Abstract
The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive personal survey of all the major parasomnias with coverage of their clinical presentation, investigation, physiopathogenesis and treatment. These include the four major members of the slow-wave sleep arousal parasomnias which are enuresis nocturna (bedwetting), somnambulism (sleepwalking), sleep terrors (pavor nocturnus in children, incubus attacks in adults) and confusional arousals (sleep drunkenness). Other parasomnias covered are sleep-related aggression, hypnagogic and hypnopompic terrifying hallucinations, REM sleep terrifying dreams, nocturnal anxiety attacks, sleep paralysis, sleep talking (somniloquy), sexsomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia, sleep starts (hypnic jerks), jactatio capitis nocturna (head and total body rocking), periodic limb movement disorder (PLMs), hypnagogic foot tremor, restless leg syndrome (Ekbom syndrome), exploding head syndrome, excessive fragmentary myoclonus, nocturnal cramps, and sleep-related epileptic seizures. There is interest in the possibility of relationships between sleep/wake states and creativity.
Highlights
Professor Emeritus of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Abstract: The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive personal survey of all the major parasomnias with coverage of their clinical presentation, investigation, physiopathogenesis and treatment
We found that enuresis regularly occurred in slow-wave sleep (SWS), most frequently at the end of the first or second NREM/REM sleep cycle in the first third of the night [7]
After leaving Marseille and moving to the Montreal Neurological Institute in the fall of 1964, and reflecting upon our results on the NREM parasomnias of bedwetting, sleep walking, sleep terrors and confusional arousals, I realized that the common pathophysiological aspects were their occurrence in very deep slow wave sleep, the genetic tendency for the attack types, the memory deficits and, above, all the fact that all could be triggered by forced arousal in slow wave sleep
Summary
In late 1960 or early 1961, Cesira Batini arrived in Marseille from Pisa where she had worked with Giuseppi Moruzzi. When I arrived at the end of June in 1962, Jack Rhodes from New Mexico, USA, was helping Batini in her research and several articles on normal sleep had already been published in English or French journals. These were the first published sleep studies by the Marseille group and were authored by Batini, Fressy and Gastaut [1,2].
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