Sleep Duration Time Research Articles

0352 Compliance to Sleep Recommendations: A Big Data Analysis In Users of a Consumer Sleep Technology

Abstract Introduction The National Sleep Foundation has published sleep time duration (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015) and sleep quality (Ohayon et al., 2017) recommendations across the lifespan based on expert panel input. These recommendations offer sleep guidance to millions of individuals. Many individuals are using commercially available sleep tracking devices to measure their sleep. We analyzed the data of two non-contact radiofrequency sleep measurement devices (SleepScore Max (SleepScore Labs) and S+ (ResMed), both validated against PSG) to determine how well the users of these devices are sleeping. Methods Total Sleep Time (TST), sleep latency (SL) and sleep efficiency (SE) data of 40,892 users between 15 and 98 years old were used in this analysis, covering 5,513,369 nights of data, and averages per user were calculated. In alignment with the aforementioned papers, the data were split in 3 age groups; Young Adults (18-25), Adults (26-64) and Older Adults (>=65), and the criteria as listed were used, classifying the sleep indicators in 3 bins; Appropriate/Recommended, Uncertain/ May be Recommended, and Inappropriate/Not Recommended. Proportion of users meeting the Appropriate/Recommended, Uncertain/May be Appropriate and Inappropriate/Unlikely were calculated for each age group. Results In the Young Adults group most users had an Appropriate SL (SL<= 30 min; 79.7 %), an Appropriate SE (SE>=85%; 53.6 %), but only 30.0% had a Recommended TST (7 to 9 h.). In the Adult group, larger proportions of users met on average the Appropriate measures for SL (SL<= 30 min; 84.8%), SE (SE>= 85%; 58.4%), but only 27.3% slept on average the Recommended hours (TST 7 to 9 h). In the Older Adults group, the average SL and SE was considered Appropriate for most elderly users (SL<30min; 84.3: SE>=85%; 59.6%), but only 28.2% slept the Recommended amount (TST 7 to 8 h). Conclusion 30% or less users slept on average the recommended amount, whereas slightly over half of the users showed the recommended sleep efficiency, and at least 79.7% fell on average asleep within 30 minutes. These results show that sleep improvement campaigns need to focus on extending the sleep duration and sleep hygiene to improve SE. Support (If Any)

Six Types of Tea Reduce Acute Alcoholism in Mice by Enhancing Ethanol Metabolism, Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Acute alcoholic intoxication (AAI) is a pathological process of multiple system damage caused by a large amount of alcohol, especially in the liver. Although tea extracts alleviate AAI and alcohol-induced liver damage, the mechanisms underlying the protective actions of different types of Chinese tea are unclear. In this study, the AAI mice model was used to explore the functions and mechanisms of six types of tea extract (WEATs) in alleviating AAI. The losing righting reflexes of mice were evaluated to assess the effects of the WEATs on AAI. The levels of the ethanol metabolism enzymes (ADH, ALDH2, CYP2E1), the oxidative stress-related indicators (NRF-2, HO-1, SOD, GSH, CAT, and TG) and the inflammatory factors (TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-10) were determined. Black tea and dark tea significantly shortened the sleep time (duration of the loss of righting reflex) and had a good sobering effect. Green tea and oolong tea had the dual effect of prolonging tolerance time (time of losing righting reflex) and shortening sleep time. While white tea had the most significant effect on prolonging tolerance time but with no obvious sobering effect. Black tea, dark tea, and oolong tea significantly up-regulated ADH and ALDH2, and down-regulated CYP2E1. Green tea and white tea significantly increased the levels of Nrf2, GSH, and CAT. Black tea, dark tea and oolong tea markedly increased the levels of HO-1, IL-10, and inhibited TG. Therefore, it is possible that black tea, dark tea and oolong tea reduced AAI by increasing ethanol metabolism, suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. While green tea was mainly by regulating oxidative stress. White tea may prolong the tolerance time by increasing ethanol metabolism and reducing oxidative stress. Different types of tea have specific chemical compositions and can alleviate AAI. In conclusion, despite variations in the composition and mechanism of action, tea is a potent natural product to alleviate a hangover and protect the liver.

COVID-19 survivors are physically inactive with high levels of sedentary time, regardless of patient characteristics, disease severity or cardiac dysfunction

Funding AcknowledgementsType of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart FoundationBackgroundMore than 250 million cases of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection were confirmed across the globe since 2020, leading to a substantial number of COVID-19 related hospital admissions. Many COVID-19 survivors experience long-term health consequences, but data on physical activity patterns and the impact on recovery post-infection are scarce.PurposeThis study aimed to objectively assess physical (in)activity patterns among COVID-19 survivors and to explore the association with patient characteristics, disease severity and cardiac dysfunction. We hypothesized that COVID-19 survivors will demonstrate low volumes of physical activity and a high sedentary time, especially those with a more severe disease course (e.g. longer hospital duration; admission to intensive care), cardiac dysfunction, and persistent symptoms at 3-6 months post-discharge.MethodsIn this cross-sectional cohort study, we objectively assessed physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep duration for 24 hrs/day during 8 subsequent days in COVID-19 survivors at 3-6 months post-hospitalisation. Activity patterns were compared across pre-defined subgroups based on patient- and disease characteristics, cardiac biomarker release during hospitalisation, abnormal transthoracic echocardiogram regarding left- and right ventricular function and volumes at 3-6 months of follow-up, and persistence of symptoms post-discharge.ResultsPhysical activity patterns were assessed in 37 patients (60±10 years old; 78% male) at 125 [116; 132] days after discharge. Patients spent 4.2 [3.2; 5.3] hrs/day in light-intensity physical activity and 1.0 [0.8; 1.4] hrs/day in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. Median sleep duration was 8.6 [8.2; 9.1] hrs/day. Time spent sitting was 9.8 [8.7; 11.2] hrs/day, which was accumulated in 6.0 [4.7; 6.9] prolonged sitting bouts (≥30 min) and 41.4 [31.5; 48.1] short sitting bouts (<30 min, Central Figure). No differences in activity patterns were found across subgroups, but sleep duration was slightly higher in women versus men (9.2 vs 8.5 hrs/day, p=0.03) and patients with versus without persistent symptoms (9.1 vs 8.3 hrs/day, p=0.02).ConclusionsCOVID-19 survivors are physically inactive for most of their time at 3-6 months post-hospitalisation. Physical (in)activity patterns are not impacted by patient- nor disease characteristics, underlining the need for a uniform approach for re-activation of COVID-19 survivors.Central Figure.A: objectively measured light-intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), sleep duration and sedentary time in COVID-19 patients at 3-6 months post-hospitalisation (median and interquartile range).B: sitting bout frequency (mean + standard deviation).Central Figure

A preliminary study on the effect of mobile device backlight spectrum variation on the quality of sleep among undergraduate students

A majority of the college population uses mobile devices on a daily basis. Furthermore, sleep quality in undergraduate students tends to be overlooked, yet it is an essential aspect of college academic life. All mobile phones have a default backlight when in use. The light itself resides in the blue-light wavelengths. We aim to identify particular aspects of sleep quality and the association with smart-phone use, as influenced by red-light filters on the screen (opposite side of the blue-light spectrum). Apple iPhones have a feature called “Night Shift Mode”, which changes the lighting on the screen, shifting to a softer red color from the default blue color backlight, at appropriate and respective times of the day. Previous literature has analyzed the relationship between alertness and blue light on screens, but there is limited research addressing red light usage as an aid to sleep quality. We predicted that the switch between blue light to red light will increase the quality of sleep, by eliminating the increase in alertness associated with blue light. We followed “wake peaks” (number of disturbances during sleep recorded) and the number of hours of sleep as our dependent variables and controlling variable, respectively. Results suggest that there is no significant positive correlation between the implementation of red-light spectrum colors as the backlighting and the increase in the quality of sleep. Additionally, there was no significant change in the duration of sleep time with the implementation of red-light spectrum colors as the backlighting. This suggests that there may be other variables accounting for variations in sleep/wake cycles and sleep quality in addition to the retinal stimulation and increased alertness associated with blue light.

COVID-19 Lockdown in Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: We aimed to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on medication adherence, physician access, lifestyle behaviours, and mental health in patients with chronic conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional phone survey was conducted in 1274 housebound adults recruited from 8 regional chronic disease cohorts (CLEO CD study: NCT04390126). Results: Medication adherence was 97%; 305 (41%) patients declared that at least one scheduled visit with a physician was missed during the first lockdown. The main changes in lifestyle behaviours were deterioration in sleep time (duration and/or quality; 71%), increase in screen time (46%), and decrease in physical activity (46%). Nineteen percent experienced psychological distress (Kessler-6 score ≥ 5). An urban living place (OR, 1.76 vs. rural; 95% CI, 1.32–2.33; p = 10−4), worse self-reported mental health (OR, 1.62 vs. about the same or better; 95% CI, 1.17–2.25; p = 0.003), and a K6 score ≥ 5 (OR, 1.52 vs. <5; 95% CI, 1.05–2.21; p = 0.03) were independent factors associated with at least one unhealthy behaviour. Conclusions: Encouraging results were observed in terms of medication adherence. Caution is needed in chronic disease patients living in urban places as well as those presenting psychological distress and worse self-reported mental health to reduce unhealthy behaviours.

Sleep Patterns and Myopia Among School-Aged Children in Singapore.

PurposeTo evaluate the associations of sleep factors with myopia, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) in elementary school-aged children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included multi-ethnic children who participated in the GUSTO prospective birth cohort and were delivered in two major tertiary hospitals in Singapore (2009–2010). Sleep factors and myopia outcomes were assessed at the 8- and 9-year study visits, respectively. Parent-reported sleep quality was assessed with the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) total scores. Additionally, each child's sleep duration, timing (bedtime; waketime), and the consistency of sleep duration or timing (i.e., the difference between weekends and weekdays) were parent-reported. Outcomes included cycloplegic SE, myopia (SE ≤ −0.5 D) and AL. Eye measurements from both eyes were included in the analyses. Multivariable linear or logistic regression with Generalized Estimating Equations were used to account for the correlation between paired eyes and confounders in the associations of sleep factors at age 8 and myopia at age 9.ResultsA total of 572 multi-ethnic children (49.5% boys; 56.1% Chinese) aged 9 years were included in the analyses. Overall, 37.3% of eyes were myopic. Children reported a mean total CSHQ score of 46 [standard deviation (SD) = 6]. The mean duration of sleep was 9.2 (SD = 1.0) hours per day (h/day), with 59.9% of children reporting sufficient sleep (≥9 h/day) based on guidelines recommended by the National Sleep Foundation, USA. The mean bedtime and wake time were 22:00 (SD = 00:53) and 07:08 (SD = 00:55), respectively. In multivariable regression models, total CSHQ scores, the duration of sleep, bedtime and wake time were not significantly associated with myopia, SE, or AL (p ≥ 0.05 for all), adjusting for gender, ethnicity, time outdoors, near-work, parental myopia, maternal education levels (and additionally the child's height when the outcome was AL). Similarly, the consistency of both the duration and timing of sleep (across weekends and weekdays) were not significantly associated with myopia, SE, or AL (p ≥ 0.05 for all).ConclusionIn this cross-sectional study, sleep quality, duration, timing, and the consistency of specific sleep factors were not independently associated with myopia, SE, or AL among elementary school-aged children in Singapore. Large longitudinal studies are warranted to corroborate these results.

Sleep behaviours among Canadian adults: Findings from the 2020 Canadian Community Health Survey healthy living rapid response module.

The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults, released in October 2020, recommend 7 to 9 hours of good-quality sleep for adults aged 18 to 64 and 7 to 8 hours for adults aged 65 and older, on a regular basis, with consistent sleep and wake times for health benefits. This study assesses the sleep behaviours of Canadian adults and how these behaviours align with the recommendations. This cross-sectional study uses nationally representative data from the 2020 Canadian Community Health Survey healthy living rapid response module (N = 9,248), collected from January to March 2020. Sleep behaviours were self-reported by respondents, and descriptive statistics were used to calculate means or percentages for sleep duration, guideline adherence, physical activity and screen time, sleep timing, and sleep variability in the full sample. This was done by age, sex, household education, household income adequacy and employment status. Mean sleep duration was 7.9 hours for adults aged 18 to 64, with 77% meeting sleep duration recommendations, and 8.1 hours for adults aged 65 and older, with 55% meeting sleep duration recommendations. Among adults aged 18 to 64, 61% reported high sleep quality, compared with 71% among adults aged 65 and older. High sleep variability (≥30-minute difference between work and free days) and poor sleep-facilitating behaviours were prevalent. Adults who reported high sleep quality and high sleep variability were more likely to meet sleep duration recommendations. To maximize health benefits, continued efforts are needed to promote good sleep behaviours among Canadian adults. Device-based measures of sleep could improve surveillance and research.

Early life socioeconomic differences in associations between childhood sleep and academic performance

Poor sleep can negatively impact children's academic performance. However, it is unknown whether early-life socioeconomic status (SES) moderates later sleep and academics. We tested associations between actigraphy-based sleep duration and midpoint time, and parent-reported sleep problems with objective and subjective measures of academic performance. We also examined whether relations varied by early and concurrent SES. Children (n = 707; 52% female; Mage = 8.44 years; 28.7% Hispanic/Latino; 29.7% at/below poverty line) were assessed at 12 months for SES and eight years for SES, sleep, and academics. There were no main effects of sleep on academics. More sleep problems predicted lower Applied Problems performance for low SES children (b = −0.73, p < .05) and better performance for high SES children (b = 0.69, p < .05). For high SES children, greater sleep problems (b = −0.11, p < .05) and longer sleep duration (b = −0.11, p < .05) predicted lower academic achievement. However, most associations were consistent across SES, illustrating the complex interplay between sleep, academic outcomes, and SES.

Duration of positive airway pressure adherence: how much PAP is enough?

Duration of positive airway pressure adherence: how much PAP is enough?

Sleep Duration Correlates With Performance in Ultra-Endurance Triathlon.

The relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality, and race completion time during each stage of a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon (stage 1: 10-km swim, 146-km cycle; stage 2: 276-km cycle; and stage 3: 84.4-km run) was investigated. Seventeen triathletes partook in sleep analysis throughout the ultra-endurance multiday triathlon using an actigraphy wristband. The participants wore the band to record objective sleep outcomes for approximately 4days (1-2d prerace, 3 race days, and 1d postrace), except while racing. The total sleep time (TST; prerace: 414.1 [95.3]min, prestage 1: 392.2 [138.3]min, prestage 2: 355.6 [62.5]min, and prestage 3: 299.7 [107.0]min) significantly decreased over time (P < .05). Significant Pearson moment-product correlations were found between TST and subsequent race-day performance for race stage 1 (r = -.577; P = .019) and stage 3 (r = -.546; P = .035), with further analysis revealing that TST explained 33% and 30% of the variation in performance for stages 1 and 3, respectively. During a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon, the TST was reduced and had a significant negative correlation to exercise performance, indicating that sleep loss was associated with slower performances. Sleep onset latency, wake episodes, and sleep efficiency did not significantly change over the course of this investigation, which may stem from the close proximity of exercise to sleep.

COVID-19 Lockdown in South-India: Observational Study on Lifestyle Modifications, Dietary Habits and Elevation in BMI

To investigate the lifestyle modifications caused due to the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in the South-Indian population. Corona Virus disease became prevalent all over the world due to its wide-outbreak at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. In order to repress the prevailing infection, lockdown was established all over the world. In India, the lockdown was initiated on March 22 by the Government that posed a shutdown to major community services. A standard questionnaire was formulated based on the samples' anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, physical activity, sleep duration and screen time. Random samples (n=300) were involved in this study with no exclusion criteria. This observational study was conducted online, where Google Forms was used as a platform to collect the data. Paired t test was used as means of statistical analysis in order to obtain the difference in weight and BMI before and during lockdown. For other parameters, standard deviation and diagrammatical representations such as Bar Diagrams and Pie Charts were used. Compelling evidence showed that there was an elevation in the weight and BMI among the samples. There was an escalation in the snacking frequency, screen time and sleep duration whereas there was depreciation in the physical activity which thus promoted a sedentary lifestyle during lockdown. Distinct lifestyle modifications were visible during the COVID-19 lockdown which advocated sedentary lifestyle in the South-Indian population. Interventions must be taken to prevent adverse health outcomes in the population.

Screen time and adolescent health: How to find a balance in pandemic

The article presents results of an empirical study of screen practices and health indicators of adolescents in a pandemic according to the all-Ukrainian mass survey «Media Culture in a Pandemic» (N=1,732, students of 7-10 grades from all macro-regions). It analyzes the duration of screen time and its contents due to distance learning conditions; the indicators of adolescents’ health and their connection to media practices; compensators of health-preserving training during a pandemic are offered. According to the duration and content of screen practices, compared to 2018, adolescents’ exploitation of different gadgets grew by 47,6%. The number of children who use the Internet 7 hours a day doubled in two years. More than 60% of adolescents use the Internet to study, more than half – watch movies and listen to music, more than a third – play online games and publish their work. In terms of distance learning, 69% of children began to look for more information to learn, 43% began to play online games less often, 34.4% began to look less often for new acquaintances on the Internet. Health scores (somatic discomfort and sleep) show that one in three teens constantly has pain in the back, one in four has constant headaches, and one in four teens often does not sleep through the night at all. A third of adolescents began to sleep less and a third more during distance learning. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient reveals direct connections between sleep duration and screen time (с=0.56, p≤0,01), as well as between the sleep duration and back discomfort (с=0,30; р≤0,01) and headache (с=0.24; p≤0.01). The necessity of compensators of distance learning are outlined: increase of motor activity, sleep regulation, the introduction of online self-monitoring practice, distribution of screen time between studying and recreational practices. Both parents and educators are encouraged to find different ways to explain the causality between screen practices and these compensators, leading to progress in screen time health culture

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Quality of Sleep among Adolescents in Selected Schools of the City in View to Prepare Information Booklet

Background: It is of utmost importance to understand the repercussions of unhealthy sleep pattern and the environmental factors which affect the sleep quality among adolescents so that urgent actions could be taken to mitigate the effect. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality among adolescents of an urban resettlement colony and to evaluate the association of poor sleep quality with the correlates. About 257 adolescents aged 15–18 years were involved in the study. Materials and Methods: The research design is a descriptive research design use to assess the quality of sleep among adolescents in selected schools of the city. The investigator conducted the study in selected schools of the city. The targeted population of the study will be adolescent of 10th std students. The adolescents studying at selected schools of the city. The sampling technique use in this study is non-probability purposive sampling for sample and simple random sampling technique for selecting the schools. Result: A 136 (52.91%) have moderate sleep trouble, 83 (32.29%) have light, and 38 (14.78%) have severe. There was a strong relationship between family type, number of siblings, studying in bed, school distance, and mobile phone ownership. Age, gender, religion, monthly family income, place of residence, duration of sleep time, duration of screen addiction social media, mode of travel to school, and physical difficulties were not associated with adjustment problems.

Association Between Sleep and Temperament of Preschool Children in Malaysia

Background: Unhealthy sleep patterns have been linked to a variety of adverse effects in children, and temperament could be an influencing factor in poor sleep quality. Aim: This study examined the association between temperament and sleep quality among preschoolers. Methods: The participants of the study were 35 children aged 3 years to 6 years in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Observational sleep was recorded across 14 days. Further, a self-administered questionnaire was used to capture the children’s sleep-related issues. The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire-Very-Short-Form was used to measure the temperament of the children. The relationship between sleep patterns and sleep-related issues and temperament was assessed. Results: No significant differences were found between the 3 subscales of temperament sleep duration, and sleep and wake times, for both night sleep and naps. Concerning the association between temperament and children’s sleep issues, a negative weak correlation was found between negative affect and children’s difficulty falling asleep, as well as frequent night-time waking. Effortful control was found to have a weak positive correlation with “sufficient sleep” and “earliness of the sleep,” with a negative correlation for the topic “a child’s bad mood and crying through the day.” Conclusions: The results of this study did not show positive correlations between temperament and quality of sleep among preschool children in Malaysia, though some children’s sleep issue was correlated with temperament. Similar to other studies, these results might be an indication that a child’s difficult temperament could be a factor affecting sleep quality though further large-scale studies will be needed.

Early starts and late finishes both reduce alertness and performance among short‐haul airline pilots

SummaryFlight crews are frequently required to work irregular schedules and, as a result, can experience sleep deficiency and fatigue. This study was conducted to determine whether perceived fatigue levels and objective performance varied by time of day, time awake, and prior night's sleep duration. Ninety‐five pilots (86 male, 9 female) aged 33 years (±8) volunteered for the study. Participants completed a daily sleep diary, Samn‐Perelli fatigue scale, and psychomotor vigilance task that were completed before and after each flight duty period and at the top‐of‐descent for each flight. Pilots experienced higher self‐reported fatigue (EMM = 3.92, SE = 0.09, p < 0.001) and worse performance (Response speed: EMM = 4.27, SE = 0.08, p = 0.004) for late‐finishing duties compared with early‐starting duties (Samn‐Perelli: EMM = 3.74, SE = 0.08; Response speed: EMM = 4.37, SE = 0.08), but had shorter sleep before early‐starting duties (early: EMM = 6.94, SE = 0.10; late: EMM = 8.47, SE = 0.14, p < 0.001). However, pre‐duty Samn‐Perelli and response speed were worse (z = 4.18, p < 0.001; z = 3.05, p = 0.03; respectively) for early starts compared with late finishes (EMM = 2.74, SE = 0.19), while post‐duty Samn‐Perelli was worse for late finishes (EMM = 4.74, SE = 0.19) compared with early starts (EMM = 4.05, SE = 0.12). The results confirm that duty time has a strong influence on self‐reported fatigue and performance. Thus, all flights that encroach on a biological night are targets for fatigue risk management oversight.

Associations of Sleep Duration and Screen Time with Incidence of Overweight in European Children: The IDEFICS/I.Family Cohort

Introduction: Over the past decades, children have been increasingly using screen devices, while at the same time their sleep duration has decreased. Both behaviors have been associated with excess weight, and it is possible they act as mutually reinforcing behaviors for weight gain. The aim of the study was to explore independent, prospective associations of screen time and sleep duration with incident overweight in a sample of European children. Methods: Data from 4,285 children of the IDEFICS/I.Family cohort who were followed up from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014 were analyzed. Hours per day of screen time and of sleep duration were reported by parents at baseline. Logistic regression analyses were carried out in separate and mutually adjusted models controlled for sex, age, European country region, parental level of education, and baseline BMI z-scores. Results: Among normal weight children at baseline (N = 3,734), separate models suggest that every hour increase in screen time and every hour decrease in sleep duration were associated with higher odds of the child becoming overweight or obese at follow-up (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02–1.32 and OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05–1.43, respectively). In the mutually adjusted model, both associations were attenuated slightly ( screen time OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.99–1.28; sleep duration OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.40), being consistently somewhat stronger for sleep duration. Discussion/Conclusion: Both screen time and sleep duration increased the incidence of overweight or obesity by 13–20%. Interventions that include an emphasis on adequate sleep and minimal screen time are needed to establish their causal role in the prevention of overweight and obesity among European children.

39 Physical and social distancing measures and child health behaviours during COVID-19: A cohort study

Primary Subject areaPublic Health and Preventive MedicineBackgroundVarious studies have examined the general impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on children’s health behaviours. The impact of public health measures practised by children during COVID-19 is relatively unknown.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to determine the association between physical and social distancing measures and children’s outdoor time, sleep duration, and screen time during COVID-19.Design/MethodsA longitudinal study using repeated measures of exposures and outcomes was conducted in healthy children (0 to 10 years) between April 14 and July 15, 2020. Parents were asked to complete questionnaires about isolation, physical distancing practices, and children’s health behaviours. The primary exposure was the average number of days that children practised physical and social distancing measures per week. The three outcomes were children’s outdoor time, total screen time, and sleep duration during COVID-19. Linear mixed effects models were fitted using repeated measures of primary exposure and outcomes.ResultsThis study included 554 observations from 265 children. Physical and social distancing measures were associated with shorter outdoor time (-17.2; 95% CI -22.07, -12.40; p < 0.001) and longer total screen time (11.3; 95% CI 3.88, 18.79; p = 0.003) during COVID-19. The association with outdoor time was stronger in younger children (< 5 years), and the associations with total screen time were stronger in females and in older children (≥ 5 years).ConclusionPhysical and social distancing measures during COVID-19 have resulted in negative impacts on the health behaviours of Canadian children living in a large metropolitan area.

Melatonin Levels in Children with Obesity Are Associated with Metabolic Risk and Inflammatory Parameters.

Melatonin, the hormone of circadian rhythm regulation, is involved in the modulation of mitochondrial activity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Alteration of circadian rhythms such as sleep is related to obesity and metabolic pathogenesis in adulthood, but studies during childhood are scarce. The present study investigated the association of melatonin with metabolic and inflammatory markers in children with (n = 113) and without obesity (n = 117). Melatonin was measured in saliva four and two hours before bedtime, and after one hour of sleep. Cardiometabolic factors, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, immune markers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis α and interferon-γ), leptin and ghrelin were determined. Sleep duration was recorded by a questionnaire. The melatonin level at 1 h after sleep was found to be increased more than twofold in children with obesity (90.16 (57.16–129.16) pg/mL) compared to controls (29.82 (19.05–61.54) pg/mL, p < 0.001) and was related to fat mass (rho = 0.294, p < 0.001); melatonin levels at 1 h after sleep were inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Positive correlation was found with apolipoprotein B, adipokines, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Shorter sleep duration and earlier waking times were recorded in children with obesity. In conclusion, melatonin in children with obesity appears to be involved in the global metabolic and inflammatory alteration of this condition.

Associations Between Sleep Duration, Wake-Up Time, Bedtime, and Abdominal Obesity: Results From 9559 Chinese Children Aged 7-18 Years.

ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of sleep duration, wake-up time, bedtime, and childhood abdominal obesity, and to test whether there is a weekday/weekend difference and the potential modifying role of sex.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on the Students’ Constitution and Health Survey and included 9559 students (4840 boys and 4719 girls) aged 7–18 years (7227 aged 7–12 years, 2332 aged 13–18 years). They were divided into two groups (control group and group with abdominal obesity). The physical measurements included children and youth body height, body weight, and waist circumference (WC). A parent-report questionnaire was used to collect the information about parent characteristics as well as lifestyle and sleep patterns (sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-up time of weekdays and weekends) of children and youth.ResultsThe prevalence of abdominal obesity was 30.57% and the percentages of sleep duration <9 hours/day, wake-up time before 07:00 am on weekdays and weekends, bedtime after 10:00 pm on weekends were significantly higher in the group with abdominal obesity. After adjusting for confounders, sleep duration <9 hours/day on weekends was inversely related to abdominal obesity in the overall subjects, regardless of their sex and age, while bedtime after 10:00 pm on weekends was inversely related to abdominal obesity only in the overall subjects, boys, and children aged 7–12 years. Logistic regression models in all subjects showed that shorter hours of weekends sleep duration were associated with greater risks of abdominal obesity, even after adjusting for all confounders, including wake-up time and bedtime. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of abdominal obesity (with ≥10 hours/day as the reference group) for children with 9–10 hours/day, 8–9 hours/day, and <8 hours/day of weekend sleep duration were 1.23 (1.04–1.46), 1.59 (1.32–1.91) and 1.83 (1.42–2.36), respectively. Specifically, after stratification by sex and age, this phenomenon was only observed in boys and children aged 7–12 years.ConclusionsSleep duration and bedtime on weekends were independently associated with the risk of childhood abdominal obesity, particularly in boys and children aged 7–12 years.

Efek Sari Buah Cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.) terhadap Efek Sedasi dan Waktu Tidur pada Mencit Putih Jantan

Sedation can be defined as the use of sedative medication to relieve intolerable and refractory distress by reducing patient consciousness. Sedation can cause mild depression in the central nervous system without loss of consciousness and calming effect and prevent seizures. Cherry is a plant with sedative potential effect, contain melatonin as a flavonoid compound. This study aims to determine sedative effect, effective dose, and sleep duration in white mice male after cherry juice administration. The rotarod test was conducted to determine the resistance time of tested mice on a rotating rod. The observed parameter was the length of the time the mice running on a rotating rod at a speed of 28 rpm. Cherry juice was prepared using a juicer and then filtered with muslin cloth and dried with vacuum dryer. Cherry juice was prepared in 3 doses, they were treatment dose 1, 2, and 3 with cherry juice of 8.3, 16.6, and 25 mg/20gBW, respectively. Aquadest was used as negative control (0.5 ml/ mice), while phenobarbital was the positive control at a dose of 0.8 mg/ 20gBW). The results showed that treatment dose 3 containing 25 mg/20gBW) cherry juice was the most effective dose with the fastest falling effect (13.41 second) on rotarod and the longest duration of sleep time (45.92 minute).