Sleep Talking Research Articles

Relationship between snoring with sleep behavioral and movement disturbance (SBMD) in children 2–12 years of Qom city

Introduction Background: sleep disturbance is one of the most important subjects in pediatric medicine which it’s prevalent in society and have many important effects on child social function and quality of life. Sleep behavior and movement disturbance (SBMD) is seen in different kind of sign and symptom such as night terror, leg movement, walking and go to bed lately. Also Snoring is common in children. Approximately prevalence is 12% that is one of the important reasons of sleep disturbance. This study aim to assessment of relationship between snoring and SBMD in Qom city 2–12 years children. Materials and methods We have chosen 100 children with snoring as study group and 100 healthy children as control group during 3 months. Their parents fill two questionnaire of Berlin about snoring Childhood Sleep Questionnaire comprise of 22 item of SBMD like sleep walking, sleep talking, night terror. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of association between continuous variables. For analysis of qualitative parameters, we use from chi-square and if it was required, checked by fisher’s exact test. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 18 and P value below than 0.05 was significant. Results Result: The mean age of children was 6/8 years, mean height 116 cm, mean weight was 25.39 kg and 35% were male. There were significant correlation among SBMD in case and control (13.78 vs 11.45 item, p Conclusion This study has showed the importance of sleep medicine in children we can prevent children from many sleep disturbances with on time diagnosis of snoring. It is important that we educated sleep subject to parents for helping to achieve better sleep in children. Keywords: Snoring, sleep behavioral and movement disturbance, children. Acknowledgements Thanks from staff of Islamic Azad Uiversity of Qom.

Sleep patterns in a sample of patients with post-traumatic disorder

background : Although sleep disturbance is considered as a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), objective evidence for sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD has been equivocal. A growing body of evidence shows that disturbed sleep is more than a secondary symptom of PTSD; it seems to be a core feature. Objectives: This study was carried out to explore subjective and objective sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and the interrelationship between the severity of PTSD and sleep disturbances. The study was designed as a case-control cross-sectional study, in which 20 patients fulfilling the criteria of PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. were recruited from the outpatient psychiatric clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. Patients were selected irrespective of their sex, age between 18 and 45 years, and those who had not received any psychotropic medication 2 weeks before the study. Those with Axis-I comorbidity or any concurrent medical or neurological diseases were excluded. The patient group was compared with a control group which included 10 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and social standard selected from among employees of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. All patients were subjected to: (a) general medical and neurological examinations, (b) a Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. Axis-I (SCID-I), (c) A PTSD checklist, (d) a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and (d) polysomnography (PSG) overnight. The control group completed a General Health Questionnaire to exclude any psychiatric comorbidity and was subjected to a physical examination, SCID-I (nonpatient version), a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and polysomnography. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out. The case group was found to have initial insomnia and interrupted sleep; in addition, they experienced nightmares and sleep talking. Sleep latency, sleep efficiency and arousal index were markedly affected in the case group. The study showed that there was a significant increase in both stages I and II non-rapid eye movements sleep, whereas stages III and IV were significantly decreased in patients with PTSD compared to their healthy counterparts. When we compared the two groups with respect to rapid eye movements sleep parameters, respiratory variables of sleep including hypoapnea, respiratory disturbance index, and the desaturation index, we did not find any statistically significant differences. However, the apnea index and periodic leg movements were significantly higher in the PTSD group. Our study showed that patients with PTSD had a disturbed sleep profile characterized by changes affecting non-rapid eye movements sleep parameters, with no marked correlation to the severity of PTSD. Thus, sleep hygiene counseling should be included in all treatment programs for PTSD patients. Authors would like to thank all patients and volunteers who kindly accepted to participate in our work.

Factors associated with treatment responses in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder

Introduction We aimed to examine the changes in dream- and behavioral-related features of RBD after treatment and factors associated with treatment response in RBD patients. Materials and methods Consecutive patients with polysomnographic-confirmed RBD were recruited from a university hospital-based sleep assessment unit. All the patients underwent clinical examinations and completed a self- administered questionnaire (modified RBDQ-HK) before (baseline) and after (follow-up) pharmacological treatment. A comprehensive battery of tests was conducted at baseline in idiopathic RBD patients to examine neurocognitive performance, motor function, color vision and olfaction. Results Forty-eight RBD patients [Male: 75.0%, Age at diagnosis: 68.4 (7.8) years, idiopathic RBD: 87.5%] were recruited and reassessed with a follow-up duration of 27.8 (13.9) months. Clonazepam and melatonin were prescribed after baseline assessments in 95.8% and 4.2% of the overall study subjects, respectively. Treatment response as defined by either 50% or more reduction in baseline RBDQ total score or complete elimination of SRI in the past 3 months was found in 26.2% and 66.7% of the patients with idiopathic RBD, respectively. Treatment response was not associated with gender, age at diagnosis, presence of a diagnosed psychiatric disorder, PSG parameters and severity of clinical RBD symptoms at baseline. While frequent episodes of violent and distressing dreams as well as more vigorous motor or verbal activities were reduced after treatment, reports of frequent dreams and sleep talking were comparable. As compared to those with residual SRI, patients who no longer reported any SRI at follow-up had an older age onset of RBD [59.4 (6.8) vs. 65.2 (7.9) years, p Conclusion Although pharmacological treatment of RBD was found to reduce prominent RBD features, such as vigorous verbal or motor activities, residual symptoms were commonly reported in RBD patients. There is a need of searching more effective alternative treatment of RBD and further RCT study to evaluate the impact of additional behavioral strategies in clinical management of RBD (e.g. environmental manipulation). Neurocognitive factors associated with treatment response in RBD may warrant further investigation. Acknowledgements This study was part of the project funded by Health and Health Services Research Fund (HHSRF) Grant (reference number 07080011) from the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong SAR, China. All the authors report no conflicts of interest. The funding body has no role in the conception, design, conduction, interpretation and analysis of the study or in the approval of the publication.

Sleep–Wake Patterns Reported by Parents in Hyperactive Children Diagnosed According to ICD-10, as Compared to Paired Controls

This study aimed primarily to compare the parent-reported sleep of children with ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) versus community children. Thirty children aged 5-13 years (83.3% boys) diagnosed with HKD by their child and adolescent psychiatrists took part in this study, plus 30 community children, matched for sex, age, and school year. Compared to the controls, the HKD children showed significantly later bedtimes, stronger bedtime resistance, longer sleep latency, shorter sleep; more frequent behaviors and symptoms concerning falling asleep into parents bed, needing something special to initiate sleep, nightmares, sleep talking, sleep bruxism, fear from darkness, bedwetting, and, most notably, loud snoring (26.7%); they also tended to show higher daytime somnolence. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/HKD children may thus have more sleep-related problems than typically developing children. Alternatively, our results may reflect misdiagnoses; thus, special attention should be directed to comorbidity and differential diagnosis issues between sleep disturbances and ADHD/HKD.

Just a Scary Dream? A Brief Review of Sleep Terrors, Nightmares, and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

The clinical spectrum of sleep disorders in children is broad, ranging from primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome to complex sleep-related behaviors and movement disorders. Although snoring and OSA typically receive significant attention and discussion, other biologically based sleep disorders are as common, if not more common, in children. A general pediatrician is frequently presented with the complaint of sleep talking, sleep walking, or abnormal movements during sleep. Even more alarming is the presentation of the child suddenly and explosively screaming during sleep. Such complaints fall under the category of parasomnias. Exclusive to sleep and wake-to-sleep transitions, these parasomnias include arousals with abnormal motor, behavioral, autonomic, or sensory symptoms. Parasomnias can be noticeably dissimilar in clinical manifestations, but most share biologic characteristics. Three parasomnias associated with loud vocalizations associated with sleep that can present to general practitioners include sleep terrors, nightmares, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Although usually benign, these sleep disorders can be disruptive and even potentially dangerous to the patient and can often be threatening to quality of life. In this article, we describe the clinical features of some of these disorders and how to differentiate between their alarming presentations.

수면 시 동반되는 증상이 소아·청소년 성장에 미치는 영향

Objectives Sleep is closely related to children`s and adolescent`s growth. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the frequency of symptoms associated with sleep in childhood and adolescence and the impact in their growth. Methods This study had used questionnaire targeting 1001 children and adolescents. 532 of them were visited the Department of Pediatrics, the Oriental Medicine Hospital of University located in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, during the period between May and September in 2012. 469 of them were students in the lower grades at Elementary School located in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, during June, 2012. We used PASW Statistics 18.0 to analyze the relation between growth and symptoms associated with sleep by using Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results As the result of this research, snoring(54.9%), sleep bruxism(34.2%), sleep talking(31.5%), sleep terror(17.1%) were most frequently seen as symptoms associated with sleep. Group of habitual snoring($p

The usefulness of monitoring sleep talking for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. It is frequently difficult to differentiate DLB from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of dementia. This study examined the usefulness of monitoring sleep talking for the diagnosis of DLB. A total of 317 patients with dementia were selected from a consecutive series at the Dementia Clinic of Kumamoto University Hospital. Diagnostic categories consisted of probable DLB (n = 55), probable AD (n = 191), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) (n = 16), vascular dementia (VaD) (n = 18), and other/unspecified dementia (n = 37). We evaluated sleep talking in all dementia patients and normal elderly subjects (n = 32) using an originally designed sleep talking questionnaire. Sleep talking occurred most frequently in the DLB group (61.8%), followed by the VaD group (33.3%), other/unspecified dementia group (27.0%), AD group (18.8%), FTLD group (12.5%), and normal elderly subjects group (6.3%). The prevalence of sleep talking in the DLB group was significantly higher than in other groups, except in the VaD group. The sleep talking yielded high specificity (81.2%) and some sensitivity (61.8%) for the differential diagnosis of DLB from AD. Furthermore, loud sleep talking may improve the specificity (96.9%). For the differentiation of DLB from all other dementia types, the specificity of sleep talking and loud sleep talking was also high (79.4% and 95.8% respectively). Assessing sleep talking, especially the volume of sleep talking, may be useful in the clinical discrimination of DLB from not only AD but also from all other types of dementia.

Sleep assessment of children with cerebral palsy: Using validated sleep questionnaire

Background:On the basis of clinical experience, it seems that sleep disturbances are common in children with cerebral palsy (CP); however, there is a lack of research and objective data to support this observation.Aim of Work:Our aim was to assess sleep of children with cerebral palsy, using validated sleep questionnaire.Subjects and Methods:one hundred children with diagnosis of CP were investigated via sleep questionnaires, with their ages from 2-12 years. The 100 children with CP were divided into two groups, pre-school group (52 children had a mean age 2.35 ± 1.04 years) and school ages group (48 children had a mean age 10.21 ± 3.75 years).Results:We found high incidence of sleep problem in both pre-school and school age groups. We found that pre-school children have more prevalence of early insomnia (46.2%, P value 0.028) and sleep bruxism (50%, P value 0.000), while school group suffer more sleep disordered breathing (SDB) (50%, P value 0.001), more nightmares (50%, P value 0.001), more sleep talking (12.5% P value 0.049), and more excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (62.5%, P value 0.001).Conclusion:Results of our study indicate that CP children have high incidence of sleep problem in both pre-school and school age groups.

Understanding egorrhea from cultural-clinical psychology

Based on his observations in Japanese clinical settings, Fujinawa (1972) conceptualized egorrhea syndrome, which includes symptoms such as erythrophobia, fear of eye-to-eye confrontation, olfactory reference syndrome, delusions of soliloquy, delusions of sleep talking, and thought broadcasting. The key feature of this syndrome is self-leakage, a perceived sense that one's personal internal information, such as feelings and thoughts, are leaking out. To reach a more comprehensive understanding of egorrhea, this paper aims to present general overview and reconsider the phenomenon of self-leakage using cultural-clinical psychology as a framework. First, the symptoms of egorrhea are reviewed in relation to other related psychopathologies such as social anxiety disorder (SAD) and taijin kyofusho (TKS), as well as schizophrenia. Second, a series of empirical studies conducted using Japanese non-clinical samples are summarized. The results of these studies form the basis for subsequent discussions, which incorporates the cultural-clinical psychology perspective proposed by Ryder et al. (2011). This paper ends with a general discussion regarding implications for research and clinical practice.

The prevalence and associated risk factors of sleep disorder-related symptoms in pregnant women in China

The sleep disorder in pregnant women remains unfamiliar to perinatal care providers, resulting in lack of appropriate care. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of sleep disorder-related symptoms in pregnant women and to identify the associated risk factors. Married pregnant women were enrolled from their first trimester and followed up until delivery. Nonpregnant married healthy women were selected as controls. A survey questionnaire was administered to each of them. We successfully performed a survey to 1,993 pregnant women and 598 nonpregnant women. The overall prevalence of sleep disorder-related symptoms in pregnant women was significantly higher than the controls (56.1 vs. 29.9 %, P < 0.05). There was higher prevalence of snoring (30.2 %), observed sleep apnea (1.1 %), mouth breathing (23.7 %), nocturnal arousal (46.5 %), insomnia (35.1 %), and daytime sleepiness (52.6 %) in pregnant women. There were no significant differences of the prevalence of bruxism (7.0 vs. 6.7 %), sleep talking (8.1 vs. 7.2 %), and sleep walking (0.4 vs. 0.2 %) between the two groups (P > 0.05). Nocturnal sleep time (8.0 ± 1.3 h) was less in the third trimester compared with the nonpregnant women (8.2 ± 1.1 h) (P < 0.05). Smoking (OR = 3.39), drinking (OR = 2.40), allergic rhinitis/asthma (OR = 1.71), an obvious difference in neck circumference (OR = 1.11), and waistline (OR = 1.07) changes between the first and third trimesters were the risk factors for sleep disorder-related problems. There is a high prevalence of sleep disorder-related symptoms in pregnant women. Our data may provide a baseline for prevention and treatment of sleep disturbances in pregnant women.

Sleep Problems, Fatigue, and Cognitive Performance in Chinese Kindergarten Children

To examine sleep problems and fatigue and their associations with cognitive performance in Chinese kindergarten children. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from Jintan Child Cohort Study was conducted, which includes a cohort of 1656 kindergarten children in Jintan City, Jiangsu Province, China. The sample used in the current study consisted of 1385 children (44.8% girls, mean age 5.72 [SD = 0.42] years) for whom data on sleep problems or cognitive performance were available. Child Behavior Checklist was used to measure child sleep problems and fatigue, and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised was used to assess child IQ. Sleep problems were prevalent, ranging from 8.9% for difficulty maintaining sleep to 70.5% for unwilling to sleep alone. Other reported sleep problems were difficulty initiating sleep (39.4%), nightmares (31.6%), sleep talking (28%), sleeping less (24.7%), and sleep resistance (23.4%). Fatigue was also prevalent, with 29.6% of children reported to be overtired and 12.6% lack of energy. Children with difficulty maintaining sleep, sleep talking, sleep resistance, or nightmares scored 2-3 points lower in full IQ than children without sleep problems. Children reported to have fatigue scored 3-6 points lower in full IQ than those children without fatigue. Sleep problems and fatigue are prevalent in Chinese kindergarten children. Furthermore, sleep problems and fatigue are associated with poor cognitive performance.

Subjective sleep problems in young women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Subjective sleep problems in young women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Age is associated with self-reported sleep bruxism, independently of tooth loss

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the association between self-reported sleep bruxism (SB) and age is modified by the presence of tooth loss. A cross-sectional study was done involving 1,930 residents, ranging from 18 to 89years of age, who underwent health checkups at the rural health center in Japan. The data collection included oral examinations and self-administrated questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported SB was 8% (n = 152). It was higher in the groups ranging from 30 to 39 and 40 to 49years of age in comparison to the groups composed of individuals older than 60years of age. In the crude analyses, the prevalence of self-reported SB was associated with tooth loss, male, smoking, snoring, sleep talking and a history of childhood teeth grinding. A multiple logistic regression confirmed a significant relationship between self-reported SB and the groups of 30-39years of age (OR: 2.78, P = 0.003) and 40-49years of age (OR: 2.31, P = 0.005). Snoring (OR: 2.58, P = 0.001) and known (OR: 8.09, P < 0.001) or unknown (OR: 3.03 P < 0.001%) childhood teeth grinding also showed to be related to self-reported SB. The present study demonstrates that self-reported SB is associated with age, independently of tooth loss. The associations between SB and age will await further physiological investigations.

Are growing pains a parasomnia?

Background The so called growing pains (GP) are affecting 4-37% of all children with a peak incidence in the preschool ages. Although parasomnias (e.g.sleep terrors, sleep talking, sleep walking) share several features with GP such as the age at onset, the daytime of appearance, the self-limited course and the absence of symptoms on the following day, the 2 conditions have not been linked so far.

OP.03 Narcolepsy and parasomnias

Narcolepsy is a disorder of the relationship between sleep and wakefulness. This particularly affects REM sleep where features of REM sleep intrude into wakefulness and non-REM sleep. The cardinal symptoms...

A community study of sleep bruxism in Hong Kong children: Association with comorbid sleep disorders and neurobehavioral consequences

The prevalence of childhood sleep bruxism (SB) varied from 5% to 46% among various studies. In addition to local facial and dental adverse consequences, accumulating evidence suggests that childhood SB could be associated with comorbid sleep and systemic neurobehavioral disturbances. This study attempted to investigate the prevalence and clinical correlates of SB in a large community sample. This study was part of an ongoing epidemiologic study about sleep problems among Hong Kong Chinese children. A total of 9172 questionnaires were distributed to children of grades 1-6 from 13 randomly selected primary schools. Parents of the children were asked to complete and return the Hong Kong children sleep questionnaire, which aimed to explore the sleep problems and patterns of their children. Six thousand three hundred and eighty-nine questionnaires with valid answers to SB were received and the response rate was 69.7%. The mean age of the recruited children was 9.2±1.8years (50.6%, boys). The prevalence of SB with teeth grinding frequency more than thrice weekly over the past year was 5.9%. SB was more prevalent among boys with decreasing prevalence across age. SB was associated with chronic medical diseases, sleep-related breathing problem, upper respiratory infection, and other parasomnia features, especially sleep talking (OR (95%CI)=4.07 (2.33-7.11)). Children with SB were more likely noticed by their parents to be hyperactive (OR (95%CI)=1.61 (1.25-2.07)) and bad-tempered (OR (95%CI)=1.69 (1.35-2.12)) and had deterioration in their academic performance (OR (95%CI)=1.22(1.03-1.43)). Almost 6% of Hong Kong primary schoolchildren suffered from frequent SB. The condition was most prevalent among young boys. SB was found to be associated with a variety of medical conditions, neuropsychiatric sequelae, and comorbid sleep conditions, especially sleep talking and sleep related breathing problems. Further prospective studies will need to clarify the longitudinal course of childhood SB and its response to treatment.

Bed Crumbs and Sleepiness

An 11-year-old male with history of well-controlled asthma and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was referred for evaluation of insomnia. Bedtime is at 9 pm with sleep onset latency of about 30 minutes. He wakes up at 8 am on his own in a good mood. His routine leading to bedtime has been stable for many years, and his mother does not report any bedtime resistance. She reports having found him in the kitchen looking for food during hours of sleep. He appears disoriented during these times and has minimal recollection of the events. He has also been found with food crumbs in his bed in the morning. He has had behavioral issues at school with poor performance. Daytime somnolence has also been reported with an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 13. No snoring or pauses in respiration while asleep have been noted. There is no caffeine intake. He takes 30 milligrams of lisdexamfetamine at 9 am and 12 noon. Physical examination reveals a child who is developmentally normal for his age with no tonsillar hypertrophy. The only notable finding was a body mass index in the 85th percentile for his age. He underwent an overnight polysomnography which demonstrated no sleep related breathing events. An arousal was noted to occur from stage N2 sleep (Figure 1) when he began eating food placed at his bedside and then returned to stage N1 sleep. Figure 1 QUESTION 1: Which of the following is not part of the diagnostic criteria for this disorder? Recurrent episodes of eating and drinking occurring during the main sleep period Adverse health consequences from recurrent binge eating of high caloric food Lack of anorexia during the daytime Consumption of peculiar forms or combinations of food or inedible or toxic substances Insomnia related to sleep disruption from repeated episodes of eating, with a complaint of non-restorative sleep, daytime fatigue, or somnolence QUESTION 2: Which of the following pharmacologic agents is least likely to be beneficial in the treatment of this disorder? Fluoxetine Topiramate Pramipexole Zolpidem Clonazepam QUESTION 1 ANSWER: c. Lack of anorexia during the daytime QUESTION 2 ANSWER: d. Zolpidem This patient has sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, the diagnostic criteria must include recurrent episodes of eating and drinking occurring during the main sleep period. In addition to this, one of the following must also be present: consumption of peculiar forms or combinations of food or inedible or toxic substances, insomnia related to sleep disruption from repeated episodes of eating with a complaint of non-restorative sleep or daytime fatigue or somnolence, sleep-related injury, dangerous behaviors performed while in pursuit of food or while cooking food, morning anorexia, or adverse health consequences from recurrent binge eating of high caloric food. Lack of anorexia during the daytime is not a criterion. Finally, the sleep disturbance cannot be better explained by any other sleep disorder, medical or neurologic disorder, mental disorder, and medication use or substance use disorder.1 SRED may be accompanied by either clear or clouded consciousness. Patients often report an inner compulsive desire to eat but deny feeling hunger. Events can occur from any stage of sleep but appear more commonly from stage N1 and N2 sleep. Recurrent electromyelogram (EMG) activity of the masseter and orbicularis oris muscle representing repetitive masticatory and swallowing behavior may be seen.2 There is an association with periodic limb movement disorder, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and sleep talking, as well as depression. The association with these conditions suggests a common pathway in the dopaminergic system, which plays roles in both reward mechanisms and compulsive behaviors. This may explain the potential therapeutic role of pramipexole and other dopaminergic medications in SRED. Medications like fluoxetine, which modify serotonin activity, and antiepileptics like topiramate may also be effective in treating SRED. Clonazepam or other benzodiazepines is most effective in SRED associated with sleepwalking. Zolpidem, on the other hand, is the agent most commonly associated with SRED and is therefore least likely to be beneficial for this patient.3

Psychopathology of school going children in the age group of 10-15 years

Background:Psychiatric problems in children are rising and reported cases represent only the tip of the iceberg; large number remains unreported in India. There is limited data on childhood mental disorders and mental health needs in Northern-India.Aims and Objective:The main objective of this research was to study the extent and nature of psychiatric disorders in school children in a defined geographical area and to study their psychosocial correlates.Materials and Methods:In this cross sectional study, Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule (CPMS) was used to measure the magnitude of 982 students in the age group of 10-15 years from four randomly selected schools in a city of North India. Screening stage was followed by detailed evaluation stage in which children were diagnosed by ICD-10 criteria. Statistical analysis was done by percentage and Chi-square test.Results:The results showed that among 982 students, 199 (20.2%) had psychiatric morbidity. Most of them were in the age group of 13-14 yrs, from middle income group and were second in birth order. No significant sexual preference was found regarding distribution of the disorders. Specific phobia; other non organic sleep disorders like sleep talking, bruxism; tension headache found to be the most prevalent disorders followed by sleep terror, hyperkinetic disorder, pica, enuresis.Conclusion:Epidemiological studies should be started early in childhood and carried longitudinally for development of preventive, promotional and curative programme in the community.

Childhood Periodic Syndromes: A Population-Based Study

The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and relative risk of symptoms suggestive of childhood periodic syndrome in migraine, migraine subtypes, and tension-type headache, relative to control subjects. The target population was all children (age 5-12 years) enrolled in public elementary schools in one Brazilian city (n = 2173). Consent was obtained for 1994 children; analyzable data were available for 1906 children, for a final sample of 1113 children with migraine, tension-type headache, or no headache. Parents were interviewed using validated questionnaires. Headache diagnosis was assigned according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. Relative risk of symptoms was drawn by headache categories relative to controls. For episodic migraine, the relative risk of all symptoms except nocturnal enuresis was significantly increased: motion sickness, recurrent limb pain, recurrent abdominal pain, and parasomnias, such as sleep talking, somnambulism, and bruxism. For tension-type headache, only nocturnal enuresis and motion sickness were not more common than in controls. In multivariate analyses, any interictal symptom was independently associated with any headache (P < 0.001), migraine headaches (P < 0.001), and tension-type headaches (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that interictal symptoms suggestive of childhood periodic syndromes are common in the population, and are associated with migraine and specific migraine subtypes, but also with tension-type headache.

Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population

Objective To estimate lifetime and current prevalence (defined as having experienced the specific parasomnia at least once during the last 3 months) of different parasomnias in the general population. In addition, to study the relationship between the different parasomnias and gender, depressive mood, and symptoms of sleep apnea, insomnia and restless legs, as well as estimating the prevalence of having multiple parasomnias. Methods Population based cross-sectional study. One thousand randomly selected adults (51% female), 18 years and above, participated in a telephone interview in Norway. Results Lifetime prevalence of the different parasomnias varied from about 4% to 67%. For sleep walking lifetime prevalence was 22.4% and current prevalence 1.7%. For the other parasomnias, lifetime and current prevalence were as follows: sleep talking 66.8% and 17.7%, confusional arousal 18.5% and 6.9%, sleep terror 10.4% and 2.7%, injured yourself during sleep 4.3% and 0.9%, injured somebody else during sleep 3.8% and 0.4%, sexual acts during sleep 7.1% and 2.7%, nightmare 66.2% and 19.4%, dream enactment 15.0% and 5.0%, sleep related groaning 31.3% and 13.5%, and sleep-related eating 4.5% and 2.2%. Depressive mood was associated with confusional arousal, sleep terror, sleep-related injury, and nightmare. There were few associations between the parasomnias and gender and symptoms of sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless legs, respectively. About 12% reported having five or more parasomnias. Conclusions This is one of few population based studies investigating the prevalence of parasomnias. Several parasomnias were highly prevalent in the general population. The data need to be interpreted with caution due to methodological issues, i.e., low response rate and single questions.