a benign phenomenon, we revealed that ST is associated with more sleep alterations and lower emotional intensity of dreams. In this vein, we support that ST depends on sleep fragmentation and could represent a potential window into sleep-dependent cognitive processes.

Testing Bidirectional, Longitudinal Associations Between Disturbed Sleep and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Using Cross-Lagged Models

Understanding the longitudinal, bidirectional associations between disturbed sleep and depression in childhood and adolescence is crucial for the development of prevention and intervention programs. To test for bidirectional associations and cascade processes between disturbed sleep and depressive symptoms covering both childhood and adolescence and to test for the moderating processes of sex and pubertal status in adolescence. A prospective cohort study using the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD; 1997-ongoing). QLSCD's objective is to identify early childhood factors associated with long-term psychosocial and academic adjustment. Data were collected across 8 waves between ages 5 years (2003) and 17 years (2015). Associations were tested through cross-lagged models in childhood (5, 7, and 8 years), and in adolescence (10, 12, 13, 15, and 17 years). Data were analyzed from February to October 2021. Primary outcomes were disturbed sleep and depressive symptoms. Disturbed sleep was parent-reported and included sleep duration, time awake in bed, daytime sleepiness, sleep talking, sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares. Depressive symptoms were parent-reported in childhood (Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Ontario Child Health Study Scales), and self-reported in adolescence (Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment for Adolescents). Data on 1689 children (852 female [50.4%]) and 1113 adolescents (595 female [53.5%]) were included in the analyses. In childhood, significant bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and disturbed sleep at all time points were found, indicating cascade processes (range β = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-012 to β = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.10-0.19). In adolescence, significant bidirectional associations from depressive symptoms to disturbed sleep (β = 0.09; 95% CI, 0.04-0.14) and vice versa (β = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.04-0.16) between 10 and 12 years were found. Between 12 and 13 years, depressive symptoms were modestly associated with disturbed sleep (β = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.001-0.10) but the reverse association was not significant. Cross-lagged estimates were nonsignificant after 13 years. The associations did not vary as a function of either sex or puberty-by-sex. These findings suggest that disturbed sleep is associated with the consolidation of depressive symptoms starting in childhood, which, in turn, is associated with ongoing sleep problems. It is possible that timely and appropriate interventions for incipient disturbed sleep and depression prevent spiraling effects on both domains.

Sleep Talking as Dream Enacting Behavior: a new perspective to study cognition during sleep

Sleep Talking as Dream Enacting Behavior: a new perspective to study cognition during sleep

Genetic Variant (rs2304672) in 5’ UTR region in PER2 gene and its association to Parasomnias and other sleep disorders in Puerto Rico

Sleeping is one of the main physiological processes of cellular and physiological restoration. Inadequate sleep patterns can impede adequate systemic restoration and can lead to the development of chronic health conditions. In 2014, both World Health Organization (WHO) and the Central Disease Control (CDC) in the United States categorized inadequate sleep patterns as a public health crisis. Both entities majorly agree that, approximately 40% of the general population suffers from sleep disorders, with 60% of these opt for medication to induce sleep. Researchers from Epidemiologist suggest that a series of external factors, have been theorized to contribute to lack in sleep quality. Including high levels of stress, sounds, and light quality. Alternatively, there has been a limitation regarding studying internal factors affecting sleep quality and sleep behavior. Parasomnia is an abnormal sleep behavior in any of the five sleep stages characterized by sleep walking, sleep talking, bedwetting, nightmare disorders, and sleep paralysis principally. To date, little is known about this sleep abnormality and its origins. In this study, we referenced data from the 1000 Genome Project to study the genetic variant (rs2304672) of the PER2 gene in Puerto Rico, whose general population houses the highest percentage of the variant in all the America’s. Provided data suggests that this genetic variant is linked to poor sleep quality and parasomnias. In Puerto Rico, modern demographics evidence that the population is comprised of three main ethnic groups. We theorize that a bottleneck effect is an influential factor in the distribution and prevalence of said genetic variant in the island. Our results found that the genetic variant is common in the southwestern and southeastern coastal regions of Puerto Rico. Additionally, we found that the genetic variant frequency in the entire island is of 3.83% in the general population of Puerto Rico.

Short report: Sleep talking and mental health in children with developmental problems and typically developing children

BackgroundSleep talking although often considered benign is associated with poor mental health. However, it remains to be tested whether this association may be better explained by the presence of co-morbid sleep problems and the presence in survey samples of children with development disorders who tend to report a higher frequency of both sleep problems and poor mental health. AimThe aim of the present study was to examine the association between sleep talking and mental health after controlling for comorbid sleep problems in typically developing children and children with developmental problems. MethodsParents of typically developing children (n = 1609) and children with either intellectual or developmental delay (n = 128) aged 5–10 years completed an omnibus survey which was administered through participating South Australian primary schools assessing mental health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and sleep problems (Paediatric Sleep Survey Instrument). ResultsAfter controlling for co-morbid sleep problems, regression analyses revealed that sleep talking in typically developing children was an independent but weak predictor of worse emotional symptoms, conduct problems and peer relationship problems. By contrast, only a single significant association was observed in children with developmental problems. Paradoxically, sleep talking was associated with better prosocial behaviour. ConclusionIt is suggested that in typically developing children with a history of sleep talking, mental health merits evaluation at clinical interview while in both typically developing children and children with developmental problems, co-morbid sleep problems merit evaluation.

The sleep problems diagnosed among children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD).

Objective: To find the sleep problems in children who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder between the age ranges from 3 to 12 years. Study Design: Cross-sectional Observational study. Setting: Department of the Developmental Pediatrics Children Hospital Lahore and Department of Occupational Therapy, Rising Sun, Lahore. Period: February 2017 to November 2017. Material &amp; Methods: This study included 300 children who were diagnosed with ASD having sleep problems between ages 3-12 years. All other children were excluded. Data was collected by using Albany sleep problem scale. The sample size was determined by utilizing WHO Software for test size assurance in wellbeing considers. Results: Results demonstrated that majority of the kids presented with different sleep disorders such as (83%) of the children took a lot of time to sleep. Moreover, (43.2%) of the children depicted continuous awakening during night time. (63.4%) of the kids faced Respiratory problems. (53%) children showed restlessness during sleep. Furthermore, (83.3%) of the children remained consciousness during sleep. Conclusion: Study concluded that most habitually sleep issues in ASD kids are nodding off, fretful rest, not falling stay in own bed, take an hour to sleep, kicking legs and successive enlightenments. Less commonly sleep problems were sleep strolling, sleep talking, and resistance to go in bed, excessive sleep-in day screams uproariously.

The Parasomnias and Sleep Related Movement Disorders—A Look Back at Six Decades of Scientific Studies

The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive personal survey of all the major parasomnias with coverage of their clinical presentation, investigation, physiopathogenesis and treatment. These include the four major members of the slow-wave sleep arousal parasomnias which are enuresis nocturna (bedwetting), somnambulism (sleepwalking), sleep terrors (pavor nocturnus in children, incubus attacks in adults) and confusional arousals (sleep drunkenness). Other parasomnias covered are sleep-related aggression, hypnagogic and hypnopompic terrifying hallucinations, REM sleep terrifying dreams, nocturnal anxiety attacks, sleep paralysis, sleep talking (somniloquy), sexsomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia, sleep starts (hypnic jerks), jactatio capitis nocturna (head and total body rocking), periodic limb movement disorder (PLMs), hypnagogic foot tremor, restless leg syndrome (Ekbom syndrome), exploding head syndrome, excessive fragmentary myoclonus, nocturnal cramps, and sleep-related epileptic seizures. There is interest in the possibility of relationships between sleep/wake states and creativity.

Effect of allergic rhinitis on sleep in children and the risk factors of an indoor environment.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an independent risk factor for sleep disorders in children, including abnormal sleep behaviors. We investigated the occurrence of abnormal sleep behaviors in children with AR to determine indoor environmental risk factors affecting sleep. This case-control study collected the sleep status and characteristics of the indoor environment of children aged 3-14 yearswith and without AR using a questionnaire. The differences between the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. The indoor environmental factors affecting sleep behavior were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Children with AR(n=427) had a higher probability of snoring (8.7 % vs. 2.9 %; P < 0.001), mouth breathing (14.1 % vs. 5.2 %; P < 0.001), restless sleep (6.6 % vs. 4.1 %; P = 0.047), sleep talking (3.3 % vs. 1.1 %; P = 0.003), and hyperhidrosis (16.4 % vs. 8.5 %; P < 0.001) than those without AR (n=1046). Emulsion wall paint (odds ratio (OR) = 2.779; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.332-5.796; P = 0.006) and tobacco exposure in early infancy (OR = 2.065; 95 % CI 1.079-3.950; P = 0.029) were associated with hyperhidrosis. Children with AR are more likely to have abnormal sleep behaviors than those without, including snoring, mouth breathing, restless sleep, sleep talking, and hyperhidrosis. Emulsion paint wall and tobacco smoke exposure in early infancy had a twofold higher risk of hyperhidrosis during sleep.

Cон как ресурс формирования здоровья школьника

Objective. To determine the spectrum and prevalence of sleep and sleep-related breathing disorders and the daytime/nighttime patterns associated with them in elementary school children. Patients and methods. A questionnaire was administered to parents of 262 schoolchildren aged between 7 and 10 years (142 boys and 120 girls). It comprised 76 questions on the features of nighttime sleep, factors influencing its disorders, as well as on complaints about various sleep and sleep-related breathing disorders. Signs of sleep disorders were assessed through verbal communication with children or were recorded by parents during their nighttime sleep. The questionnaire provided “yes”/”no”/”do not know” response options. Statistical analysis included the frequency analysis of sleep disorders and sleep complaints. The analysis was performed using Python software libraries: pandas 1.4.3, scipy.stats 1.8.1. Results. According to the results of the questionnaire, 46% of elementary school children had from 2 to 11 different complaints about sleep, and these were mainly 9-10-year-old children. The most frequent complaints were difficulty falling asleep (19%), sleep talking (18%), and nightmares (12%). Short sleep duration was noted in every fifth child due to late bedtime (р &lt; 0.001) and early awakening (р &lt; 0.001). It was significantly associated not only with fatigue, irritability, reduced cognitive performance, but also with indirect signs of sleep-disordered breathing: excessive morning thirst (р = 0.019) and morning dry mouth (р = 0.04). Complaints of nocturnal snoring (12% of children) and short sleep duration showed a strong correlation with frequent ARIs per year (р &lt; 0.001, р = 0.003, respectively). Daily screen time of more than four hours was registered in 13% of children, and 51% used electronic devices predominantly before bedtime. The following waking patterns were found to be the most significant for sleep disorders: late bedtime (р = 0.004), using gadgets at night (р = 0.028), and finishing using gadgets before bedtime (р &lt; 0.001). In addition, 31% of children took a meal before bedtime, which was significantly correlated with nightmares (р = 0.049) as one of the most frequent signs of sleep disturbance. Conclusion. Questioning elementary school children and their parents for early detection of signs of sleep disorders, prevention of ARIs, identification of children with sleep-disordered breathing and timely treatment of their causes, control over compliance with hygienic requirements for waking and sleeping regimes, especially with the recommended sleep duration, restriction of meals and using gadgets before going to bed are a set of measures for sleep normalization, promoting the development of a personalized approach to prevent a whole range of socially significant pathologies. Key words: sleep disorder, elementary school children, comorbidity, snoring, prevention

Sleep talking versus sleep moaning: electrophysiological patterns preceding linguistic vocalizations during sleep.

Sleep talking (ST) has been rarely studied as an isolated phenomenon. Late investigations over the psycholinguistic features of vocal production in ST pointed to coherence with wake language formal features. Therefore, we investigated the EEG correlates of Verbal ST as the overt manifestation of sleep-related language processing, with the hypothesis of shared electrophysiological correlates with wake language production. From a sample of 155 Highly frequent STs, we recorded 13 participants (age range 19-30 years, mean age 24.6 ± 3.3; 7F) via vPSG for at least two consecutive nights, and a total of 28 nights. We first investigated the sleep macrostructure of STs compared to 13 age and gender-matched subjects. We then compared the EEG signal before 21 Verbal STs versus 21 Nonverbal STs (moaning, laughing, crying, etc.) in six STs reporting both vocalization types in Stage 2 NREM sleep. The 2 × 2 mixed analysis of variance Group × Night interaction showed no statistically significant effect for macrostructural variables, but significant main effects for Group with lower REM (%), total sleep time, total bedtime, sleep efficiency index, and greater NREM (%) for STs compared to controls. EEG statistical comparisons (paired-samples Student's t-test) showed a decrement in power spectra for Verbal STs versus Nonverbal STs within the theta and alpha EEG bands, strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere and localized on centro-parietal-occipitals channels. A single left parietal channel (P7) held significance after Bonferroni correction. Our results suggest shared neural mechanisms between Verbal ST and language processing during wakefulness and a possible functional overlapping with linguistic planning in wakefulness.

Combination of Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea as a Non-Sleepy Phenotype of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): A Case Report and Literature Review

Background and Objective: Co-occurring central sleep apnea (CSA) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are a developing apprehension because many patients referred to sleep studies have co-morbidities such as cardiovascular and/or neurological disorders which increase the possibility of central and obstructive episodes. Here, we report a patient without excessive daytime sleepiness and a combination of CSA and OSA. Case Report: We present a 16-year-old boy with a history of snoring, poor quality of sleep, nightmare, sleep walking, and sleep talking since he was two-years old. His STOP-Bang score was 7. Standard attended polysomnography (PSG) with audio-video monitoring was performed. The PSG results contained Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI): 30.2 (number of OSAs was 50 and number of CSAs was 49 during sleep). Then, a titration study was performed and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) setting as low as eight cmH2O was effective in eliminating obstructive events, but there was emerging CSAs in favour of Treatment Emergent CSA (TCSA). Conclusion: This case represents a non-sleepy phenotype of OSA in combination with many CSAs in PSG. We suggest that further studies be performed on the association between the concomitant presence of CSA and OSA among nonsleepy patients with OSA.