Slang Dictionaries Research Articles

Names of shapes in Polish criminal slang: preliminary observations

Names of geometric shapes, scientifically defined entities, may have non-scientific meanings which are worth studying. The article attempts to investigate if the names of shapes are present in Polish criminal slang, what these names are, and what meanings are attributed to them. In this way, a new semantic dimension of the terms is analysed. The study, based on two dictionaries of Polish criminal slang, shows that only four names of geometric shapes, namely koło ‘circle’, kwadrat ‘square’, trójkąt ‘triangle’ and kula ‘ball’, are present in prison slang. As the key feature of criminal slang is being incomprehensible for outsiders, a significant level of obscurity stemming from the creativity of slang users can be observed in the examples subject to the analysis. In some cases, though, the relation between the name of the shape and its referents is more evident. In addition, certain meanings of the names of geometric shapes are present also in other varieties of Polish (e.g. school or university jargon), which means that inter-slang borrowing is taking place, too.

Urban Environment Design in Youth Slang Interpretation: Linguo-Axiological and Lexicographical Aspects

The linguistic and axiological potential of unofficial urbanonyms reflecting the realities of the urban environment as a design space is evaluated. The research tasks include identifying typical and non-standard objects and motifs of evaluative urbanonymic nomination, developing optimal methods for describing interregional nominative parallels and unique slang terms in the dictionary of unofficial urbanonyms. The material sources consist of dictionaries of youth slang, author’s archives of spoken language, and internet communications (2010—2024). The semantics of slang terms-urbanonyms were clarified using componential and contextual analysis methods. Parameters of their lexical description were developed using the method of lexicographical construction. Based on slang material from Pskov and St. Petersburg involving unofficial urbanonyms from Ufa, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, and other cities, the evaluative attitude of nominators towards design projects embodied in architectural structures, memorial objects, street sculpture, and monumental painting is demonstrated. Interpretations, comments, and contextual illustrations in the presented fragments of the projected dictionary reveal the specificity of the nominator’s imagery associations when implementing various ways of slang formation: playful transformations of official names, references to precedent phenomena, metonymic and metaphorical transfers and their combinations.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RENDERING ENGLISH SUBSTANDARD VOCABULARY INTO RUSSIAN IN AUDIO-VISUAL TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE FILM “LOCK, STOCK AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS”)

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RENDERING ENGLISH SUBSTANDARD VOCABULARY INTO RUSSIAN IN AUDIO-VISUAL TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE FILM “LOCK, STOCK AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS”)

On the history of Russian argotism “chuvikha”

The study addresses the problem of incompleteness of data on the origin of Russian slang expression chuvikha ‘woman, girl’. It has long been associated with thieves’ cant, in which, according to A. P. Barannikov, the lexeme was gypsyism. Then the gypsy etymology began to be rejected. The purpose of the study is to fill in the gaps in the history of the word chuvikha using the methods of corpus and lexicographic analysis on the material of the Russian National Corpus, the collection of digitized books google.books, the diary service Prozhito.org, dictionaries of secret languages, slang dictionaries, etc. The following conclusions are made. Chuvikha, chuvak and a number of other slang expressions moved into the jargon of so-called stylyags (youth, passionate about Western culture) no later than the early 1950s from the jargon of restaurant musicians, so-called labukhs. Thus, the source of the argotisms of the stylyags was the slang of musicians, not thieves. Further, jargons of restaurant musicians of the 20th century are related with the secret language of orchestral musicians of the 19th century, having common roots with the slang expressions of labukhs, are given in the book. They are also related with other secret languages of the 19th century. The words chuvikha and chuvak are possibly related to the lexem chovy ‘good’, which was used in the secret languages of the 19th century (with a variant of the root chuv-) and in the aforementioned musical jargon of the 1920s as a substantive — the nomination of a person.

МОВНЕ РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ ФУТБОЛЬНОГО ДИСКУРСУ В УСНОМУ МОВЛЕННІ КОМЕНТАТОРІВ

The article characterizes the linguistic diversity of football discourse in the oral speech of commentators on the video material of the match between the football teams Dynamo and Minaj. The theme of football language in the scientifi c work of Ukrainian scholars is well developed qualitatively, but not quantitatively. However, there are already sig-nifi cant studies at the intersection of discourse studies and diachronic sociolinguistics. Scientists are also actively studying the football vocabulary of the present time.Spoken language is very dynamic and changeable, so the question arises of its normalization, analysis, and identifi cation of specifi c characteristics in various aspects, especially in the lexical linguistic system as the most sensitive, changeable, and open to external trends. The spoken language, like the written language, is diff erentiated by the spheres of use: formal and informal, professional and non-professional (slang).Special attention should be paid to the football discourse, which verbally serves the most popular sport in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular – football. In gen-eral, discourses are characterized by some hierarchy. This type of discourse is thematically focused on a football game and uses all linguistic tools, including terms and slang, for this purpose. A sports commentator acts as an intermediary between players and spectators. The lexemes recorded in the commentator’s oral speech were explained using various sources: currently available dictionaries of sports and football terminology, an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of slang, and data from sports websites. The author reveals the linguistic phenomenon of delayed slangisms, which has not yet been studied in the scientifi c literature. Their nature in morphemic, lexical and stylistic dimensions is characterized

Literary Associations in Rhyme Slang: Charles Dickens and His Characters in Rhyme Slang

The article aims at describing the literary associations of rhyming slang associated with the name of Charles Dickens, a classic of world literature, whose works were included in the treasury of both English and world literature and who became the most popular English-language writer during his lifetime, to reveal how the work of the eminent writer and unforgettable colorful characters, many of whom have become recognized types in English fiction, are represented in rhyming slang. The topic is examined using rhyming slang samples of containing the names of characters and titles of Charles Dickens's works, selected by a continuous sampling method from authoritative dictionaries of general and rhyming slang. Expressions of rhyming slang that refer to some important work of a writer or are based on the names of some significant characters are cultural items that are reflected in the collective memory of the British and are thus included in the so-called “current background knowledge” and “background knowledge of cultural heritage”. The rhymes contain precedent onyms and reflect the tendency to create new onomastic rhymes built on the names of famous and popular personalities from the world of cinema, pop music, show business, sports, politics, etc. Literary associations have not yet been the subject of special analysis and undoubtedly deserve linguistic and sociocultural description. The author's attention was drawn to the little-studied area, the analysis of which sets a new vector for the study of rhyming slang, which deals with cultural and historical items that are of certain value from the point of view of culture-oriented linguistics, cross-cultural communication and the general study of culture. The results of the study may be of use and interest to specialists developing topics in intercultural communication, linguocultural studies, contrastive linguistics of the English and Russian languages, foreign (English) literature, speech culture and in the practice of teaching English.

Динамика лексикона молодежных субкультур (по материалам интернет-форумов)

The article examines the dynamic processes in the sphere of subcultural language nomination and their socio-cultural conditionality. The research is carried out on the material that has not been previously considered in the dynamic aspect (slang of football fans, hip-hop culture, and k-pop representatives), new words of student slang are involved, the dynamics of which is currently studied unsystematically. The replenishment of the lexicon of these subcultures is revealed in the projection of modern material on the slang dictionaries of the past years. In the course of the study, the thematic dominants in the field of slang innovations were identified (names of representatives of subcultures and their idols, names of types of subcultural activities and their products). Among the main socio-cultural factors that led to updating the vocabulary of subcultures, transformations in the higher education system (student slang), youth music fashion (slang of the subcultures of k-pop and hip-hop), rotation of players in the team (slang of football fans) were noted. The lexicon of musical subcultures is replenished mainly by transliterated borrowings. The slang of students and football fans is updated due to the native language resources used by nominators in acts of univerbation, abbreviation, suffix word formation. In these areas, the special productivity of the nomination game techniques (phonetic mimicry, structural and semantic phraseological transformations) was noted, which indicates a high level of linguistic creativity of slang speakers.

Hemingway’s Slang in Lyndsay Faye’s The Paragon Hotel

The historical novelist Lyndsay Faye pilfered Hemingway’s 1918 correspondence for slang usages that would definitively locate the characters in her 2019 book, The Paragon Hotel, in the late nineteen-teens, rather than have the novel’s dialogue bleed into usages more common in the high-Jazz Age. Cross-referencing text from the novel with Hemingway’s 1918 correspondence collected in the Hemingway Letters Project, then comparing the results against entries from the Oxford English Dictionary and the New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, shows the complex relationship between the voices of the Faye’s characters—particularly the novel’s narrator—and the young Ernest Hemingway.

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION IN TWIN SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE TO CLASSIFY FAKE NEWS

Slang word is a complex word, difficult and cannot be ignored. Slang is used by certain circles and is limited so that not everyone knows the meaning of the conversations carried out by group members. Based on previous research that has been done, namely making slang using a manual process that requires quite a lot of time to collect slang words, so that our research aims to collect slang words by applying Deep Learning, namely Natural Language Processing using the word embedding FastText method to speed up the collection process. slang words. The author implements the techniques and algorithms that have been designed in the previous stage. This stage will ensure that the processes carried out in the research can be carried out in accordance with the theories that support the research. From the combined data between YouTube comments and the Indonesian dictionary, itwas found that 421 words are slang words. These slang words are obtained by means of the process of lookingfor word similarities (similarity words) between YouTube comments and Indonesian dictionaries. In building a slang dictionary from the youtube comment dataset with a pre-trained FastText model, a preprocessing process and normalization is carried out. After the normalization process was carried out to get normal words from each slang candidate, the results of the slang dictionary were 278 rows consisting of four columns, namely the lexical column, threshold, slang candidate, and normal words using a threshold of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 Keywords: Slang, Pre-trained FastText, NLP, Similarity Word

Crocodiles, pallettari, limeurs and arrotini: The Cultural Charge of the Slang Terms of the Tennis Lexicon in French and Italian Sports Dictionaries

In this article, we undertake a contrastive analysis of some slang words and expressions of the tennis lexicon in French and Italian. Using the notion of "lexiculture", coined by Robert Galisson, we will adopt - on the basis of a corpus of dictionaries of sports and sports slang in both languages - a comparative approach, reviewing some "culturally charged" terminological entries relating to the French and Italian tennis lexicon. Through this approach, we aim not only to bring out the culture sedimented in the selected lexical units, but also to show how these cultural references — being often specific to the idiom and civilization in which these slang lexical units were forged — pose many difficulties when translating.

Аксиология неофразем и фразеотрансформаций в лексикографической интерпретации

The article presents the authors’ solution to the problem of dictionary description of neophrasemes and transformed phraseological units. The aim of the article is to show the axiology of phraseological neologisms in its dynamics and to reveal the possibilities of lexicographic interpretation of the evaluative vector of new and transformed phraseological units. The lexicographic experience accumulated by the authors in this direction is summarized. The models of axiological parameterization of phraseological neologisms developed for the updated versions of phraseological and slang dictionaries using the method of structural-semantic modeling, contextual, historical-etymological and linguoculturological analysis are shown on the phraseological material of the last three decades. The research revealed trends in updating the phraseology of the national language and its social variants. The sources of new axiological phraseological units in the field of literature, cinema, political discourse, and advertising are considered. The axiological semantics of neo-phrasemes borrowed from the English language, reflecting new facts and trends in the sociopolitical and economic spheres, is determined. The results of the study have led to conclusions about the optimal ways of representing the axiological semantics of neophrasemes, developed in addition to the materials of the Large Dictionary of Russian Sayings, the Large Dictionary of Russian Jargon, and the special dictionary of new Russian phraseology: for this purpose, not only traditional “stylistic” marks can be used, but also evaluatively oriented definitions and comments that reveal the motives of naming and chronotopic labeling of neophrasemes. As illustrations, in addition to text fragments, Internet memes that explicate the meaning of phraseological neologisms will be useful. The expediency of creating a special dictionary of phraseotransforms, in most cases implementing the function of evaluating objects and phenomena in socially significant areas, is proved. An algorithm for describing phraseotrans-forms in a complex dictionary entry under the heading in the form of a phraseological unit in canonical form is presented. This will make it possible to trace the evaluative constants of linguaculture and the reorientation of the axiological vector and the function of the phraseological unit, which in the act of transformation loses its negative evaluativeness, turns into a hashtag, a fragment of an email address or is remotivated and becomes a visual phraseo-joke in the format of an Internet meme. The results of the study will be useful for the development of the theory of linguoaxiology and phraseographic practice. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Les mécanismes formels de création d’ethnonymes argotiques en Français

The aim of this study is to present and analyze slang ethnonyms in French. These are lexical units used to denominate different nations by means of nonstandard language. To achieve this objective, a lexicographic corpus was built that embraced slang dictionaries and also general dictionaries of the French language. The slang ethnonyms were analyzed quantitatively and formally. The paper discusses the findings regarding the spelling, phonetic and morphological features.

(Non)pandemic Youth Speak. On Lexical-Semantic Tendencies in the Polish Language of the Youth

This article presents the latest lexical tendencies in the language of contemporary Polish youth. The directions of the dominance of certain meanings were analysed on the basis of the submissions for the Youth Word of the Year contest (2020), as well as the online slang dictionary miejski.pl. The data obtained comes from natural users of the language and is based on their linguistic awareness and intuition. Dominant semantic fields were distinguished, namely human, interpersonal relationships, attitudes towards life, cultural preferences, etc. Coining new terms in these areas is accompanied by expressiveness, humour, and playing with language norms. Despite the occurrence of new words connected with the Covid-19 pandemic, they have not been widely represented among those lexical and semantic units considered interesting and worth mentioning.

Infodemiological Examination of Personal and Commercial Tweets About Cannabidiol: Term and Sentiment Analysis.

BackgroundIn the absence of official clinical trial information, data from social networks can be used by public health and medical researchers to assess public claims about loosely regulated substances such as cannabidiol (CBD). For example, this can be achieved by comparing the medical conditions targeted by those selling CBD against the medical conditions patients commonly treat with CBD.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to provide a framework for public health and medical researchers to use for identifying and analyzing the consumption and marketing of unregulated substances. Specifically, we examined CBD, which is a substance that is often presented to the public as medication despite complete evidence of efficacy and safety.MethodsWe collected 567,850 tweets by searching Twitter with the Tweepy Python package using the terms “CBD” and “cannabidiol.” We trained two binary text classifiers to create two corpora of 167,755 personal use and 143,322 commercial/sales tweets. Using medical, standard, and slang dictionaries, we identified and compared the most frequently occurring medical conditions, symptoms, side effects, body parts, and other substances referenced in both corpora. In addition, to assess popular claims about the efficacy of CBD as a medical treatment circulating on Twitter, we performed sentiment analysis via the VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning) model on the personal CBD tweets.ResultsWe found references to medically relevant terms that were unique to either personal or commercial CBD tweet classes, as well as medically relevant terms that were common to both classes. When we calculated the average sentiment scores for both personal and commercial CBD tweets referencing at least one of 17 medical conditions/symptoms terms, an overall positive sentiment was observed in both personal and commercial CBD tweets. We observed instances of negative sentiment conveyed in personal CBD tweets referencing autism, whereas CBD was also marketed multiple times as a treatment for autism within commercial tweets.ConclusionsOur proposed framework provides a tool for public health and medical researchers to analyze the consumption and marketing of unregulated substances on social networks. Our analysis showed that most users of CBD are satisfied with it in regard to the condition that it is being advertised for, with the exception of autism.

Ζητήματα σχεδιασμού και υλοποίησης ηλεκτρονικών λεξικών της νέας ελληνικής

This paper presents the design and compilation of two online specialized dictionaries of Modern Greek: (1) Modern Greek Words of Ancient Origin and Changed Meaning (MAG) http://www.ocean.upatras.gr/mag/ and (2) Dictionary of Youth Slang http://lexislang.neurolingo.gr/index.php. Those dictionaries are “collaborative”, built by university students according to specific lexicographic guidelines. For the implementation of the two applications, which carried out with continuous formative evaluation, the prototyping method was used. Their construction was based on the free-to-use HTML, XML, Javascript, PHP languages and MySQL database and the applications are running on World Wide Web. Both of them seem to have on the one hand a potential for the timeless recording of the youth language and for the utilization of the content in the language course of the last grades of primary and secondary school, on the other.

Suffixal Adjectives and Adjectival Participles in the Slang of Lithuanian Language

The article analyses 199 suffixal hybrid adjectives and 34 adjectival participles from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrows with affixal adaptation are adapted to the language system and the adaptive features are determined by regularities: hybrids replicate word formation models from the Standard Lithuanian language. It was found that the most common suffix of affixal adaptation of borrowings from English is suffix -inis. Distribution of hybrids with suffix -iškas is different: there are almost twice less English originated hybrid adjectives with this suffix than originated from Russian language. Adjectival passive participants are most commonly used in the Lithuanian slang.

Morphological Peculiarities of Lexical Units of English Origin in Contemporary Russian Slang: Dictionary and Corpus Analyses

The paper deals with lexical units of English origin that have penetrated into contemporary Russian slang with the emphasis on their morphological features. The spread of these words in the Russian language provides a scientist with a linguistically challenging material since the English and Russian languages represent typologically diverse language systems. To begin with, the research focuses on the ratio of individual word classes within the studied material together with the representation of individual grammatical genders throughout. As nouns represent the most numerous group of the adapted lexemes, the main emphasis is put on their morphological adaptation into the Russian language, and at the same time, their most common morphological features are listed. The following traits belong to the marginal ones from the point of view of word classes: an Anglicism may be a component of several word classes and the here-studied Anglicisms only exceptionally do not keep their original categorial meanings. Additionally, they display differences in onomasiological categories across the studied field. Morphological features of Anglicisms in Russian slang are the combination of Russian and English morphological aspects of individual word classes. Furthermore, words borrowed from English acquire grammatical categories typical of their corresponding counterparts in the Russian language. As a final point, most Anglicisms in the Russian slang undergo conjugation and declination processes (98,5% of instances). The possible utilization of the research is noticeable in the areas of comparative and corpus linguistics and translatology when searching for equivalents of words in typologically different languages. What is more, its results are applicable in the methodology of teaching foreign languages. The whole linguistic material is investigated in the framework of the online dictionary of slang and the text corpus Russian Web 2011 (ruTenTen11) with the help of the search tool Sketch Engine. To reveal the complex sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic functioning of the Anglicisms in contemporary Russian slang, further research needs to be conducted.

Jarrett, Simon, Those They Called Idiots: The Idea of the Disabled Mind from 1700 to the Present Day

Simon Jarrett has written a remarkable history of mental disability in England (with some evidence from France and the United States) from 1700 to the early twenty-first century. His focus in Those They Called Idiots is on both changing conceptualisations of ‘the idiot’, primarily in popular culture and legal discourse, and on the treatment of people considered ‘idiots’ over three centuries. Jarrett notes from the outset the expansion of the categories of mental disability over time and includes categories such as ‘imbecile’, ‘moron’, ‘moral imbecile’, ‘feeble minded’, ‘mental defective’ and the like, in his consideration of those they called ‘idiots’. Those They Called Idiots is divided into three parts, with nine chapters and an introduction. Part one contains three chapters, which focus on the long eighteenth century (1700–1812). In the first two chapters of Part one, Jarrett relies primarily on civil and criminal (‘Old Bailey’) court records (Ch. 1) and cultural artefacts (Ch. 2), such as joke books, slang dictionaries, art and caricature to argue that ‘those they called idiots’ were largely integrated into community and family life, and on some occasions could be considered attractive sexual partners, responsible and reliable workers, and generally harmless. In Chapter 3, Jarrett argues that as England expanded its colonial power throughout the eighteenth century, philosophers, explorers, bureaucrats, settlers and everyday Britons increasingly associated ‘idiot’ and ‘imbecile’ with peoples and cultures that they considered ‘savage’ and ‘barbaric’. A racialised hierarchy of mental ability and ‘cultural achievement’ with the English at the top and ‘savages’ (‘idiots’) at the bottom developed over the course of the eighteenth century. By century’s end, ‘stupidity’ or a perceived lack of mental acuity and cultural achievement and refinement came to be seen as innate and intractable among certain groups of racialised peoples.

American presidents and politicians in rhyming slang

The article is aimed at identifying onomastic rhymes as part of rhyming slang and analyzing them from a socio-cultural perspective. They are built on the names of American celebrities from the world of politics and social activities and believed to be fixers of cultural and historical items that are of certain value from the point of view of culture-oriented linguistics, cross-cultural communication and the general study of culture. TThe research methods applied are determined by the purpose and objectives of the research and include a descriptive and a linguistic ones, the latter comprising context and definitional analysis, and also semantic interpretation. The rhymes are based on the names that have been widely represented in the media from the middle of the twentieth century to the present day, thus forming part of the modern cultural collective memory of the carriers of the English-speaking culture. The noted tendency of preferential creation of new rhymes, exploiting precedent onyms, became dominant in the development of rhyming slang at the turn of the century. The authors come to the conclusion that the rhymes illustrating the world of high politics have been added to the well-mastered and familiar onomastic rhymes, built on the names of celebrities from the world of cinema, pop music, popular culture and sports. The article brings to light the rhymes that have not yet been recorded in authoritative slang dictionaries. The research results can be of interest to the specialists working on the topics of intercultural communication, linguistic and cultural studies, cultural linguistics, political linguistics, euphemization, contrastive linguistics of the English and Russian languages.

CONCEPT OF DIGITALIZATION AND RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF GERT-NETWORKS OF PUBLIC SECTOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PROGRAMS

The modern world space has long gone beyond the construction of the information society, because digital technologies are absorbing more and more areas of public life, radically changing the forms and methods of their implementation. Therefore, most countries in the world focus on development in the direction of building a "digital economy", using all possible competitive advantages from its implementation. Ukraine is trying to keep up with the development of information technology in various areas of both public sector governance and public life. Some achievements have been made, but the systemic and synergistic effect on the development of the country has not been achieved, despite the significant potential of domestic IT professionals, who are among the top five IT outsourcers in the world. In my opinion, the very use of digitalization in the field of governance in the public sector can be the first impetus for digital transformations for the development of Ukraine's competitive economy. Therefore, they need -analysis of theoretical and practical approaches to a detailed study of the features of digitalization in the public sector of Ukraine during its digital transformation and the development of proposals for their implementation, which was the topic of my research. The word "digitalization" has entered our vocabulary so imperceptibly, but quite thoroughly, that in 2019 it was even recognized as the word of the year. Although the very definition of the concept is still debated not only in the domestic scientific field, but also abroad. The Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian Language and Slang "Myslovo" explains this neologism as a transliteration of the English "digitalization", which means changes in all spheres of public life related to the use of digital technologies, and is a manifestation of the global digital revolution. In my opinion, I agree with my colleagues that the development of digital transformations in the system of public sector management and administration is a potential example for the whole country, which in general also provides significant benefits for private companies - increased productivity and competitiveness, as well as for people. - acquisition of new knowledge and skills, choice of work and expansion of opportunities.